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Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations (1993)
Institute of Medicine (IOM)

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. "6. Energetics and Climate with Emphasis on Heat: A Historical Perspective." Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1993.

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Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations

TABLE 6-7 Partition of Energy Expenditure in Three Climates in 1955

 

Climate

Task

Cold, Ft. Churchill Canada (-22.5°F)

Temperate, Natick Massachusetts (72°F)

Hot, Yuma Arizona (90.5°)

 

8*

8*

11*

Walking (3.41 mph, level terrain)

kcal per hour

413

318

350

kcal per kg per hour

4.82

5.12

5.26

Resting and sedentary activity,

kcal × kg0.7 per hour

4.58

4.62

4.40

* Number of subjects.

Body weight plus weight of clothing.

Includes dietary-induced thermogenesis.

SOURCE: Adapted from Welch et al. (1958).

conducted in a hot or comfortable environment, the partitioning of energy expenditure was different, that is, less aerobic expenditure and greater anaerobic expenditure in the hot environment (Table 6-9). The results were subsequently confirmed by Dimri et al. (1980). The hypothesized explanation for this partitioning was the diversion of a significant amount of blood from the muscles to the skin for thermoregulation in hot environments. Although

TABLE 6-8 Mean Oxygen Uptake Responses to Exercise Before (B) and After (A) 8 Days of Heat Acclimation

 

Mean Oxygen Uptake (ml per m2 per minute)

 

41W, 23°C

82W, 23°C

41W, 39.4°C

Group

B

A

B

A

B

A

Trained (n = 7)

623

570*

1075

960*

634

569*

Untrained (n = 7)

668

577*

1061

985*

680

586*

Unfit (n = 7)

615

531*

1050

932*

618

520*

Control (n = 5)

625

578

1068

1030

611

615

NOTE: Heat acclimation regimen = 3 hours of exercise per day at 41 watts, Tdb = 39.4°C, Twb = 30.3°C, where Tdb = dry-bulb temperature and Twb = wet-bulb temperature.

* p ≤ 0.05.

SOURCE: Adapted from Shvartz et al. (1977).

Page
105
Front Matter (R1-R14)
Part I: Committee Summary and Recommendations (1-2)
1. Introduction and Backgrounds (3-44)
2. Conclusions and Recommendations (45-52)
Part II: Invited Presentations (53-54)
3. Physiological Responses to Excercise in Heat (55-74)
4. Effects of Excercise and Heat on Gastrointestinal Function (75-86)
5. Water Requirements During Excercise in the Heat (87-96)
6. Energetics and Climate with Emphasis on Heat: A Historical Perspective (97-116)
7. The Effect of Excercise and Heat on Mineral Metabolism and Requirements (117-136)
8. The Effect of Excercise and Heat on Vitamin Requirements (137-172)
9. Heat as a Factor in the Perception of Taste, Smell, and Oral Sensation (173-186)
10. Effects of Heat on Appetite (187-214)
11. Situational Influences on Food Intake (215-244)
Part III: U.S. Army Presentations: A Reevaluation of Sodium Requirements for Work in the Heat (245-246)
12. Responses of Soldiers to 4-gram and 8-gram NaCl Diets During 10 Days of Heat Acclimation (247-258)
13. Endocrinological Responses to Dietary Salt Restriction During Heat Acclimation (259-276)
14. Subjective Reports of Heat Illness (277-294)
Part IV: Committee Discussion Paper (295-296)
15. Food Intake, Appetite, and Work in Hot Environments (297-304)
Appendixes (305-306)
Appendix A: Military Recommended Dietary Allowances, AR 25-40; 1985 (307-328)
Appendix B: Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments -- A Selected Bibliography (329-352)
Appendix C: Biographical Sketches (353-362)
Index (363-378)