was Professor and Chairman of the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition at Michigan State University. He holds a Ph.D. in nutrition and biochemistry from Rutgers University. His areas of research interest include carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, obesity and metabolic adaptations to diet.

BERNADETTE M. MARRIOTT (FNB Staff, Program Director) is Program Director for the Committee on Military Nutrition Research, Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. She has a Ph.D. degree in psychology from the University of Aberdeen, Scotland, and a B.Sc. degree in biochemistry/immunology and postdoctoral laboratory experience in trace mineral nutrition. Prior to joining the Institute of Medicine staff, she held university and medical school faculty positions at Johns Hopkins University, the University of Puerto Rico, and Goucher College. Her areas of research interest include bioenergetic modeling and social influences of food selection in human and nonhuman primates.

JOHN A. MILNER Since 1989 he has been Professor and Head of the Nutrition Department at The Pennsylvania State University. He has a Ph.D. degree in nutrition from Cornell University. He has a broad background in both fundamental and applied nutrition. His own research deals with the role of the diet as a modifier of cancer risk.

ROBERT O. NESHEIM (Committee Chairman) He retired as Vice President, Science and Technology, for the Quaker Oats Company, Chicago, Illinois, in 1983, and in 1991, as President of Advanced Healthcare, Inc., Monterey, California. He earned a Ph.D. degree in nutrition from the University of Illinois and has had extensive experience in research management. He has been involved in food and nutrition issues for many years, serving on many national committees, including the Food and Nutrition Board and the Food Advisory Committee, Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. He is a Fellow of the American Institute of Nutrition.

JAMES G. PENLAND is a Research Psychologist at the USDA Agriculture Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center and Adjunct Professor of Psychology at the University of North Dakota, where he received a Ph.D. in experimental cognitive psychology in 1984. For the past six years, his research has focused on the effects of trace element nutrition on neurophysiologic, cognitive, and emotional function relevant to performance demands placed on adults in our society. Recent research has addressed dietary involvement in brain electrophysiology during sleep and waking, attention and memory performance, mood states, sensory function, and menstrual and menopausal distress. His research program includes both human and animal studies.