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Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

INDEX

A

Acclimatization/acclimation

age and, 14, 15

air-conditioning and, 196, 199-200

and aldosterone levels, 268, 274

and appetite, 19-20, 107, 109, 200-201

B complex vitamin supplementation and, 148-149

body weight and, 107-108, 195

defined, 7, 108

dietary requirements following, 107-108

and energy requirements, 19, 29-30, 45, 109

and exercise, 62-63, 262

and food intake, 28, 29-30, 48, 185

and gastrointestinal functioning, 81

and gender differences in response to heat stress, 13-14

glycogen sparing effect, 65

heat illness symptoms during, 288-290

and lactate levels, 65, 66

and metabolic rate, 11, 59, 61, 63, 104-105, 108

NaCl balance during, 247-255, 259-260, 268-269

and nitrogen loss from sweating, 206

and oxygen uptake, 59, 62, 105, 108

physique and, 194-195

and plasma renin activity, 268, 269, 274

and plasma volume, 274

and sodium/NaCl intakes, 17-18, 248, 262, 270, 277

and sweat rates, 16, 90, 91, 92, 93, 95, 96

and thermoregulation, 7, 16, 55, 70, 92

vitamin C and, 48-49, 148-149, 152, 159, 160, 169

see also Temperature (environmental)

Acute-phase response, 122, 123, 125, 126-127

Adiposity, and sweating response, 96

Adrenocorticotropic hormone synthesis, 150

Aero Medical Laboratory, 97

Aerobic fitness

age and, 14

nitrogen losses and, 111

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

riboflavin and, 142

and sweating, 91, 95

and thermoregulatory response, 15, 16, 55, 70, 92

Age

and aerobic fitness, 14

and body water, 87

and fluid requirements, 14-15, 92, 93

and heat tolerance, 14-15

and sweat rates, 14-15, 16, 91-92, 93, 95

and thermoregulation, 91-92

and vitamin E, 167

Aldosterone biosynthesis and release, 260, 263, 264-265, 268, 272 273

Amino acid metabolism, 143, 147

Aminotransaminase reactions, 144

Anemia

folate deficiency and, 147

pernicious, 146

''sports'' vs iron deficiency, 23, 120-121

Anorexia nervosa, 203

Antacids, 81

Antioxidants, 21, 24, 46, 51, 118, 126, 149, 151, 154, 159

fatty acid, 156

multivitamin supplement, 155

Appetite, 109

acclimatization and, 19-20, 107, 109

and body weight set point, 192-193

brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and, 192, 193

defined, 26, 188-189, 299

environmental temperature and, 189-190, 199-207

fever and, 203

food temperature and, 204-205

humidity and, 196

internal mechanisms in, 297-299

light and, 205

ration components and, 46

research needs on, 207-208

seasonal changes in, 30, 202-203

skin temperature and, 212

stress and, 29, 197

and thermic effect of food, 199

Arginine-vasopressin, 260, 263, 267, 268, 269-270

Army Regulations (AR)

40-25 (1985), 5-6, 307-327

40-250 Nutrition (1947), 5

Ascorbic acid, see Vitamin C

Aspirin, 76, 203

B

B complex vitamins

deficiencies, 138, 147, 149

and energy metabolism, 20-21, 141, 159

functions of, 138-139

and physical performance, 147-148

MRDAs vs RDAs, 20-21

recommendations, 149, 159

requirements for, 159

supplementation, 148-149

sweat losses of, 48-49, 148, 159

see also individual B vitamins

Beriberi, 139

Beta-carotene, 154, 155, 160

Beta-endorphin levels, 80

Biotin

deficiencies, 147

functions, 147

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

Blood flow/circulation

age and, 15

exercise in the heat and, 65, 68-70, 80

fluid losses and, 12

and gastrointestinal functioning, 77

and heat transfer, 6-7, 12, 68-70

hepatic, 71

skeletal muscle metabolism and, 65

skin, 68-70

see also Plasma/serum

Body fat

and environmental temperature, 190-191

and sweating, 94-95

Body mass, on NaCl diets during acclimatization, 250

Body temperature

age and, 15

and appetite, 201, 203, 212-13

body weight and, 47

cephalic, 201, 298-299

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

clothing and, 12

environmental temperature and, 89

esophageal, 69

exercise in the heat and, 13-14, 56-58, 89, 90

evaporative heat loss and, 6-7, 65-68

fever, 203

and food intake control, 191, 201-202, 298

and gastrointestinal functioning, 11, 49, 79-80, 192

gender differences in, 13-14, 94

and hunger and satiety, 27-28

metabolic rate and, 56-58, 70

NaCl intake and, 260, 269

skin, 69, 212, 298

stress and, 28, 196-197

and sweat rates, 12, 67, 91, 96

see also Thermogenic effect of eating

Body water

avenues of loss and gain, 88-89

distribution, 87, 88

sweat rate, 89

Body weight

below-normal, 28

body temperature and, 47

and caloric intake, 99, 100, 103

eating behavior and, 225-226, 230

environmental temperature and, 190-191, 195-196, 201, 298, 300

hypothalamic disturbances and, 192

light exposure and loss of, 205

MRE intake and loss in, 216, 218-219

NaCl diet and, 257

seasonal variation in, 202, 205

set point, 192-193, 195, 197, 202, 208, 298

Burning foot syndrome, 145

C

Caffeine, 35, 175, 176

Calcium, 24

exercise and absorption of, 49

metabolism, 154, 156, 170

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9

pantothenate, 148

Caloric intake

acclimatization and, 19, 29-30, 45, 109

and B vitamin intake, 139-140, 159

body weight and, 99, 100, 103

clothing and, 101, 103

deficiency, 110, 111

eating conditions and, 220-224

environmental temperature and, 19-20, 98, 99, 101, 199-205, 300

exercise and, 19, 49, 101

and heat stress, 27

and metabolic rate, 99

from military rations, 215-216, 218-219

physical fitness and, 98

and protein intake, 19

seasonal changes in, 30

social eating and, 231-232

time of day and, 235

by troop and ration types, 102

and weight loss in hot climates, 30, 300

Capillary permeability, 77

Capsaicin, 25, 178-179, 184-185

Carbohydrate intakes

acclimatization and, 29

body weight and, 100

chromium regulation of metabolism of, 119

deficiency, 110, 111, 112

environmental temperature and, 19-20, 98, 100, 101, 206, 300

intestinal absorption during exercise, 80-81

from MREs, 46-47

and nitrogen excretion, 111

percentage of calories provided by, 100

physical fitness and, 98

seasonal changes in preferences for, 206

thermic effects of, 198

thiamin and, 139, 140

by troop and ration types, 102

and vitamin B6, 145

vitamin B12 and, 146

World War I requirements, 5

Cardiac diseases, magnesium and, 125

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

Cardiovascular performance

dehydration and, 68

heat stress and, 59, 61, 68-70, 71

hypohydration and, 13

water and, 87

Carnitine, 149

Carotenoids, 154;

see also Vitamin A

Carpopedal spasms, 125

Catecholamines, 149

Cellular oxidation, 141

Ceruloplasmin, 125, 126

Chloride

in electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

Chromium

deficiency, 119-120

exercise and, 23

intakes, 119

metabolic functions of, 119

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

research needs on, 120

sweat losses of, 23, 120

urinary excretions, 119

Chronic fatigue syndrome, 125

Cimetidine, 76

Citric acid, 175, 177

Climate

and body weight set point, 195-196

energy expenditure and, 105

humidity, 196

and physique, 194-195

see also Acclimatization;

Temperature (environmental)

Clothing

and caloric intake, 99, 101

and sweat rates, 12, 65, 67

Collagen biosynthesis, 149

Committee's task, 3-4

Constipation, 33-34

Copper

deficiency, 124

intakes, 127

metabolism, exercise and heat and, 125-127

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

plasma and tissue concentrations, 127

sweat losses of, 24, 127

zinc intake and, 24, 124

Cortisol, 150

Cyanocobalamin, see Vitamin B12

Cytochrome oxidase, 126

Cytokines, vitamin E supplementation and, 167

D

Dehydration

age and, 15

and arginine-vasopressin, 269-270

and constipation, 33-34

defined, 68

and electrolyte loss, 16

and food intake, 28, 36, 47-48, 298

and gastrointestinal functioning, 49, 76

gender and, 13

and heart rate, 12-13

heat stress and, 13

life-threatening fluid loss, 12, 87

and lipid peroxidation, 158

sweat rate and, 12, 36, 68, 71

Diarrhea, 77, 81, 89

Diet, elemental semihydrolyzed, 81

Dietary deficiencies, 110-113

Digestion, see Gastrointestinal functioning

2, 3–Diphosphoglycerate synthesis, 135

E

Eating patterns

and body weight, 191, 225-226

brain temperature and, 27

environmental temperature and, 200

factors affecting, 24-31, 35, 46

humans, 199-200

meal shifts and duration, 35, 230

nonhumans, 200-202

social/psychological aspects of, 34-35, 229-233

and thermoregulation, 26, 189, 192-198

tobacco use and, 35

see also Food intake

Electrolyte balance

and fluid requirements, 15-16, 49

and food preferences, 180

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

intestinal absorption, 81

NaCl diet and, 254

and performance capacity, 15-16

Electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23, 81, 82

Endotoxemia, 77, 78, 79, 81

Endotoxin, 203

Endurance

athletes/runners, 77, 119, 121, 123, 146

B complex supplementation and, 148

fatty acid mobilization and, 143

gender and, 13-14

mineral losses and, 24, 117, 119-120

nitrogen losses and, 111

Energy expenditure

climate and, 105

submaximal exercise and, 103-107

Energy needs and intakes

B vitamins and, 20, 140, 143, 159

MRDAs and RDAs, 8-9

working in the heat and, 49

see also Caloric requirements

Energy production, vitamins and, 20-21, 141

Environmental Symptoms Questionnaire, 278, 288

Epileptic-type convulsions in, 125

Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

Erythrocyte

enzyme stimulation test, 139

glutathione reductase activity, 141

Exercise in the heat

acclimatization and, 62-63

acute, 144, 157

and appetite, 190

and caloric requirements, 101

chronic, 141, 150-151

cycling, 60, 63, 64, 69, 85, 104, 108, 118, 140, 144, 145-146, 157

and electrolyte balance, 16

and energy expenditure, 103-107

and energy requirements, 49

gender and, 13

and glucose levels, 64, 71

and glycogen utilization, 64

intensity and training, 90-91, 106

and intestinal absorption, 80-81

jogging, 141

and lactate levels in plasma or muscle, 61-62, 64-65

and lipid peroxidation, 21, 46, 118

and metabolism, 6, 7, 13, 58-68, 71

mild, 81

and mineral metabolism and requirements, 117-118

and niacin requirements, 143

oxygen uptake response to, 62, 64, 79, 104

physiological responses to, 6-11, 55-71

prolonged high-intensity, 67, 127

and respiratory exchange ratio, 61-62

riboflavin requirements, 142

running, see Runners

and serum ferritin, 23

skin blood flow and circulatory response, 68-70, 80

stair-stepping, 62, 63

strenuous, 117, 119

submaximal, 7, 13, 61, 62, 64, 71, 103-107

sustained, 47

swimming, 144, 157

temperature (core) responses to, 56-58

thermogenic effects, 197

thiamin requirements, 139

treadmill, 60, 63, 79-80, 90, 91, 104, 140, 141, 142, 144, 148, 155

and triglyceride utilization, 64

and urine and sweat urea, 112-113

walking, 105, 111, 141, 142

and water requirements, 67, 81, 90-91

see also Runners

F

Fat (dietary) intakes

body weight and, 100

deficiency, 110, 111

environmental factors and preferences for, 26, 28, 29

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

environmental temperature and, 98, 100, 101, 300

and heat stress, 27, 46-47, 298

MRE content, 46-47

organoleptic changes in hot environments, 47

percentage of calories provided by, 100

physical fitness and intakes, 98

preferences for, 198

thermic effects of, 198

by troop and ration types, 102

vitamin B12 and, 146

World War I requirements, 5

Fat-soluble vitamins

functions, 154

requirement for hot environments, 21

storage/retention, 154

see also individual vitamins

Fatty acid

antioxidant, 156

metabolism, 138-139

mobilization, 143

oxidation, 142

synthesis, 147

Fever, and appetite, 203

Flavor

defined, 174

food temperature and, 204

research needs on perceptions of, 181

Fluid intakes

age and, 14-15

electrolyte balance and, 15-16

and food intake, 47-48

gender and, 13-14, 33-34

palatability of water and, 34

recommendations, 50

requirements for hot environments, 11-16

see also Water requirements

Fluids

avenues of loss and gain, 12, 88-89

determinants of losses, 87-88

electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23

interstitial volume, 88

lost as sweat, 67-68

Fluoride

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

Folate/folic acid

deficiency, 146, 147

forms and functions, 147

and physical performance, 147

MRDAs and RDAs, 8-9, 159, 160

temperature and exercise effects of requirements, 20-21

supplementation, 147

sweat losses of, 138

see also Biotin

Food and Agriculture Organization

Committee on Caloric Requirements, 101

Vitamin B12 RDA, 21

Food Consumption Survey, 301

Food flavors

chemical irritation/chemesthesis, 178-179

menthol, 185

spicy "hot," 178-179, 185-185

tactile perception, 175, 178

see also Olfaction;

Taste

Food intakes

accessibility of food and, 226

acclimatization and, 28, 29-30, 48, 109

in battle situations, 31-32, 52

cephalic effect, 28, 192

and constipation, 33-34

constraints on, 225-229

cost aspects of food availability and, 226

defined, 26, 188-189

and dehydration, 28, 36, 47-48, 298

eating conditions and, 218-224

environmental concerns, 33

and environmental temperature, 26-27, 33, 187, 199-205, 297-298

factors influencing, 25-26, 47, 50

field observations of, 33-36

fluid intake and, 47-48

food temperature and, 25, 26, 197-198

gastrointestinal effect, 28, 192

and hyperthermia, 27, 47, 191, 193, 201, 298

ice cream, 206

NaCl intake and, 299

nutrition understanding and, 35

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

observational data on, 299-301

osmotic factors in, 299

palatability and, 109, 173-175, 198

preferences in hot environments, 26, 29-31, 34, 46, 48, 181, 184-185 , 198, 204-205

psychological factors in, 181

recommendations for improving, 50

research needs, 51

and salivary flow, 179

seasonal changes in, 30-31, 47

situational influences on, 31-32, 224-236

social factors in, 32, 34-35, 229-233

stress and, 28-29, 36, 47

surveys of troops, 99

tactile perception and, 25, 175, 178, 198

taste and, 173-177, 198

thermogenic effects of, 27-28, 31, 189, 190, 204-205

thermostatic theory of, 298

time of day and, 233-236, 240-241, 242, 243

Free radicals, 156, 158

G

Gastrointestinal functioning

aspirin use and, 76

body temperature and, 11, 28, 49

dehydration and, 49

food intake and, 28

food temperature and, 204

gastric emptying, 11, 49, 79-80, 202, 204

heat stress and, 49, 75-82

hemorrhage and intestinal ischemia, 76-77

importance of manifestations with exercise-heat stress, 76-79

intestinal absorption, 11, 75, 80-81, 85

intestinal motility, 11, 49, 80

iron supplements and, 121

prevention and management of distress, 81-82

research needs on, 51

sampling methods, 85

symptoms of distress, 11, 76, 81

vitamin C and, 76, 81, 170-171

Gender

and acclimation to heat, 13-14

and body temperature, 94

and body water, 87

and endurance, 13-14

and fluid intakes, 13-14, 33-34

and fluid requirements, 14-15, 91-92

and food preferences, 26, 185

hormonal responses to low-salt diets, 274-275

and metabolism, 196

and MRDAs, 8-9

and sweat rates, 13-14, 16, 91-92, 93, 94

and thermoregulation, 91-92, 196

Gla-protein, 156

Gluconeogenesis, 143, 144

Glucose

beverages, gastric emptying of, 80

hepatic, 64, 71

metabolism, 138-139

serum, during exercise in the heat, 64

tolerance, 119

Glutathione

peroxidase synthesis, 118

status, 155

Glycogen

depletion, 19, 112

phosphorylase, 144

sparing effects, 65

synthesis, 147

utilization during exercise, 65

Glycogenolysis, 13

Glycolysis, 64, 142

H

H2 blockers, 81

Heart rate

dehydration and, 12-13

heat stress and, 70, 89, 90

NaCl intake during acclimation trials and, 252, 260, 269

see also Cardiovascular performance

Heat acclimatization, see Acclimatization

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

Heat cramps, 252, 255

Heat exhaustion, 18, 149, 248, 252, 254, 255, 278, 288

Heat illness

diet construction for study of, 293

evaluation of overall index of subjective feelings, 286-288, 292

method of study, 278-279, 291

procedure for studying, 279

questionnaire, 278, 288

subjects in study, 278-279

tabulation of symptoms, 279-286

Heat loss

convective/radiative, 68-70

evaporative, 65, 67-68, 70, 89

mechanisms, 6-7, 11, 55-56

metabolic rate and, 56

physique and, 28

see also Sweating

Heat shock, 151

Heat stress

acute, determinants, 11, 12, 28

and cardiovascular performance, 59, 61, 68-70, 71

and food intake, 27, 28-29, 298

and gastrointestinal functioning, 49, 75-82, 85

gender differences in response to, 13-14

and lipid peroxidation, 158

and metabolic rate, 58-64

muscular exercise and, 56

and oxygen uptake, 59, 106

and skeletal muscle metabolism, 64-65

thermoregulation and, 7

and vitamin B12 status, 147

vitamin C and, 152-153

and weight loss, 298

Heat stroke, 12, 77, 79, 151-152, 252

Heat syncope, 248, 252, 255

Hematopoiesis, 138, 143

Hot tabs, 34, 228, 229

Humidity, 12, 196, 207

Hunger

body temperature and, 298

defined, 26, 188, 299

research needs on, 52

stress and, 29, 197

Hydration

importance of, 48, 70

recommendations, 50

and weight loss in hot climates, 30

Hyperphagia, 193, 203

Hypertension, 247

Hyperthermia

environmental temperature and, 57

fever, 203

food intake and, 27, 47, 191, 193, 201, 298

and mucosal lesions, 77

psychogenic, 196

skin and muscle blood flow and, 70

sweat losses during, 12, 24

temperature of food and, 198

Hypohydration

and cardiovascular performance, 13

and gastric emptying, 80

physical exercise and, 16

and undernutrition, 110

Hyponatremia, 291

Hypoxia, 52, 64, 77, 158

Hypozincemia, 123

I

Immune response, 24, 154

Injury prevention, 149, 151

Interleukin-1, 167, 203

Interleukin-6, 122

Iodide, sweat losses of, 23

Iodine

intakes, 118

metabolism, exercise and heat and, 118

MRDAs and RDAs, 8-9, 118

sweat losses of, 118

Iodized salt, 118

Iron

deficiency, 23, 120-121

metabolism, exercise and heat and, 120-121

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9

supplements, 23, 120-121

sweat losses of, 120, 121

and zinc absorption, 23, 121

Ischemic enteropathy, 77, 79

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

K

Kanamycin, 79

Ketosis, 112

Krebs cycle, 145, 147

L

Lactate levels, plasma or muscle, 13, 61, 64-65, 66, 146, 157, 158

Light, and appetite, 205

Lipid

peroxidation, 21, 46, 118, 156, 157, 158, 159

metabolism, 119

Low-salt diets

acclimation and work in the heat, 262, 268

and aldosterone biosynthesis and release, 260, 263, 264-265, 268, 272-273

and arginine-vasopressin, 260, 263, 267, 268, 269-270

blood sampling, 262-263

and body temperature, 269

design of study, 261

and heart rate, 269

methodology for study of, 261-263

and plasma renin activity, 260, 263, 266-267, 268, 269, 272-273

radioimmunoassays, 263

statistical analysis, 263

subjects, 261

and urinary sodium excretion, 265, 269

M

Macronutrients, see Caloric requirements; Protein

Magnesium, 24

deficiency, 125, 135

and 2, 3-Diphosphoglycerate synthesis, 135

erythrocyte uptake, 135

lymphocyte uptake of, 134

metabolism, exercise and heat and, 124-125

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9

sweat losses of, 24, 124

and work capacity, 125

Manganese

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

Metabolism

acclimatization and, 11, 59, 61, 63, 108

anaerobic, 61-62, 64, 71, 106

basal, 109-110

and body temperature, 56-58, 70

and caloric intake, 99

environmental temperature and, 60, 89, 110

evaporative heat loss, 6, 65-68

exercise in the heat and, 6, 7, 13, 56, 58-68, 90, 104, 107

gender differences in, 196

and heat stress, 58-61, 71

and lactate levels in plasma or muscle, 61

light and, 205

rate, 6, 7, 11, 13, 55, 56, 58-64, 70, 89, 90

and respiratory exchange ratio, 61-62

resting, and dietary-induced thermogenesis, 13, 109-110

skeletal muscle, 11, 55, 64-65

and sweating, 92

Metallothien, liver concentration, 23, 122

Military rations

A-rations, 223-224

adequacy for hot environment, 46

acceptability to troops, 216-217, 221, 232, 234

all-environment, survival, 112

beverages, 34, 243

breakfast, 240-243

C rations, 243

caloric intake from, 215-216, 218-224

compatibility of foods in MREs, 34, 35, 46, 50

heating of, 227-229

intake determinants, 32, 47-48, 109

laboratory and field differences in intakes, 220-224, 300

meals, ready to eat (MREs), 32, 34-35, 46-47, 122-123, 216, 217, 220-223, 234, 274

menu composition, 216, 217, 234

nutrient intakes by type, 102

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

nutritional composition, 46-47, 50

on-the-go food items, 241, 242

operational, 17, 18, 22, 50, 122-124, 215-220, 225, 234, 236

recommendations, 35-36, 50

restricted, 17

sodium/salt in, 17, 18, 260, 274

T-rations, 35, 230-231

underconsumption problem, 215-216, 236

vitamin/mineral fortification, 22, 35-36

and weight loss, 215

zinc intake from, 123

Military Recommended Dietary Allowances (MRDAs)

adequacy for hot environments, 6, 22, 24, 36, 45, 46, 48

basis for, 20-21

comparison with other RDAs, 8-9, 20-21

current, 5-6, 307-327

history, 4-5

revision, 5

Minerals

changes in requirements for hot environments, 22-24, 48-49, 127-128

deficiencies and food preferences, 180

and physical performance, 52, 117

research needs on, 52, 120, 127-128

supplements, 22, 117

sweat losses, 22, 36, 45, 117, 127

see also individual minerals

Molybdenum

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

Monosodium glutamate, 174

Morale, 35

Mucosal lesions, 77

Muscle

building, 159

damage prevention, 155, 158, 167

lactate levels, 13, 61, 64-65, 66

glycogen utilization, 64, 143

soreness, 151, 158

triglyceride utilization, 64

Muscular activity

and heat production, 11

N

NaCl diets

body mass (morning), 250, 257

and body temperature, 260

and heart rates, 260

methods for evaluating, 248-249

and physical performance, 252-254

plasma/serum volume changes during exercise in the heat, 252-254, 260

preexercise blood measurements, 250, 252

responses during heat acclimation trials, 252

and subjective reports of heat illness, 277-290

sweat rates, 252

urinalysis, 250, 251, 257

see also Low-salt diets

Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 30

Neutrophil generation, 167

Niacin

deficiency, 142

and energy metabolism, 20, 143, 159

exercise and, 142-143

forms and functions, 142, 143

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9

overdose, 143

and physical performance reduction, 168

recommendations, 149, 159

status assessment, 142-143

sweat losses of, 138, 143

see also B complex vitamins

Nicotinic acid, see Niacin

Night blindness, 154

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, 79, 81;

see also Aspirin

Nuclear-biological-chemical protective clothing, 12, 65, 67

Nutrient intakes

adequacy in hot climates, 31

functional indicators of status, 51

of North American ground troops, 102

research needs on, 51

seasonal changes and, 30

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

Nutritional needs of troops

Committee's task, 3-4

early appraisals, 97-103

evidence of changes for work in hot environments, 45-46

MRDA adequacy, 46

temperature changes in desert environments and, 48

World War I, 5

Nutrition understanding, 35

O

Obesity, and sweating, 96

Olfaction

and eating patterns, food preferences, and intakes, 24-26

environmental temperature and, 180

food temperature and, 204

Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm, 3, 22, 32, 33, 34, 36, 46, 47, 48, 87, 113

Overtraining, 76

Oxygen uptake

acclimation and, 105, 108

activity level and, 104

aerobic/anaerobic fractions during exercise, 105-106, 147

B complex vitamins and, 147-148

environmental temperature and, 104, 108

and heat illness symptoms, 292

heat stress and, 59, 62, 64, 79

as measure of vitamin supplementation effects, 167-168

pantothenic acid supplementation and, 146

physical fitness and, 108

during rest, 104

and sweating, 91

vitamin E and, 157, 158

P

Pantothenic acid

deficiency, 145

and exercise, 145-146

forms and functions, 145

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

supplementation, 146

sweat losses of, 138, 146

see also B complex vitamins

Pellagra, 142

Phosphorus, 24

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9

Physical fitness

and nutrient intakes of troops, 98

and oxygen uptakes, 108

see also Aerobic fitness

Physical performance

at high altitudes, 157-158

hyperthermia and, 70

hypohydration and undernutrition and, 110

iron deficiency and, 23, 120

magnesium deficiency and, 125

NaCl diet and, 254

vitamin supplementation and, 137-138, 140, 141-142, 144, 146, 150, 154-155, 156, 157-158

see also Endurance

Physiological changes

from exercise in heat, 6-7

and food preferences, 180-181

gastrointestinal functioning, 11

from heat stress, 7, 11

Physique

and acclimatization, 194-195

and heat loss, 28

Plasma renin activity, 260, 263, 266-267, 268, 269, 272-273

Plasma/serum

aldosterone, 254, 255

beta-endorphin levels, 80

ceruloplasmin, 125

chromium levels, 23

ferritin levels, 23, 120-121

lactate levels, 64, 106, 146, 157, 158

osmolality, 95, 269

selenium levels, 23

volume changes during exercise in heat, 69, 82, 88, 95, 250, 252-254 , 260, 268, 273, 274

Potassium

in electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

sweat losses of, 24

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

Prickly heat, 153

Protein intakes

acclimatization and, 29

body weight and, 100

caloric intakes and, 19, 100

changes in requirements for hot environments, 18-19, 45, 47, 112

deficiency, 110, 111, 112

environmental temperature and, 98, 100, 101, 205, 206, 298

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9, 45

physical fitness and, 98

seasonal changes in intakes, 30

sweat losses of nitrogen, 19

thermogenic effects of, 27, 198

by troop and ration types, 102

and urine volume required for excretion, 19, 89, 113

vitamin B6 and, 143, 145, 159

vitamin B12 and, 146, 170

World War I requirements, 5

Psychiatric disturbances, magnesium deficiency and, 125

Psychological factors, and food preferences, 181

Pyrexia, 18-19

Pyridoxine, see Vitamin B6

Pyrophosphate, 139

Q

Quartermaster

Climatic Research Laboratory, 99

R

Rations, see Military rations

RDAs

MRDAs compared with, 8-9

for hot climates, 20-21

Recommendations

acclimatization, 208

activity levels, 208

changes in MREs, 35-36, 50

delivery systems and feeding situations, 50, 236

food intakes, 50, 208

food preferences, 208

hydration, 50

practical, for working in hot environments, 208

vitamin intakes, 159-160

Research needs

alliesthesia studies, 207-208

antioxidant vitamins for reduction of heat stress, 51, 158, 160

chromium studies, 120

effects of heat on appetite, 207-208, 301-302

factors that affect food intake, 51

flavor perception, 181-182

food intake under operational conditions, 52

functional indicators of nutritional status, 51

gastrointestinal function in heat, 51

metabolic effect of food intake, 52

mineral intake and physical performance, 52, 127-128

satiety signals in heat, 52

thermic effect of food, 207

Riboflavin

deficiency, 141

and energy metabolism, 20, 141, 159

exercise and, 141-142

forms and functions, 20, 141

heat stress and, 142

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9

recommendations, 149, 159

status assessment, 141

supplementation, 142

sweat losses of, 138, 142

see also B complex vitamins

Rickets, 155, 156

Runners

B complex vitamin supplementation, 148

chromium losses, 119

copper concentrations in, 126

diuretic-induced weight loss, 13

epileptic-type convulsions in, 125

gastrointestinal distress in, 76, 77, 85, 171

histological observations after maximal distance training run, 79

hyperthermia, 57

magnesium metabolism, 124

marathon, 124, 171

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

pantothenic acid supplementation, 146

sprint, 157

vitamin C supplementation, 171

vitamin E supplementation, 157-158

water requirements for, 67, 89, 90

S

Salt, 175, 177

Satiety

signal, 193-194, 198, 204, 298

social facilitation of eating and, 230

Scurvy, 149

Seasonal affective disorder, 205

Seasonal changes

in appetite, 202

in body weight and composition, 202, 300

in food intakes, 30-31, 47, 300-301

and food preferences, 206-207, 301

in nutrient intakes, 30, 300-301

in thyroid activity, 206

Selenium, 23

chromium levels and, 23

intakes, 119

metabolism, exercise and heat and, 118-119

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

supplements, 118

sweat losses of, 119

Serotonin, 149

Serum, see Plasma/serum

Skeletal muscle metabolism, 11, 64-65

Skiing, 139

Smokers, vitamin C requirements, 150

Sodium

in electrolyte-carbohydrate beverages, 23

intakes, 247, 277

levels for work in heat, 16-18, 22-23

in military-dining-hall food, 17, 18

MRDAs and RDAs, 8-9, 16-17, 247-248

in rations, 17, 18

salicylate, 203

Surgeon General's recommended intakes, 16

sweat losses of, 22, 247, 254, 260, 277

see also Low-salt diets;

NaCl diets

Stress (psychic)

and acute-phase response, 127

and appetite, 29, 197

and body temperature, 28, 196-197

environmental temperature and, 299

and food intake, 28-29, 36, 47

and hunger, 29, 197

intracellular oxidative, 126

MRE use and, 35

and nutrient intakes, 51, 111-112

research needs on, 51

and vitamin C, 150

and zinc absorption, 51, 123-124

see also Heat stress

Sucrose, 175, 176

Superoxide dismutase activity, 126

Superoxide radicals, 77

Sweating

acclimatization and, 16, 90, 91, 92, 93, 96, 108

aerobic capacity and, 91, 95

age and, 14-15, 16, 91-92, 93, 95

apparel and, 12, 65, 67

body fat and, 94-95, 96

body temperature and, 67, 90, 96

and dehydration, 12, 36, 68, 71

electrolyte losses through, 15

energy expenditure in, 103-104

environmental conditions and, 12, 25, 65, 71, 89-90

exercise and, 11, 12, 13, 16, 65, 67, 71, 89, 90

gender and, 13-14, 16, 91-92, 93, 94

gland fatigue, 89-90

and heat loss, 7, 11, 65, 67-68

humidity and, 12, 196

and metabolic rate, 92, 108

mineral losses through, 22-24, 117, 118, 120, 123, 127

NaCl diet and, 252

nitrogen losses, 19, 24, 110-111, 206

plasma volume and, 95-96

prediction of rates, 67, 92

rate, 12, 13, 16, 65, 67, 71, 89, 252

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

secretion rate, 11

sodium losses during exercise-heat exposure, 254, 260

vitamin losses through, 20, 137-138, 141, 142, 143, 145, 148, 151, 159

and water requirements, 65, 67

Sweets, environmental temperature and preference for, 29, 175, 198

Swimmers, 126, 144-145

T

Taste

defined, 173

environmental temperature and, 24-26, 198

sensations, 173-174, 176-177

Temperature (environmental)

abrupt shifts in, 200

and appetite, 189-190, 199-207

and body weight/fat, 190-191, 195-196, 201

and caloric intake, 98, 99, 101

and energy expenditure, 103-104

and evaporative heat loss, 70

and food intake, 26-27, 33, 187, 199-205

and food preferences, 29, 30, 204-207, 301

and gastric emptying, 79-80, 202

heat, defined, 188

and hyperthermia, 57

and metabolic rate during exercise, 60, 62, 63, 103, 107, 110

and nutrient intake of troops, 98, 100, 102

and olfaction and taste, 24-25, 26

and oxygen uptake, 104, 106, 108

as satiety signal, 193-194

sensory effects of, 174-180

and taste, 24-26, 173-177

and thermal and circulatory responses, 69

and thiamin requirement, 140

see also Body temperature

Thermogenic effects of food

appetite and, 190, 199, 297

brown adipose tissue, 192, 193

cephalic phase, 28, 192

gastrointestinal phase, 28, 192, 202

research needs, 190, 207

resting metabolism and, 109-110

source of calories and, 27-28, 192, 198, 298

temperature of food and, 197-198, 204-205

Thermoregulation

acclimatization and, 7, 16, 55

activity level and, 197

age and, 15

air conditioning and, 196

climatic adaptation and, 194-196

defined, 7, 189

eating and, 26-27, 31, 189, 192-198

and energy expenditures, 105-106

gender and, 91-92, 196

indices of, 7

internal mechanisms in, 297-298

iron deficiency and, 23, 121

physique and, 194-195

seasonal changes in, 202

set point, 196-197, 202, 203

skin blood flow and, 68-70, 105-106

Thiamin

assessment of status, 139

and carbohydrate metabolism, 139

deficiency, 139, 140

and energy metabolism, 20, 140, 159

environmental temperature and requirements for, 140

and exercise performance, 139, 140

MRDAs and RDAs, 8-9, 139-140

recommendations, 149, 159

supplementation, 140

sweat losses of, 138, 141

see also B complex vitamins

U

Urinary excretion

chromium, 23, 119

mineral losses, 22, 23, 119, 122, 127

nitrogen losses from, 110-111

obligatory volume, 89

plasma changes and, 22, 23

sodium, 254, 255, 265, 269

vitamin losses, 142, 144, 153-154, 168

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

volume required for protein excretion, 19, 89, 113

water intakes and, 88

of zinc, 122

U.S. Army

Medical Research and Nutrition Laboratory, 97

Medical Research Laboratory, 99

Natick Research Development and Engineering Center, 216

Quartermaster Food and Container Institute for the Armed Forces, 97, 99

Quartermaster Research and Development Center, 99

Quartermaster Research and Development Command and Medical Nutrition

Laboratory, 101

Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 99, 216, 223

V

Vegetarians, 146, 170

Vitamin A

antioxidant properties, 21, 154, 155

and exercise, 154-155

forms and functions, 154

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9, 21

research needs on, 160

seasonal changes in intakes, 30, 300-301

status assessment, 154

supplementation, 154-155, 160

Vitamin B1, see Thiamin

Vitamin B2, see Riboflavin

Vitamin B6

carbohydrate intake and, 145

deficiency, 144

and energy metabolism, 20, 159

exercise and, 144

forms and functions, 143-144

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9

performance and, 145

protein intake and, 145, 159

recommendations, 149, 159

retention/storage, 144

status assessment, 144

supplementation, 144-145

sweat losses of, 138, 145

urinary excretion of, 144

see also B complex vitamins

Vitamin B12

deficiency, 146, 169-170

forms and functions, 146-147

and heat stress, 147

MRDAs and RDAs, 8-9, 159, 160

and physical performance, 146

and protein intake, 146, 170

storage/retention, 138

supplementation, 146

temperature and exercise effects of requirements, 20-21

vitamin C and absorption of, 21, 147, 159, 169

see also B complex vitamins

Vitamin C

and acclimatization, 21, 48-49, 151-153, 159, 160, 169

antioxidant properties, 21, 51, 151, 155, 159, 160

and body temperature, 152

deficiency, 139, 149, 150-151, 153

exercise and, 150

functions, 139, 149

and gastrointestinal distress, 76, 81, 170-171

and heat stress, 21, 48-49, 151-153

and injury rate, 151

megadoses, 147

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9, 21

and muscle soreness, 151

and physical performance, 150

research needs on, 160

seasonal changes in intakes, 30, 300-301

smokers' requirements for, 150

status assessment, 149-150, 153

supplementation, 149, 150, 151, 152, 159, 160

sweat losses of, 138, 151

urinary excretion of, 153-154

and vitamin B12 absorption, 21, 147, 159, 169

see also B complex vitamins

Vitamin D

deficiency, 155, 170

and exercise performance, 156

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
×

forms and functions, 154, 155, 156, 159

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9, 21

requirements for hot environments, 21, 160

sources, 155, 156

status assessment, 155

Vitamin E

age and, 167

antioxidant properties, 21, 155, 157, 158, 160

deficiency, 156, 157

exercise and, 157

forms and functions, 154, 156, 167

and heat stress, 158

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9, 21

and physical performance, 157-158

research needs, 158, 160

status assessment, 156-157

supplementation, 157, 167

Vitamin K, 138, 154

MRDAs vs RDAs, 10

Vitamins

antioxidants, 21, 46

changes in requirements for hot environments, 20-22, 45-46, 48-49

deficiencies, 137, 180

effects of exercise and heat on, 36, 137-160

and energy production, 137, 138

supplementation and physical performance, 137-138, 168-169

sweat losses of, 20, 137-138

see also B complex vitamins;

Watersoluble vitamins;

individual vitamins

W

Water

accessibility and intakes of, 226, 227

body weight composition, 87

daily intake/output values, 88

deficiency, 110, 111

evaporative losses, 88

fecal losses, 88-89

gastric emptying of, 80

intestinal absorption during exercise, 81, 82

intoxication, 291

and plasma arginine-vasopressin, 269

and plasma volume, 88

preferred temperature for drinking, 185

respiratory losses, 88

Water requirements

age and, 92, 93

battlefield, 65

determinants of, 11-12, 87-88, 92

exercise intensity and training and, 45, 90-91

gender and, 91-92

heat acclimatization and, 91

hot-wet vs hot-dry environment, 89-90

prediction of, 92

recommendations, 92-93

for runners, 67

see also Fluid intakes

Water-soluble vitamins

functions, 138

retention, 138

see also B complex vitamins;

individual vitamins

Weber illusion, 178

Weight loss, cause in hot climates, 30, 31, 90, 91

World War I, nutrition surveys, 5

World War II, nutritional surveys, 215

Wound healing, 149, 151

Wrestlers, hypohydration-caused weight loss, 13

Z

Zinc

and copper absorption, 24, 124

intakes, 123

iron intake and absorption of, 23, 121

metabolism, exercise and heat and, 23-24, 121-124

metallothien-induced sequestration of, 23, 122

MRDAs vs RDAs, 8-9

and stress, 51, 123-124

superoxide dismutase activity, 126

supplements, 23-24, 124

sweat losses, 23, 123

urinary excretion of, 122, 123

Suggested Citation:"Index." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Nutritional Needs in Hot Environments: Applications for Military Personnel in Field Operations. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2094.
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This volume examines the current state of knowledge concerning the influence of a hot environment on nutrient requirements of military personnel. A parallel concern is ensuring that performance does not decline as a result of inadequate nutrition.

The committee provides a thorough review of the literature in this area and interprets the diverse data in terms of military applications. In addition to a focus on specific nutrient needs in hot climates, the committee considers factors that might change food intake patterns and therefore overall calories. Although concern for adequate nutrition for U.S. soldiers in Saudi Arabia prompted the initiation of this project, its scope includes the nutrient needs of individuals who may be actively working in both hot-dry and hot-moist climates.

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