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Setting Priorities for Land Conservation (1993)

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References I Aiken, B. 1988. The Kruger: A Supreme African Wilderness. Jersey: Afropix Publishers. Allen, T.F., and T.B. Starr. 1988. Hierarchy: Perspectives for Eco- logical Complexity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Anderson,T.~., ed. 1983. Water Rights: Scarce Resource Allocation, Bureaucracy, and the Environment. San Francisco: Pacific Institute. Anderson, TV., and D.R. Leal. 1991. Free Market Environmental- ism. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. Anderson, I.R., E.E. Hardy, I.T. Roach, and R.E. Witmer. 1976. A land use and land cover classification system for use with remote sensor data. USGS Professional Paper 964. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia. Arnold, R. 1982. At the Eye of He Storm: James Wan and the Envi- ronmentalists. Chicago: Regnery Gateway. Bacons, E.H., R.M. Alfaro, L.F. Corrales, Q. limenez, L.H. El~zondo, end W.H. Soto. 1988. Costa Rica: Assessment of the Conservation of Biological Resources. Fundacion Neotropica and Conservation International, San Jose, Costa Rica, and Washington, D.C. Baker, W.~. 1989a. Landscape ecology and nature reserve design in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, Minnesota. Ecology 70:23-35. Baker, W.~. 1989b. A review of models of landscape change. Land- scape Ecol. 2: ~ ~ I-133. Bariowe, R. 1965. Federal programs for the direction of land use. Iowa Law Review 50:337-367. 213

214 SETTING PRIORITIES FOR LAND CONSERVATION Barrett, T.S., and P. Livermore. 1983. The Conservation Easement in California. Covelo, Calif.: Island Press. Bean, M.~. 1983. The Evolution of National Wildlife Law. New York: Praeger Publishers. Beede, S.F. 1991. Le Pare National des Cevennes. Pp. 100-106 in Resident People and National Parks: Social Dilemmas and Strategies in International Conservation, P.C. West and S.R. Brechin, eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Blahna, D.~. 1986. Social Bases for Resource Conflicts in Areas of Reverse Migration. Paper presented at the First National Symposium on Social Science in Resource Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon. May 12-16. BEM 03ureau of Land Management). 1990. Recreation 2000: A Stra- tegic Plan. Bureau of Land Management, U.S. Department of the Interior. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. BEM (Bureau of Land Management). Undated. Fish and Wildlife 2000: A Plan for Me Future. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of the Interior. BEM (Bureau of Land Management). 1991. Judith Valley Phillips Resource Management Plan and Environmental Impact Draft State- ment, July, 1991. Montana State Office, Bureau of Land Manage- ment, U.S. Department of the Interior. Bormann, F.H., and G.E. Likens. 1991. Pattern and Process in a Forested Ecosystem: Disturbance, Development, and the Steady State Based on Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. New York: Springer Veriag. Botkin, D.B. 1990. Discordant Harmonies: A New Ecology for the Twenty-First Century. New York: Oxford University Press. Bremer, T. 1984. Portrait of land trusts. Pp. 17-24 in Land-Saving Action, R.~. Brenneman and S.M. Bates, eds. Covelo, Calif: Island Press. Brookes, W. 1991. Greenlining: Back door to limiting our use of land? The Washington Times, Editorials Commentary. January 17. Brumbach, B.C., and R.A. Brumbach. 1988. The Nexus of Land Acquisition and Regulation: Alternative Techniques for Protecting He Public Interest. Urban Law & Policy 9:319-. Burgess, R.~., and D.M. Sharpe, eds. 1981. Forest Island Dynamics in Man-Dominated Landscapes. New York: Springer-Veriag.

REFERENCES . 215 Burrough, P.A. 1986. Principles of Geographical Information Systems for Land Resources Assessment. Oxford: CIarendon Press. Castle, E.N. 1982. Land, people, and policy: A national view. I. Soil Water Conserv. 18-20. Chambers, D. 1986. Development and application of a pilot geograph- ic information system for the U. S. Forest Service: Tongass National Forest. Pp. 162-171 in Proceedings of the Geographic Information System Workshop, Atlanta, Ga. Chavez, M.~ . 1987. Public access to landlocked public lands . 39 Stan. L. Rev. 1373-. Ciriacy-Wantrup, S.V. 1952. Resource Conservation: Economics and Policies. Berkeley: University of California Press. Ciriacy-Wantrup, S.V. 1985. Economics and policies of resource conservation. Pp. 207-230 In Natural Resource Economics: Selected Papers, R.C. Bishop and S.O. Andersen. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. Clark, I.S. 1988. Effect of climate change on fire regimes in nor~- western Minnesota. Nature 334:233-235. CIawson, M. 1973. Historical overview of land-use planning in the United States. Pp. 23-54 in Environment: A New Focus for Land- Use Planning, D.M. McCallister, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. CIawson, M., and R.B. Held. 1957. The Federal Lands. Baltimore, Md.: The Johns Hopkins University Press. Coffin, ].B., ed. 1990. Colorado-Sou~ Dakota exchange. Public Land News 15:24:3. Coggins, C.G. 1991. Public Natural Resources Law. June. Coggins, G.C., and C.F. Wilkinson. 1987. Federal Public Land and Resources Law, 2nd ed. Mineola, N.Y.: The Foundation Press, Inc. Cohen, F.S., ed. 1982. Handbook of Federal Indian Law, 1982 Edi- tion, R. Strickland, ed. Charlottesville, Va.: Michie Bobbs-Merrill. Comptroller General of the United States. 1966. Report on Examina- tion into Certain Proposed Land Exchanges for the Point Reyes Na- tional Seashore in California. U.S. General Accounting Office, Washington, D.C. Conservation Foundation. 1985. National Parks for a New Generation: Visions, Realities, Prospects. Conservation Foundation, Washington, D.C.

216 SETTING PRIORITIES FOR LAND CONSERVATION Coulson, R.N., C.N. Lovelady, R.O. Flamm, S.L. Spradling, and M.C. Saunders. 1991. Intelligent geographic information systems for natural resource management. Pp. 153-172 in Quantitative Meth- ods in Landscape Ecology, M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner, eds. New York: Springer-Verlag. CEQ (Council on Environmental Quality). 1990. Environmental Qual- ity. Twenty-First Annual Report of the Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, D.C. Crespi, M. 1984. The potential role of national parks in maintaining cultural diversity. Pp. 303-309 in National Parks, Conservation, and Development: The Role of Protected Areas in Sustaining Society, I.A. McNeely and K.R. Miller, eds. Washington, D.C.: Smithsoni- an Institution. Crumpacker, D.W., S.W. Hodge, D. Friedley, and W.P. Gregg, Jr. 1988. A preliminary assessment of the status of major terrestrial and wetland ecosystems on Federal and Indian lands in the United States. Conservation Biology 2:103-l 15. Cunningham, R.A. 1967. Scenic easements in the highway beautifica- tion program. 45 Denver Law Journal 167-. Dames and Moore. 1982. Social Impacts and Effect of CAWCS Plans. Final report prepared for the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Depart- ment of the Interior, Washington, D.C. Dana, S.T., and S.K. Fairfax. 1980. Forest and Range Policy, 2nd ed. San Francisco: McGraw-Hill. Davis, M.B. 1989. Insights from paleoecology on global change. Bull. Ecol. Soc. Am. 70:222-228. Davis, M.B., and D.B. Botkin. 1985. Sensitivity of cool-temperate forests and Heir fossil pollen record to rapid temperature. Quat. Res. 23:327-340. Davis, F.W., D.M. Stoms, I.E. Estes, I. Scepan, and I.M. Scott. 1990. An inflations systems approach to the preservation of bio- logical diversity. Internat. I. Geograph. Inform. Syst. 4:55-78. DeAngelis, D.~., and ].C. Waterhouse. 1987. Equilibrium and non- equilibrium concepts in ecological models. Ecological Monographs 57: I-22. Delcourt, H.R., and P.A. Delcourt. 1991. Quaternary Ecology: A Paleoecologica] Perspective. New York: Chapman & Hall. Delcourt, H.R., P.A. Delcourt, and T. Webb. 1983. Dynamic plant

REFERENCES 217 ecology: The spectrum of vegetational change in space and time. Quat. Sci. Rev. I :153-175. Diamond, I. 19X4. "Normal" extinctions of isolated populations. Pp. 191-246 in Extinctions, M.H. Nitecki, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Diamond, I.M. 1986. The design of a nature reserve system for Indo- nesian New Guinea. Pp. 485-503 in Conservation Biology: The Science of Scarcity and Diversity, M.E. Sould, ed. Sunderiand, Mass.: Sinauer Assoc., Inc. DO! (U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Indian Affairs). 1979. Increasing Participation by Indian Tribes in the EWCF. Task force report prepared by the Bureau of Indian Affairs and He Heri- tage Conservation and Recreation Service. August. Dregne, H.E. 1991. Report on the Cost of Global Desertification Temporary Titled, Desertification Control PAC, United Nations EnvironmentalProgram. New York: The United Nations. Drury, N.Be 1946. Private in-holdings in the national park system. Carol Policy Review 9:3-~. Dunn. C.P-., D.M. Sharpe, G.R. Guntenspergen, F. Stearns, and Z. , , , Yang. 1991. Methods for analyzing temporal changes in landscape pattern. Pp. 173-198 in Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology: The Analysis and Interpretation of Landscape Heterogeneity, M.G. Turner and R.H. Gardner, eds. New York: Springer-VerIag. Elfring, C. 1989. Preserving land through local land trusts. BioSci- ence 39:71-74. Ellis, D. 1989. Environments at Risk: Case Countries of Impact Assessment. New York: Springer-VerIag. Emanuel, W.R.,H.H. Shugart, end M.P. Stevenson. 1985a. Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem com- plexes. Clim. Change 7:29~3. Emanuel, W.R., H.H. Shugart, and M.P. Stevenson. 1985b. Response to comment: Climatic change and the broad-scale distribution of terrestrial ecosystem complexes. Clim. Change 7:457~60. Fink, RJ. 1991. Public land acquisition for environmental protection: Structuring a program for the Lake Tahoe basin. Ecology Law Quar- terly iS:485-557. Finsterbusch, K. 19X5. State of the art of social impact assessment. Environment and Behavior 17:193-221.

218 SETTING PRIORITIES FOR LAND CONSERVAT10N Fleming, D. 1972. Roots of He new conservation movement. Perspec- tives in American History 6:7-91. Forman, R.T.T., and M. Godron. 1986. Landscape Ecology. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Foresta, R. 1984. America's National Parks and Their Keepers. Washington, D.C.: Resources for He Future. Foresta, R.A. 1987. New national parks: Lessons from He United States and Canada. Forum for Applied Research and Public Policy 2:95-107. Foster, D.R. 1988. Disturbance history, community organization, and vegetation dynamics of He old-growth Pisgah Forest, southwestern New Hampshire, USA. I. Ecology 6:105-134. Frankel, O.H., and M.E. Soule. 1981. Conservation and Evolution. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Franklin, I.F., and R.T.T. Forman. 1987. Creating landscape patterns by forest cutting: Ecological consequences and principles. Land- scape Ecology ~ :5-~. Fox, S. 1986. The American Conservation Movement: John Muir and His Legacy. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. Frederick, D.O. 1991. Nature in the hands of accountants. National Wetlands Newsletter 13~4~:4-7. Freudenburg, W.R. 1986. Social impact assessment. Annul Rev. Sociol. 12:451~78. Freudenburg, W.R., and R. Gramling. 1992. Community impacts of technological change: Toward a longitudinal perspective. Social Forces 70:937-955. GAO (General Accounting Officer. 1979. The Federal Drive to Ac quire Private Lands Should be Reassessed. CED-80-14. Report by the Comptroller General of the United States, U.S. General Account- ing Office, Washington, D.C. December 14. GAO (General Accounting Officer. 1981. Federal Land Acquisition and Management Practices. Report to Senator Ted Stevens by the U.S. General Accounting Office. CED-~-135. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. GAO (General Accounting Officer. 1988. Endangered Species: Man- agement Improvements Could Enhance Recovery Program. Report to He Chairman, Subcommittee on Fisheries and Wildlife Conservation and the Environment, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries,

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220 SETTING PRIORITIES FOR LAND CONSERVATION Real Property Owned by the United States Throughout the World as of September 30, 1989. Office of Government Wide Real Property Relations, U.S. General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. Gustaison, G.C. 1983. Who Owns He Land? A State and Regional Summary of Landownership in the United States. ERS Staff Report AGESS30405. Natural Resources Economics Division, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. April. Hamilton, N.R. 1985. Legal authority for federal acquisition of con- servation easements to provide agricultural credit relief. 35 n3 Drake Law Review 477-527. Harmon, D. 1991. National park residency in developed countries: The example of Great Britain. Pp. 33-39 in Resident Peoples and National Parks: Social Dilemmas and Strategies in International Conservation, P.C. West and S.R. Brechin, eds. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. Harris, L.D. 1984. The Fragmented Forest: Island Biogeography Theory and the Preservation of Biotic Diversity. Chicago: Universi- ty of Chicago Press. Harris, L.D., and R.D. Wallace. 1984. Breeding bird species in Flori- da forest fragments. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of Sou~- eastern Associations Fish and Wildlife Agencies 38:87-96. Harris, L.D. 1988. Landscape linkages: The dispersal corridor ap- proach to wildlife conservation. Transactions of the Norm American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 53:595~07. Harris, L.D., and I. Scheck. 1991. From implications to applications: The dispersal corridor principle applied to the conservation of biologi- cal diversity. Pp. 189-220 in Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors, D.A. Saunders and R.~. Hobbs, eds. New York: Surrey Beatty & Sons Pty. Ltd. Hays, S.P. 1959. Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement, 1890-1920. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University Press. Hays, S.P. 1987. Beauty, Health and Permanence: Environmental Politics in He United States, 1955-1985. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hemmet, S.A. 1986. Parks, people, and private property: The Na- tional Park Service and Environmental Domain. Environ. Law 935:

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222 SE7~1NG PRIORITIES FOR LAND CONSERVATION I. Harger, M. Holland, S. Levin, I. Lubchenco, H. Mooney, V. Neronov, I. Noble, H. Pulliam, P. Ramakrishnan, P. Risser, O. Sala, I. Sarukhan, and W. Sombroek. 1991. A Sustainable Biosphere: The Global Imperative. INTECOL Number 20: Special Issue. Aiken, S.C.: International Association for Ecology. Itolina,D. 1989. Plain dealing. SierraJan-Feb:143. {verson, L.R. 1988. Land-use changes inIllinois, USA: The influence of landscape attributes on current and historic land use Landscape Ecol. 2:45~. Jackson, D.A., and H.H. Harvey. 1989. Biogeographic associations in fish assemblages: Local vs. regional processes. Ecology 70:1472- 1484. Johnson, L.B. 1990. Analyzing spatial and temporal phenomena using geographical information systems: A review of ecological applica- tions. Landscape Ecol. 4:314~4. Johnston, K.M. 1987. Natural resource modeling in the geographic information system environment. Photograrnmetric Engineering and Remote Sensing 53:1411-1415. Johnston, C.A., N.E. Detenbeck, and G.~. Neimi. 1988. Geographic information systems for cumulative impact assessment. Photo~ram- metric Engineering and Remote Sensing 54:1609-1615. --cat - O Keystone Center. 1989. Policy Dialogue on Access to Federal Lands. Final Report. The Keystone Center, Keystone, Colo. March 7. Keystone Center. 1991. Final Consensus Report of the Keystone Poli- cy Dialogue on Biological Diversity on Federal Lands. Keystone Center, Keystone, Colo. April. Klockenbrink, M. 1991. The new range war: New York Times (August 201:A-15. Knight, D.H. 1987. Parasites, lightning, and the vegetation mosaic in wilderness landscapes. Pp. 59-83 in Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance, M.G. Turner, ed. New York: Springer-VerIag. Knowiton, C. 1986. Cultural impacts of New Mexico and West Texas reclamation projects. Southwestern Review 5:13. Krummel, I.R., R.H. Gardner, G. Sugihara, R.V. O'Neill, and P.R. lathe desert as enemy. Coleman. 1987. Landscape patterns in a disturbed environment. Oikos 48:321-324. Land Rights Letter. 1991. Land Rights Letter: For Americans dedicat- ed to preserving our heritage of private property rights. Land Rights

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This book responds to a congressional request to evaluated criteria by which land is acquired under the Land and Water Conservation Fund.

The committee reviews criteria and procedures by which four agencies acquire lands for conservation; examines the historic, public policy, and scientific bases of criteria and compares them with nongovernmental organizations; and assesses the effectiveness of the agencies in preserving natural resources while achieving agency objectives.

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