REFERENCES
Adelman, K. L., and Norman R. Augustine. 1992. Defense conversion—bulldozing the management. Foreign Affairs71(2):26–47.
Adler, Paul A. 1993. Time-and-motion regained. Harvard Business Review (January–February); 97–108.
Alic, John A., Lewis M. Branscomb, Harvey Brooks, Ashton B. Carter and Gerald L. Epstein. 1992. Beyond Spinoff: Military and Commercial Technologies in a Changing World. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
Armstrong, John A. 1993. Research and Competitiveness: The Problems of a New Rationale. The Bridge23(1) (in press).
Baily, Martin N., and Robert Z. Lawrence. 1990. The Incentive Effects of the New R&E Tax Credit. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Baily, Martin N., and Robert Z. Lawrence. 1991. The Impact of Section 861-8 on America's R&D Performers. Paper. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Baily Martin N., and Robert Z. Lawrence. 1992. Tax Policies for R&D: What Do the Data Tell Us?Study prepared for the Council on Research and Technology, Washington, D.C.
Barkan, Philip. 1991. Productivity in the Process of Product Development—An Engineering Perspective. Paper, revision of Feb. 15. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif.
Bebb, H. Barry. 1990. Quality Design Engineering—The Missing Link in U.S. Competitiveness. Prepublication draft. March. Xerox Corporation, Webster, N.Y.
Berggren, Christian, Torsten Björkman, and Ernst Hollander. 1991. Are they unbeatable?Stockholm, Sweden.
Bergsten, C. Fred, and Edward M. Graham. 1993. Global corporations and national governments: Are changes needed in the international economic and political order in light of the globalization of business. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
Bloch, Erich. 1991. Toward a U.S. Technology Strategy: Enhancing Manufacturing Competitiveness. The Manufacturing Forum. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Bowen, H. Kent 1992. Implementation projects: Decisions and expenditures, Pp. 93–99 in Manufacturing Systems: Foundations of World-Class Practice. Committee on Foundations of Manufacturing, National Academy of Engineering. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Brooks, Harvey. 1982. Toward an efficient public technology policy: Criteria and evidence. Pp. 329–378 in Emerging Technologies: Consequences for Economic Growth, Structural Change and Employment, Herbert Giersch, ed. Tubingen: Paul Siebeck.
Brooks, Harvey. 1986. National science policy and technological innovation. Pp. 119–167 in The Positive Sum Strategy, R. Landau and N. Rosenberg, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Brooks, Harvey. 1991. Innovation and competitiveness. Lecture presented at J. Herbert Hollomon Memorial Lecture, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, April 9, 1991.
Burrill, G. Steven, and Kenneth B. Lee, Jr.1991. Biotech 92: Promise to Reality. San Francisco, Ca.: Ernst & Young, 1991.
Bush, Vannevar. 1945. Science—The Endless Frontier, A Report to the President on a Program for Postwar Scientific Research (July, 1945). Reprinted by the National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C., 1990.
Bygrave, William D. and Jeffry A. Timmons. 1992. Venture Capital at the Crossroads. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
Caravatti, Marie-Louise. 1991. Research and Development and International Trade: The Impact of U.S. Expenditures on Product and Process R&D on the Manufacturing Trade Balance Between the United States and Japan. Report prepared for the U.S. International Trade Commission.
Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government. 1990. New Thinking and American Defense Technology. New York.
Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government. 1991. Technology and Economic Performance: Organizing the Executive Branch for a Stronger National Technology Base. New York.
Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government. 1992a. Science, Technology and the States in America's Third Century. New York.
Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology, and Government. 1992b. Enabling the Future: Linking Science and Technology to Societal Goals. New York.
Carnegie Commission on Science, Technology and Government. 1992c. Science and Technology in U.S. International Affairs. New York.
Carnevale, Anthony P.1991. America and the New Economy: How New Competitive Standards are Radically Changing American Workplaces. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Carnevale, Anthony P., Leila J. Gainer, and E. Shultz. 1990a. Training the Technical Work Force. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Carnevale, Anthony P., Leila J. Gainer, and Janice Villet. 1990b. Training in America: The Organization and Strategic Role of Training. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Casagrande, David A.1992. Conversion then and now. The American Prospect11(Fall): 115–123.
Center for Strategic and International Studies. 1991. Integrating Commercial and Military Technologies for National Strength: An Agenda for Change. Report of the CSIS Steering Committee on Security and Technology. Washington. D.C.
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr.1962. Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of Industrial Enterprise. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press .
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr.1977. The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
Chandler, Alfred D., Jr.1990. Scale and Scope: The Dynamics of Industrial Capitalism. Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Clark, Kim B., and Takahiro Fujimoto. 1991. Product Development Performance: Strategy, Organization, and Management in the World Auto Industry. Boston: Harvard Business School Press Publishers.
Clarke, Marianne K., and Eric N. Dobson. 1991. Increasing the Competitiveness of America's
Manufacturers: A Review of State Industrial Extension Programs. Washington, D.C.: National Governors' Association.
Cohen, Linda R., and Roger G. Noll. 1991. The Technology Pork Barrel. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Committee on Science, Engineering, and Public Policy. 1992. The Government Role in Civilian Technology: Building a New Alliance. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Conference Board. 1992. Corporate Strategies for Global Competitive Advantage. Report 996. New York, New York.
Council on Competitiveness. 1991. Gaining New Ground: Technology Priorities for America's Future. Washington, D.C.
Council on Competitiveness. 1992. Competitiveness Index 1992. Washington, D.C.
Crandall, Robert W.1987. The effects of U.S. trade protection for autos and steel. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity1:271–288.
Dalton, Donald H., and Manuel G. Serapio, Jr.1993. U.S. Research Facilities of Foreign Companies. U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service.
DeLong, J. Bradford, and Lawrence H. Summers. 1990. Equipment Investment and Economic Growth. NBER Working Paper No. 3515. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
Dertouzos, Michael L., Richard K. Lester, Robert M. Solow and the MIT Commission on Industrial Productivity. 1989. Made in America: Regaining the Productive Edge. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Drucker, Peter F.1991. The new productivity challenge. Harvard Business Review69(6):69–79.
Dunne, Timothy. 1991. Technology Usage in U.S. Manufacturing Industries: New Evidence from the Survey of Manufacturing Technology. Discussion Paper CES 91-7. November. Washington, D.C.: Center for Economic Studies.
Economic Report of the President. 1963. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office .
Edquist, Charles. 1990. Technology Policy—Social, Economic and Political Aspects. TEMA-T Working Paper ISSN 1101–1289. Linköoping University, Sweden.
Edquist, Charles and Staffan Jacobsson. 1988. Flexible Automation: The Global Diffusion of New Technology in the Engineering Industry. New York: Basil Blackwell, Inc.
Enderwick, Peter. 1990. The international competitiveness of Japanese service industries: A cause for concern?California Management Review (Summer):22–37.
Ergas, Henry. 1987. Does technology policy matter?Pp. 191–245 in Technology and Global Industry: Companies and Nations in the World Economy, H. Brooks and B. Guile, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Executive Office of the President. 1990. U.S. Technology Policy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Feller, Irwin. 1992a. American State Governments as Models for National Science Policy. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management11(2):288–309.
Feller, Irwin. 1992b. Lessons from the American Experience with Technology Utilization and Technical Assistance Programs for Small and Medium-Sized Manufacturing Firms. The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Penn. Photocopy.
Flamm, Kenneth. 1990. Semiconductors. Pp. 225–293 in Europe 1992: An American Perspective, Gary Clyde Hufbauer, ed. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Florida, Richard and David Browdy. 1991. The invention that got away. Technology Review(August/September):43–54.
Florida, Richard, and Martin Kenney. 1990. The Breakthrough Illusion: Corporate America's Failure to Move from Innovation to Mass Production. New York: Basic Books, Inc.
Freeman, Chris, and John Hagedoorn. 1992. Convergence and Divergence in the Internationalization of Technology. Unpublished paper presented at the MERIT Conference on Convergence and Divergence in Economic Growth and Technical Change, December 10–12, 1992.
Gamota, George, and Wendy Frieman. 1988. Gaining Ground: Japan's Strides in Science and Technology. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger Publishing Co.
Gansler, Jacques S.1992. Restructuring the defense industrial base. Issues in Science and Technology8(3):50–58.
Ginzberg, Eli. 1986. Scientific and engineering personnel: Lessons and policy directions. Pp. 25–41 in The Impact of Defense Spending on Nondefense Engineering Labor Markets. Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Gomory, Ralph E.1989. From the "Ladder of Science" to the product development cycle. Harvard Business Review67(6):99–105.
Gomory, Ralph E.1992. Evolving a Research Strategy. Lecture before the Seminar on the Development of High Technologies in the U.S.A. and Japan: Comparative Evaluation and Policy Implications. John F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. May 4.
Government-University-Industry Research Roundtable. 1989. Science and Technology in the Academic Enterprise: Status, Trends and Issues. A Discussion Paper. October. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Graham, Edward M., and Paul R. Krugman. 1989. Foreign Direct Investment in the United States. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
Guile, Bruce, and James Brian Quinn, eds. 1988a. Managing Innovation: Cases from the Services Industries. National Academy of Engineering . Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Guile, Bruce, and James Brian Quinn, eds. 1988b. Technology in Services: Policies for Growth, Trade, and Employment. National Academy of Engineering. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Hagedoorn, John, and Jos Schakenraad. 1993. Strategic technological partnering and international corporate strategies. In European Competitiveness, Kirsty Hughes, ed.
Harris, Martha C., and Gordon E. Moore. 1992. Linking Trade and Technology Policies: An International Comparison of the Policies of Industrialized Nations. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Hatch, C. Richard. 1991. The power of manufacturing networks. Transatlantic Perspectives22(Winter):3–6.
Heaton, George R., Jr.1991. International R&D Cooperation: Lessons from the Intelligent Manufacturing Systems Proposal. Discussion Paper No. 2 (June). The Manufacturing Forum. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Heim, Joseph A.1992. Removing Barriers to World-Class Manufacturing. Manufacturing Review5, 4(December):239–250.
Heim, Joseph A., and W. Dale Compton, eds. 1992. Manufacturing Systems: Foundations of World-Class Practice. Committee on Foundations of Manufacturing, National Academy of Engineering. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Henry, David K., and Richard P. Oliver. 1987. The defense build-up 1977–1985. Monthly Labor Review(August):3–11.
Hill, Christopher T.1991. New manufacturing paradigms—New manufacturing policies?The Bridge21(2):15–24.
Hines, James R., Jr.1991. On the Sensitivity of R&D to Delicate Tax Changes: The Behavior of U.S. Multinationals in the 1980s. Mimeograph (November). Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.
Hufbauer, Gary Clyde. 1992. U.S. Taxation of International Income: Blueprint for Reform. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
Hughes, Thomas P.1983. Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880–1930. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
Imai, Kenichi. 1990. The Japan's National System of Innovation. Paper presented at International Conference on "Science and Technology Policy Research—What Should Be Done? What Can Be Done?" February 2—4, 1990. Tokyo, Japan.
Irvine, John, Ben R. Martin, and Phoebe A. Isard. 1990. Investing in the Future: An International Comparison of Government Funding of Academic and Related Research. Great Britain: Billing & Sons Ltd.
Jaffe, Adam B., Manuel Trajtenberg, and Rebecca Henderson. 1993. Geographic localization of knowledge spillovers as evidenced by patent citations. Quarterly Journal of Economics, forthcoming.
Jaikumar, Ramchandran. 1989. Japanese flexible manufacturing systems: Impact on the United States. Pp. 113–143 in Japan and the World Economy, vol. 1 .
Japan Economic Institute. 1991. The structure of Japan's imports: Causes and consequences. JEI Report No. 22A(June 14):1–13 . Washington, D.C.
Julius, DeAnne. 1990. Global Companies and Public Policy: The Growing Challenge of Foreign Direct Investment. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
Kash, Don E.1989. Perpetual Innovation: The New World of Competition. New York: Basic Books.
Kash, Don E., and Robert W. Rycroft. 1992. Two Streams of Technological Innovation: Implications for Policy. Working Paper92:5. George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia.
Katz, James E.1982. Planning and legislating technical services: The American experience. Technology in Society4:51–66.
Keck, Otto. 1993. The national system for technical Innovation in Germany. In National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis, Richard R. Nelson, ed. New York: Oxford University Press.
Kelley, Maryellen R., and Harvey Brooks. 1988. The State of Computerized Automation in U.S. Manufacturing. Working paper. Center for Business and Government, J.F. Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University.
Kelley, Maryellen R., and Harvey Brooks. 1991. External learning opportunities and the diffusion of process innovations to small firms: the case of programmable automation . Technological Forecasting and Social Change39(1/2):103–125.
Kelley, Maryellen R., and Todd A. Watkins. 1992. The Defense Industrial Network: A Legacy of the Cold War. Unpublished manuscript.
Kendrick, John W.1988. Productivity in services. Pp. 99–117 in Technology in Services: Policies for Growth, Trade, and Employment, B.R. Guile and J.B. Quinn, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Kline, Stephen J.1990. Models of Innovation and Their Policy Consequences. Report INN-4B. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University.
Kline, Stephen J.1991. Styles of innovation and their cultural bases. Chemtech(August, September, and November).
Kline, Stephen J., and Don E. Kash. 1992. Government technology policy: What should it do?The Bridge22(1):12–18.
Kodama, Fumio. 1991. Analyzing Japanese High Technologies: The Techno-Paradigm Shift. London: Pinter Publishers.
Krugman, Paul, ed. 1991. Trade With Japan: Has the Door Opened Wider? Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Lawrence, Robert Z.1991a. Efficient or Exclusionist?The Import Behavior of Japanese Corporate Groups. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, No. 1 .
Lawrence, Robert Z.1991b. How open is Japan?Pp. 9–37 in Trade with Japan: Has the Door Opened Wider?, Paul Krugman, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lee, Denis M. S.1992. Management of concurrent engineering: Organizational concepts and a framework of analysis. Engineering Management Journal 4(2):15–25.
Lee, Thomas H., and Proctor P. Reid, eds. 1991. National Interests in an Age of Global Technology. Committee on Engineering as an International Enterprise, National Academy of Engineering. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Lerner, Joshua. 1990. The Mobility of Corporate Scientists and Engineers Between Civil and Defense Activities: Evidence from the SSE Database. Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program Discussion Paper 90-02 . Cambridge, Mass.: John F. Kennedy School of Government.
Lewis, Jordan D.1975. Incentives for Technological Change, A Progress Report, Experimental Technology Incentives Program. March 26. Memorandum.
Lewis, Jordan D.1976. Director, Experimental Technology Incentives Program, National Bureau of Standards, Statement Before the Subcommittee on Domestic and International Scientific Planning and Analysis, Committee on Science and Technology, U.S. House of Representatives. May 4.
Lincoln, Edward J.1990. Japan's Unequal Trade. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Lundvall, Bengt-Åke, ed. 1992. National Systems of Innovation: Towards a Theory of Innovation and Interactive Learning. London: Pinter Publishers.
Lynch, Lisa M.1992. A National Training Agenda: Lessons from Abroad. Working Paper No. 3446-92. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management, Cambridge, Mass.
Maddison, Angus. 1989. The World Economy in the 20th Century. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Mansfield, E.1988a. Industrial R&D in Japan and the United States: A comparative study. American Economic Review78(2):223–228.
Mansfield, E.1988b. Industrial innovation in Japan and the United States. Science241 (September 30):1769-1744.
Manufacturing Technology Centers Third-Year Review Panel. 1992. Manufacturing Technology Centers Broad Programmatic Issues. Report of Manufacturing Technology Centers Third Year Review Panel. Gaithersburg, Md.: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
Marshall, Ray. 1992. The future role of government in industrial relations. Industrial Relations(Winter).
Marshall, Ray, and Marc Tucker. 1992a. The U.S. choice: better skills or lower wages . Economic Insights(September/October).
Marshall, Ray, and Marc Tucker. 1992b. Building a Smarter Workforce. Technology Review(October):52–60.
Mathis, James F.1992. Turning R&D managers into technology managers. Research-Technology Management(January–February):35–38. Photocopy.
Mettler, Ruben F.1992. Written statement on behalf of the Council on Research and Technology (CORETECH) before the House Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives, January 29.
Ministry of International Trade and Industry. 1989. Small Business in Japan 1989; White Paper on Small and Medium Enterprises. Tokyo, Japan.
Ministry of International Trade and Industry. 1992. Issues and Trends in Industrial/Scientific Technology — Toward Techno-Globalism. BI-80. Tokyo, Japan.
Mishel, Lawrence and Ruy A. Teixeira. 1992. The Myth of the Coming Labor Shortage: Jobs, Skills and Incomes of America's Workforce 2000. Washington, D.C.: Economic Policy Institute.
Mogee, Mary Ellen. 1991. Technology Policy and Critical Technologies: A Summary of Recent Reports. Discussion Paper No. 3 (December). The Manufacturing Forum . Washington, D.C.:National Academy Press.
Moran, Theodore H.1993. American Economic Policy and National Security. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
Mowery, David C.1987. Alliance Politics and Economics: Multinational Joint Ventures in Commercial Aircraft. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger.
Mowery, David C.1992. The challenges of international trade to U.S. technology policy. Pp. 121–138 in Linking Trade and Technology Policies: An International Comparison of the Policies of Industrialized nations. Martha C. Harris and Gordon E. Moore, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Mowery, David C., and Nathan Rosenberg. 1989. Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth. New York: Cambridge University Press.
National Academy of Engineering. 1984. Guidelines for Engineering Research Centers: A Report for the National Science Foundation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Engineering
National Academy of Engineering. 1988. The Technological Dimensions of International Competitiveness. Committee on Technology Issues that Impact International Competitiveness. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Academy of Engineering. 1989. Assessment of the National Science Foundation's Engineering Research Centers Program. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Academy of Engineering. 1992. Time Horizons and Technology Investments. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences. 1992a. 1991 Annual Report. Ann Arbor, Mich.: National Center for Manufacturing Sciences.
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences. 1992b. MAEN: The Manufacturing Application and Education Network. Ann Arbor, Mich.: National Center for Manufacturing Sciences.
National Center on Education and the Economy. 1990. America's Choice: High Skills or Low Wages!The Report of the Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce. Rochester, New York.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). 1992. Centerpiece of an Aggressive New Federal Technology Policy. Gaithersburg, Md.: National Institute of Standards and Technology.
National Critical Technologies Panel. 1991. Report of the National Critical Technologies Panel. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Research Council. 1976. An Evaluative Report on the Experimental Technology Incentives Program. Evaluative Panel for the National Bureau of Standards, FY 1976. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Research Council. 1988. Foreign and Foreign-Born Engineers in the United States: Infusing Talent, Raising Issues. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1989. Learning the R&D System: National Laboratories and Other Non-Academic, Non-Industrial Organizations in Japan and the United States. Office of Japan Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1992a. Dispelling the Manufacturing Myth: American Factories Can Compete in the Global Marketplace. Manufacturing Studies Board. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1992b. U.S.-Japan Strategic Alliances in the Semiconductor Industry: Technology Transfer, Competition, and Public Policy. Office of Japan Affairs . Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1992c. U.S.-Japan Technology Linkages in Biotechnology: Challenges for the 1990s. Office of Japan Affairs. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
National Research Council. 1993. Improving the Competitiveness of Small and Medium-sized Manufacturing Companies. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. Forthcoming.
National Science Board. 1989. Science and Engineering Indicators—1989. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Science Board. 1991. Science and Engineering Indicators—1991. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Science Board. 1992. The Competitive Strength of U.S. Industrial Science and Technology: Strategic Issues. Report of the Committee on Industrial Support of R&D, National Science Board. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.
National Science Foundation. 1990a. National Patterns of R&D Resources: 1990. Final Report, by J.E. Jankowski, NSF 90-316 . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
National Science Foundation. 1990b. Research and Development Expenditures of State Government Agencies: Fiscal Years 1987 and 1988. Surveys of Science Resource Series, Special Report NSF90-309 . Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.
National Science Foundation. 1991a. Federal Funds for Research and Development: Fiscal Years 1989, 1990, 1991. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.
National Science Foundation. 1991b. International Science and Technology Data Update. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.
National Science Foundation. 1992. National Patterns of R&D Resources: 1992, by J.E. Jankowski, Jr., NSF 92-330. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation.
Nehls, Carl. 1988. Custodial package tracking at Federal Express. Pp. 57–81 in Managing Innovation: Cases from the Services Industries, B.R. Guile and J.B. Quinn, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Nelkin, Dorothy. 1971. The Politics of Housing Innovation, The Fate of the Civilian Industrial Technology Program. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Nelson, Richard R.1989. What is private and what is public about technology?Science, Technology, and Human Values14(Summer):229–241.
Nelson, Richard R.1990. U.S. technological leadership: Where did it come from and where did it go?Research Policy19(2):117–132.
Nelson, Richard R.1992. The Co-Evolution of Technologies and Institutions. Paper. Columbia University, New York.
Nelson, Richard R., ed. 1993. National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
Nelson, Richard R., Merton J. Peck, and Edward D. Kalachek. 1967. Technology, Economic Growth, and Public Policy. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.
Nothdurft, William E.1989. Schoolworks: Reinventing Public Schools to Create the Workforce of the Future. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Nothdurft, William E.1992. Going Global: How Europe Helps Small Firms Export. The German Marshall Fund and The Brookings Institution. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1991a. Employment Outlook. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1991b. The International Development of Technology. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1992a. Economic Outlook 52 (December) . Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 1992b. Industrial Policy in OECD Countries: Annual Review 1992. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Osborne, David. 1989. State Technology Programs: A Preliminary Analysis of Lessons Learned. Washington, D.C.: Council of State Policy and Planning Agencies.
Ostry, Sylvia. 1990. Governments and Corporations in a Shrinking World: Trade and Innovation Policies in the United States, Europe and Japan. New York: Council on Foreign Relations.
Patel, Pari, and Keith Pavitt. 1991. Large firms in the production of the world's technology: An important case of ''non-globalisation." Journal of International Business Studies22(1):1–21.
Patel, Pari, and Keith Pavitt. 1992. Europe's Technological Performance. Paper prepared for the MERIT Conference Convergence and Divergence in Economic Growth and Technological Change. December 10–12. Maastricht, The Netherlands.
Pavitt, Keith. 1992. Viewpoint. Internationalisation of technological innovation. Science and Public Policy19(2)(April):119–123.
Peach, Robert W., ed. 1992. The ISO 9000 Handbook. Fairfax, Va.: CEEM Information Services.
Plosila, Walter. 1987. State technical development programs. Forum Applied Research and Public Policy(Summer):30–38.
Porter, Michael E.1990. The Competitive Advantage of Nations. New York: The Free Press.
Porter, Michael E.1992. Capital Choices: Changing the Way America Invests in Industry. A research report presented to the Council on Competitiveness and co-sponsored by the Harvard Business School. Washington, D.C.: Council on Competitiveness.
President's Commission on Industrial Competitiveness. 1985. Global Competition: The New Reality. Vols. 1 and 2. John A. Young, Chairman. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Quinn, James Brian. 1988. Technology in services: Past myths and future challenges. Pp. 16–46 in Technology in Services: Policies for Growth, Trade and Employment, B.R. Guile and J.B. Quinn, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Quinn, James Brian. 1992. Intelligent Enterprise: A Knowledge and Service Based Paradigm for Industry. New York: The Free Press.
Roach, Stephen S.1988. Technology and the services sector: America's hidden competitive challenge. Pp. 118–138 in Technology in Services: Policies for Growth, Trade and Employment, B. R. Guile and J.B. Quinn, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Roach, Stephen S.1991. The new competition in services. Economic Perspectives(January):6–19. New York: Morgan Stanley & Co.
Rogers, Patricia N., ed. 1991. JTEC Program Summary. Baltimore, Maryland: Loyola College Japanese Technology Evaluation Center.
Rosenberg, Nathan. 1982. Inside the Black Box. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rosenfeld, Stuart. 1992. Competitive Manufacturing: New Strategies for Regional Development. New Brunswick, N.J.: Center for Urban Policy Research.
Rosenfeld, Stuart, Philip Shapira, and J. Trent Williams. 1992. Smart Firms in Small Towns. Washington, D.C.: The Aspen Institute.
Ross, Ian M.1992. A national technology agenda. The Bridge22(2):3–12.
Roussel, Philip A., Kamal N. Saad, Tamara J. Erickson, and Arthur D. Little, Inc.1991. Third Generation R&D: Managing the Link to Corporate Strategy. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press.
Rycroft, Robert W., and Don E. Kash. 1992. Science, Technology and Community. Paper. Center for International Science and Technology Policy, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.
Saxonhouse, Gary R.1989. Differentiated Products, Economies of Scale and Access to the Japanese Market, in Robert C. Reenstra, ed. Trade Policies for International Competitiveness. Chicago: National Bureau of Economic Research.
Saxonhouse, Gary R.1991. How open is Japan?: Comment. Pp. 38–46 in Trade With Japan: Has the Door Opened Wider?, Paul Krugman, ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Scherer, F.M.1980. Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance. 2nd Edition. Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Shapira, Philip, J. David Roessner, and Richard Barke. 1992. Federal-State Collaboration in Industrial Modernization. School of Public Policy, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, July.
State of Minnesota, Office of Science and Technology. 1988. State Technology Programs in the United States. St. Paul: Department of Trade and Economic Development, July.
Sullivan, L. P.1987. QFD, The Beginning, The End, and the Problem In-Between. Quality Function Deployment, A Collection of Presentations and Case Studies. Dearborn, Mich.: American Supplier Institute.
Takeuchi, Kenji. 1989. Does Japan Import Less Than It Should? A Review of the Econometric Literature. Asian Economic Journal(September): 138–170.
Tani, Akira. 1989. International comparisons of industrial robot penetration. Technological Forecasting and Social Change35(2–3):191–210.
Tassey, Gregory. 1991. Technology Infrastructure and Competitive Position. Norwell, Mass.: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
Thurow, Lester C.1980. Zero Sum Society. New York: Basic Books.
Tornatsky, Louis G., and Daniel Luria. 1992. Technology Policies and Programs in Manufacturing: Toward Coherence and Impact. In Strengthening Corporate and National Competence Through Technology (special issue of International Journal of Technology Management.)
Tyson, Laura D'Andrea. 1991. Us, them, and national competitiveness. The American Prospect(Winter):1–12.
Tyson, Laura D.'Andrea. 1992a. Managing trade conflict in high-technology industries. Pp. 67–96 in Linking Trade and Technology Policies: An International Comparison of the Policies of Industrialized Nations, Martha C. Harris and Gordon E. Moore, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press .
Tyson, Laura D'Andrea. 1992b. Who's Bashing Whom?Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics.
U.S. Congress, Congressional Budget Office. 1990. Using R&D Consortia for Commercial Innovation: SEMATECH, X-Ray Lithography, and High-Resolution Systems. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, House. 1992a. The Civilian Technology Act of 1992, H.R.5631, 102d Congress, 2d Session, July 21.
U.S. Congress, House. 1992b. The National Competitiveness Act of 1992, H.R.5231, 102d Congress, 2d Session, July 22.
U.S. Congress, House1993a. The Civilian Technology Corporation Act of 1993, H.R.1208, 103d Congress, 1st Session, March 3.
U.S. Congress, House. 1993b. The National Competitiveness Act of 1993, H.R.820, 103d Congress, 1st Session, February 4.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1987. International Competition in Services. OTA-ITE-328. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 190a. Making Things Better: Competing in Manufacturing. OTA-ITE-443. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1990b. Worker Training: Competing in the New International Economy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assesment. 1991a. Biotechnology in a Global Economy. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, 1991b. Competing Economies: America, Europe, and the Pacific Rim. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1992a. After the Cold War: Living with Lower Defense Spending. OTA-ITE-524. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. 1992b. U.S.-Mexico Trade: Pulling Together or Pulling Apart?Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Congress, Senate. 1992. The Civilian Technology Act of 1992, S.3382, 102d Congress, 2d Session. Congressional Record—Senate, October 8, S18171–S18177.
U.S. Congress, Senate. 1993. The National Competitiveness Act of 1993 S.4, 103d Congress, 1st Session. Congressional Record—Senate, January 21, S242–S256.
U.S. Department of Commerce. Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology Policy, 1979. Domestic Policy Review of Industrial Innovation. PB-290403, PB-290404, PB-290407, PB-290409, PB-290413, PB-290415, PB-290417. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service.
U.S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census. 1989a. Manufacturing Technology 1988. Current Industrial Reports SMT(88)-1. Washington, D.C., May.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1989b. Staff Report—Direct Investment Update: Trends in International Direct Investment. International Trade Administration, Office of Trade and Investment Analysis . Washington, D.C., September.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1990. Emerging Technologies: A Survey of Technical and Economic Opportunities. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1991. Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Review and Analysis of Current Developments. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1992a. Recent Trends in Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: The Boom of the '80s Vanishes. Investment Analysis Division, International Trade Administration. December. Washington, D.C.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1992b. Key Foreign Industrial Competitors: Selecting Core-Technology Projects. Technology Administration. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Commerce.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1992c. U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Preliminary 1990 Estimates. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. September.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1992d. Foreign Direct Investment in the United States: Establishment Data for 1987. Bureau of Economic Analysis and Bureau of the Census. June. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.
U.S. Department of Commerce. 1993. The U.S.-Japan Manufacturing Fellowship 1993–1994. Technology Administration. January 5. Washington, D.C.
U.S. General Accounting Office. 1990a. Foreign Technology: U.S. Monitoring and Dissemination of the Results of Foreign Research. GAO/NSIAD-90-117. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office
U.S. General Accounting Office. 1990b. Training Strategies: Preparing Noncollege Youth for Employment in the U.S. and Foreign Countries. GAO/HRD-90-88. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.
U.S. General Accounting Office, 1991. Technology Transfer: Federal Efforts to Enchance the
Competitiveness of Small Manufacturers. GAO/RCED-92-30. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.
U.S. General Accounting Office. 1992a. Federal Research: SEMATECH's Technological Progress and Proposed R&D Program. GAO/RCED-92-223BR. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.
U.S. General Accounting Office. 1992b. Multiple Employment Programs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office (July).
U.S. General Accounting Office. 1992c. Small Business Innovation Research Shows Success but Can Be Strengthened. GAO/RCED-92-37. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.
Utterback, James M.1987. Innovation and Industrial Evolution in Manufacturing Industries. Pp. 16–48 in Technology and Global Industry, B.R. Guile and H. Brooks, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
Vernon, Raymond. 1966. International investment and international trade in the product cycle. The Quarterly Journal of Economics80(May):190–207.
Vierling, Jeff. 1992. Communitarianism in the Factory. Forthcoming. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University.
von Hippel, Eric. 1988. The Sources of Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
Vonortas, Nicholas S.1989. The Changing Economic Context: Strategic Alliances Among Multinationals. Troy, N.Y.: Center for Science and Technology Policy, Rensselear Polytechnic Institute.
Womack, James P., Daniel T. Jones, and Daniel Roos. 1990. The Machine that Changed the World. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Wyckoff, Andrew. 1992. The International Sourcing of Manufactured Intermediate Inputs: by Canada, France, Germany, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States. Paper. Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France.
Yoffie, David B.1992. Technology challenges to trade policy. Pp. 103–115 in Linking Trade and Technology Policies: An International Comparison of the Policies of Industrialized Nations, Martha C. Harris and Gordon E. Moore, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press.
