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OCR for page 129
Index
A
Academic research, see University research
Adoption and diffusion of technology, 17, 38-40, 49-51, 67-76
and federal policy, 6, 8, 93-97
Advanced Technology Program (ATP), 4-5, 17, 24n, 78, 98, 106n, 107 n
Aerospace industry, 11, 12-13, 25n
Automation, 44, 74-75
Automobile industry, 35, 36, 37, 108n
B
Basic research, 62-64
expenditures, 42, 62, 85n
federal support for9, 20
industrial support, 59n
in universities, 63-64
Battery Consortium, 105n
Benchmarking, 35, 71, 109n
Best practice techniques, 40, 103-104n, 105n
C
Canada
and foreign direct investment, 47, 48
foreign-sourcing, 50
R&D facilities in U.S., 50
Capital investment, 2, 38, 74-76, 93
Capital markets, 65, 86n
Civilian Technology Corporation, 5, 107-108n, 109n
Cold War11, 53
Commercialization see Dual-use technologies
Communications industries, 11, 13, 56n
Competition, and innovation, 29-31, 65
see also International competition
Computer-integrated equipment, 35, 74
Concurrent engineering, 36-37
Consortia, 5, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105n
Cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs), 17, 24n, 78, 99, 105n
Customer relations, 37, 57n, 70
D
Defense, see Military technology;
National security
Defense Advanced Research Projects agency (DARPA), 105-106n
Demand-oriented policy instruments, 4, 98, 107n
Department of Commerce, Japanese technology transfer programs, 100
Department of Defense,
see also Military technology
Department of Defense (DOD),
see also Military technology;
National security
Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistics Supply System (CALS), 105 n
federal laboratory support, 12
R&D funding, 59
university support, 11, 13, 23n
Department of Energy (DOE)
laboratories, 23n
Deregulation, see Regulation and deregulation
Developing countries, 38, 40, 57n
Development, see Product development;
Research and development
Dual-use technologies, 23n,
see also Spillover and spinoff technologies
military-based, 12-13, 53-54, 56n, 60n, 78, 88n, 105-106n
E
Economic policy, 3, 5, 6, 8, 18-19, 25-26n, 93-95, 101-103
Education
fellowship program, 3, 96-97, 105n
of labor force, 2, 3, 71-74, 87n, 92, 95-96
of scientist and engineers, 23n, 63-64, 70, 85n
Electronics industry, 12-13
semiconductors, 60n, 86n
Employment, see Labor force;
Scientists and engineers
Engineering, see Product development;
Scientists and engineers
Europe, high-tech trade, 45-47
Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP), 107n
Exports, 44-47, 65, 68, 99-101,
see also Trade
high-tech products, 44
F
Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology, 5, 26n, 101, 102
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Federal Express, 57n
Federal laboratories, 10, 12, 22-23n, 99
cooperative research and development agreements, 17, 24n, 78, 99, 105n
funding, 10
military research, 12, 23n
private-sector collaboration22-23n, 99
scientists and engineers, 10
Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs), 22-23n
Federal procurement, 14, 25n, 106n, 107n
Federal technology programs,
see also Cooperative research and development agreements;
Dual-use technology;
Federal laboratories
Military technology
basic research, 9, 20
decentralization of, 6
direct R&D funding, 9-14, 23n, 78, 80, 98
interagency cooperation, 5, 19, 26n, 87n
private-sector relations, 4-5, 16-18, 24-25n
university support, 1120, 23-24n, 85n
Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986, 24n
Fellowship programs, 3, 96-97, 105n
Flexible manufacturing systems see Lean production
Foreign direct investment, 46-47
see also Multinational corporations
and federal technology policy, 6
in U.S., 47-48, 50, 58n65, 86n
U.S. abroad, 48-50
Foreign sourcing, 50, 59
France
and foreign direct investment, 47, 48
foreign-sourcing, 50
high-tech production and trade, 21, 46, 47, 86
R&D funding, 41-42, 62, 78, 81
scientists and engineers, 12, 23n, 43
G
General Mills Food Group, 57n
General Motors, 36
Generic technologies, 17, 31, 77-80, 88n
Germany
apprenticeship programs, 73, 87n
and foreign direct investment, 47, 48
foreign-sourcing, 50
high-tech production and trade, 21, 44, 45, 46, 47
productivity, 87n
R&D funding, 10, 41-43, 58n, 62, 78
scientists and engineers, 12, 23n, 43
G.I. Bill of Rights, 23n
Government programs, see Federal laboratories;
Federal technology programs;
State government Technology policy
Gross national product (GNP)
high-tech shares of, 86n
R&D shares of, 42-43, 58n
H
Health care, 4, 98
Human resources, see Labor force;
Scientists and engineers
I
Imports,
see also Trade
manufacturing inputs, 50, 59n
penetration rates, 45-47, 58n, 65
quotas, 108n
Industrial modernization programs, 3, 94, 95, 96, 105n
Information technology, 56n, 57n
Infrastructural technologies, 4, 17, 77-80, 88n, 89n, 98
Innovation, see International technology development;
Product development;
Research and development;
Technology transfer
Intellectual property rights, 16, 100
Intensity of industrial technology, 1, 2, 15, 26-27n, 42-43, 93
International competition, 2, 21, 31, 77-80, 92
and federal policy, 6, 8, 82-83, 100-106n
high-tech products, 44-47, 87n
and technology development, 65, 92
International economic integration, 2, 40-41, 44-45, 92,
see also Foreign direct investment;
International competition;
Multinational corporations;
Trade
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000, 38
International technology development, 2, 3140-45, 59n, 92
corporate alliances, 50-51
exchange of personnel, 82
and federal policy, 5, 6, 14, 82-83, 99-101
R&D facilities abroad, 50, 59n
R&D investment, 50-51
U.S. industry adoption, 5, 49, 55, 65, 80-83, 99
Intraindustry trade, 58n, 67
Investment, see Capital investment;
Foreign direct investment;
Venture capital
Italy
high-tech trade, 46, 47
J
Japan
and foreign direct investment,47
foreign-sourcing , 50
high-tech production and trade, 21, 44,45, 46, 47, 86n
production methods, 32, 35, 36-39, 43-44, 57n, 59n
productivity, 87n
R&D facilities in U.S. , 50
R&D funding, 10, 41-43, 58n, 62, 78, 81
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scientists and engineers, 12, 23n, 43
technology transfer, 100
Japanese Technical Literature Service, 100, 108n
Japanese Technology Evaluation Program (JTEC), 100, 108n
Joint ventures and alliances, 36, 77, 89n, 105-106n
transnational, 50-51, 59n, 100, 103
Just-in-time production techniques, 35
K
Korea
R&D facilities in U.S., 50
L
Laboratories,
see Cooperative research and development agreements;
Federal laboratories;
Federally funded research and development centers
Labor force
Education and training, 2, 3, 71-74, 87n, 92, 95-96
and lean production, 32, 35-36
specialization of, 69-70
Lean production, 32-37, 57n, 59n
Local industrial clusters, 2, 40, 92
M
Malcolm Baldridge Quality Award, 38
Management techniques and structures, 2, 32, 69-71, 92
lean production, 32-37, 57n
Manufacturing, 30, 31-32, 44
advanced technology adoption, 44, 74-76
foreign sourcing, 50
high-tech production and trade, 44
lean production, 32-37, 57n
mass production, 32-34
product development, 30, 44
productivity, 71, 87n
Manufacturing Technology Centers (MTCs), 3, 95, 96, 104n
Market structure, 14, 15, 29-30, 64-65
and technology development, 29-31, 65
Mass production, 15, 32-34
Mechatronics, 30
Medical research, 11, 24-25n
Military technology, 59-60n, 92,
see also National security
dependence on commercial development, 1, 55
dual-use, 12-13, 53-54, 56n, 60n, 78, 88n, 105-106n
federal laboratories, 12, 23n
and federal technology policy, 8
R&D funding, 59-60n
scientists and engineers, 14, 24n
spillover to industry, 23n, 53-54, 59-60n, 78
university-based13-14
Multinational corporations, 38, 40-41, 47-49, 57n, 67
foreign affiliaties of U.S. firms, 65, 108n
R&D investment, 49-50
N
National Bureau of Standards, see National Institute of Standardand Technology
National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS), 38, 104n, 105n
National Competitiveness Act of 1993, 108n
National Economic Council, 5, 101
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 5, 17, 24n, 78, 108n
Advanced Technology Program (ATP), 4-5, 17, 24n, 78, 98, 106n, 107 n
Manufacturing Technology Centers (MTCs), 3, 95, 96, 104n
State Technology Extension Program (STEP), 3, 95, 104n
National Institutes of Health (NIH), 23n, 78
university support, 11, 23n
National Science Foundation (NSF), 3, 23n, 78, 96
university support, 23n
National security,
see also Military technology
and federal technology policy, 8
impacts on national R&D priorities, 1, 11-14, 53, 54, 92
New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI), 36
Nuclear power, 25n
Nuclear weapons research, 23n, 60n
Numerically controlled machine tools, 44
O
Optoelectronics, 30
Organization structures32, 55, 69-71, 92
lean production, 32-37, 57n
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)
productivity, 68, 87n
P
Package delivery, 57n
Panel on Government Role in Civilian Technology, 107-108n
Patents, 59n, 86n
Pathbreaking technologies, 4, 17, 88n, 89n
Pharmaceuticals, 25n
Photocopiers, 35, 36
Product development, 25n, 68-71,
see also Dual-use technologies;
Spin-off and spillover technologies
concurrent engineering, 36-37
continuous improvement, 8, 15, 56n, 71
in Japan, 44
and lean production, 36-37
multidisciplinary approaches, 30
service industries, 31-32, 37, 57n, 71
Production and productivity
growth rates, 68, 71, 87n
high-tech products, 20-21, 44
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Production systems, 2, 69,92
advanced, 44, 74-76
continuous improvement, 8, 31-32
investment, 2
in Japan, 32, 35, 36-39, 43-44
lean v. mass, 32-37, 57n, 70
R&D, 69
Q
Quality control, 69
R
Regional industrial clusters, 2, 40, 92, 94
Regulation, 16, 25n, 103, 108n
Research and development (R&D),
see also Basic research;
Federal laboratories;
International technology development;
Military technology;
Product development;
Scientist and engineers;
Technology transfer;
University research
consortia, 5, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105n
direct federal funding, 9-14, 23n, 78, 80, 98
generic technologies, 17, 31, 77-80, 88n
incentives, 4-5, 76-77, 97-99, 105-107n
intensity of, 1, 2, 15, 26-27n, 42-43, 93
private sector policies, 15, 59n, 68-70, 76
as share of GNP, 42-43, 58n
Research and Experimentation (R&E) Tax Credit, 4, 77, 97, 106 n
Retail industries, 30, 57n
S
Scientists and engineers, 11, 23n, 89n
defense research, 14, 24n
education, 23n, 63-64, 70, 85n
federal laboratories, 10
fellowship programs, 3, 96-97, 105n
foreign comparisons, 12, 43
industrial, 24n, 70
international exchanges, 82
SEMATECH, 5, 98, 105n
Semiconductors, 60n, 86n
Service industries
production and delivery innovation, 31-32, 37, 57n, 71
productivity, 71, 87n
technology fusion, 56n
Small business, 3, 74-75, 95, 104n
Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, 4-5, 17, 24n, 98, 106n
Space technologies, 25n
Spin-off and spillover technologies, 13, 16, 20, 23n, 26n,
see also Dual-use technologies
military-based, 23n, 53-54, 59-60n, 78
Standards, 5, 38
State government, 19, 26n, 94-95
State Technology Extension Program (STEP), 3, 95, 104n
Stategic tecnology, 88n
Sweden
foreign direct investment, 47
R&D funding, 42-43, 58n
technology adoption, 58n, 89n
T
Tax credits, 4, 76-77, 97, 106-107n
Technology fusion, 30-31, 56n
Technology policy, 5, 9, 16-20, 83-84
and economic policy, 3, 5, 6, 8, 18-19, 25-26n, 93-95, 101-103
diffusion v. mission-oriented, 22n
institutional framework, 2, 6, 101-103
international competition, 6, 8, 82-83, 100-106n
R&D incentives, 4-5, 76-77, 97-99, 105-107n
trade, 6, 99-101, 108n, 109n
Technology transfer, 55, 94-95, 99,
see also Cooperative research and development agreements
consortia, 5, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105n
diffusion, 6, 8, 17, 38-40, 49-51, 67-76, 93-97
interindustry, 6, 30-31, 36, 56n, 67, 74, 77, 89n, 105-106n
public-private, 19, 77-78, 80-83, 94-95, 98, 99
Toyota, 36
Trade,
see also Imports;
International competition
and federal policy, 6, 99-101, 108n, 109n
high-tech products, 20-21, 44, 45-47, 68
intraindustry, 58n, 67
and technology development, 65, 99-101
Training, 2, 3, 71-74, 87n, 92, 95-96
Transnational technical alliances, 50-52
U
United Kingdom
and foreign direct investment, 47, 48
foreign-sourcing, 50
high-tech production and trade, 21, 46, 86n
R&D funding, 41-42, 78, 81
scientists and engineers, 12, 43
University research
basic, 63
defense-related, 13-14
federal support, 11, 20, 23-24n, 85n
impacts on engineering education, 63-64, 85n
industrial applications and collaboration, 4, 63-64
U.S.-Japan Manufacturing Technology Fellowship, 100
U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Trade Agreement, 108n
V
Venture capital, 66, 86n
Very-high-speed integrated circuit, 60n
W
Wal-Mart, 57n
X
Xerox Corp.35, 36
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