National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: Biographical Information about the Committee
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1993. Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2103.
×

Index

A

Academic research, see University research

Adoption and diffusion of technology, 17, 38-40, 49-51, 67-76

and federal policy, 6, 8, 93-97

Advanced Technology Program (ATP), 4-5, 17, 24n, 78, 98, 106n, 107 n

Aerospace industry, 11, 12-13, 25n

Automation, 44, 74-75

Automobile industry, 35, 36, 37, 108n

B

Basic research, 62-64

expenditures, 42, 62, 85n

federal support for9, 20

industrial support, 59n

in universities, 63-64

Battery Consortium, 105n

Benchmarking, 35, 71, 109n

Best practice techniques, 40, 103-104n, 105n

C

Canada

and foreign direct investment, 47, 48

foreign-sourcing, 50

R&D facilities in U.S., 50

Capital investment, 2, 38, 74-76, 93

Capital markets, 65, 86n

Civilian Technology Corporation, 5, 107-108n, 109n

Cold War11, 53

Commercialization see Dual-use technologies

Communications industries, 11, 13, 56n

Competition, and innovation, 29-31, 65

see also International competition

Computer-integrated equipment, 35, 74

Concurrent engineering, 36-37

Consortia, 5, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105n

Cooperative research and development agreements (CRADAs), 17, 24n, 78, 99, 105n

Customer relations, 37, 57n, 70

D

Defense, see Military technology;

National security

Defense Advanced Research Projects agency (DARPA), 105-106n

Demand-oriented policy instruments, 4, 98, 107n

Department of Commerce, Japanese technology transfer programs, 100

Department of Defense,

see also Military technology

Department of Defense (DOD),

see also Military technology;

National security

Computer-aided Acquisition and Logistics Supply System (CALS), 105 n

federal laboratory support, 12

R&D funding, 59

university support, 11, 13, 23n

Department of Energy (DOE)

laboratories, 23n

Deregulation, see Regulation and deregulation

Developing countries, 38, 40, 57n

Development, see Product development;

Research and development

Dual-use technologies, 23n,

see also Spillover and spinoff technologies

military-based, 12-13, 53-54, 56n, 60n, 78, 88n, 105-106n

E

Economic policy, 3, 5, 6, 8, 18-19, 25-26n, 93-95, 101-103

Education

fellowship program, 3, 96-97, 105n

of labor force, 2, 3, 71-74, 87n, 92, 95-96

of scientist and engineers, 23n, 63-64, 70, 85n

Electronics industry, 12-13

semiconductors, 60n, 86n

Employment, see Labor force;

Scientists and engineers

Engineering, see Product development;

Scientists and engineers

Europe, high-tech trade, 45-47

Experimental Technology Incentives Program (ETIP), 107n

Exports, 44-47, 65, 68, 99-101,

see also Trade

high-tech products, 44

F

Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology, 5, 26n, 101, 102

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1993. Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2103.
×

Federal Express, 57n

Federal laboratories, 10, 12, 22-23n, 99

cooperative research and development agreements, 17, 24n, 78, 99, 105n

funding, 10

military research, 12, 23n

private-sector collaboration22-23n, 99

scientists and engineers, 10

Federally funded research and development centers (FFRDCs), 22-23n

Federal procurement, 14, 25n, 106n, 107n

Federal technology programs,

see also Cooperative research and development agreements;

Dual-use technology;

Federal laboratories

Military technology

basic research, 9, 20

decentralization of, 6

direct R&D funding, 9-14, 23n, 78, 80, 98

interagency cooperation, 5, 19, 26n, 87n

private-sector relations, 4-5, 16-18, 24-25n

university support, 1120, 23-24n, 85n

Federal Technology Transfer Act of 1986, 24n

Fellowship programs, 3, 96-97, 105n

Flexible manufacturing systems see Lean production

Foreign direct investment, 46-47

see also Multinational corporations

and federal technology policy, 6

in U.S., 47-48, 50, 58n65, 86n

U.S. abroad, 48-50

Foreign sourcing, 50, 59

France

and foreign direct investment, 47, 48

foreign-sourcing, 50

high-tech production and trade, 21, 46, 47, 86

R&D funding, 41-42, 62, 78, 81

scientists and engineers, 12, 23n, 43

G

General Mills Food Group, 57n

General Motors, 36

Generic technologies, 17, 31, 77-80, 88n

Germany

apprenticeship programs, 73, 87n

and foreign direct investment, 47, 48

foreign-sourcing, 50

high-tech production and trade, 21, 44, 45, 46, 47

productivity, 87n

R&D funding, 10, 41-43, 58n, 62, 78

scientists and engineers, 12, 23n, 43

G.I. Bill of Rights, 23n

Government programs, see Federal laboratories;

Federal technology programs;

State government Technology policy

Gross national product (GNP)

high-tech shares of, 86n

R&D shares of, 42-43, 58n

H

Health care, 4, 98

Human resources, see Labor force;

Scientists and engineers

I

Imports,

see also Trade

manufacturing inputs, 50, 59n

penetration rates, 45-47, 58n, 65

quotas, 108n

Industrial modernization programs, 3, 94, 95, 96, 105n

Information technology, 56n, 57n

Infrastructural technologies, 4, 17, 77-80, 88n, 89n, 98

Innovation, see International technology development;

Product development;

Research and development;

Technology transfer

Intellectual property rights, 16, 100

Intensity of industrial technology, 1, 2, 15, 26-27n, 42-43, 93

International competition, 2, 21, 31, 77-80, 92

and federal policy, 6, 8, 82-83, 100-106n

high-tech products, 44-47, 87n

and technology development, 65, 92

International economic integration, 2, 40-41, 44-45, 92,

see also Foreign direct investment;

International competition;

Multinational corporations;

Trade

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 9000, 38

International technology development, 2, 3140-45, 59n, 92

corporate alliances, 50-51

exchange of personnel, 82

and federal policy, 5, 6, 14, 82-83, 99-101

R&D facilities abroad, 50, 59n

R&D investment, 50-51

U.S. industry adoption, 5, 49, 55, 65, 80-83, 99

Intraindustry trade, 58n, 67

Investment, see Capital investment;

Foreign direct investment;

Venture capital

Italy

high-tech trade, 46, 47

J

Japan

and foreign direct investment,47

foreign-sourcing , 50

high-tech production and trade, 21, 44,45, 46, 47, 86n

production methods, 32, 35, 36-39, 43-44, 57n, 59n

productivity, 87n

R&D facilities in U.S. , 50

R&D funding, 10, 41-43, 58n, 62, 78, 81

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1993. Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2103.
×

scientists and engineers, 12, 23n, 43

technology transfer, 100

Japanese Technical Literature Service, 100, 108n

Japanese Technology Evaluation Program (JTEC), 100, 108n

Joint ventures and alliances, 36, 77, 89n, 105-106n

transnational, 50-51, 59n, 100, 103

Just-in-time production techniques, 35

K

Korea

R&D facilities in U.S., 50

L

Laboratories,

see Cooperative research and development agreements;

Federal laboratories;

Federally funded research and development centers

Labor force

Education and training, 2, 3, 71-74, 87n, 92, 95-96

and lean production, 32, 35-36

specialization of, 69-70

Lean production, 32-37, 57n, 59n

Local industrial clusters, 2, 40, 92

M

Malcolm Baldridge Quality Award, 38

Management techniques and structures, 2, 32, 69-71, 92

lean production, 32-37, 57n

Manufacturing, 30, 31-32, 44

advanced technology adoption, 44, 74-76

foreign sourcing, 50

high-tech production and trade, 44

lean production, 32-37, 57n

mass production, 32-34

product development, 30, 44

productivity, 71, 87n

Manufacturing Technology Centers (MTCs), 3, 95, 96, 104n

Market structure, 14, 15, 29-30, 64-65

and technology development, 29-31, 65

Mass production, 15, 32-34

Mechatronics, 30

Medical research, 11, 24-25n

Military technology, 59-60n, 92,

see also National security

dependence on commercial development, 1, 55

dual-use, 12-13, 53-54, 56n, 60n, 78, 88n, 105-106n

federal laboratories, 12, 23n

and federal technology policy, 8

R&D funding, 59-60n

scientists and engineers, 14, 24n

spillover to industry, 23n, 53-54, 59-60n, 78

university-based13-14

Multinational corporations, 38, 40-41, 47-49, 57n, 67

foreign affiliaties of U.S. firms, 65, 108n

R&D investment, 49-50

N

National Bureau of Standards, see National Institute of Standardand Technology

National Center for Manufacturing Sciences (NCMS), 38, 104n, 105n

National Competitiveness Act of 1993, 108n

National Economic Council, 5, 101

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 5, 17, 24n, 78, 108n

Advanced Technology Program (ATP), 4-5, 17, 24n, 78, 98, 106n, 107 n

Manufacturing Technology Centers (MTCs), 3, 95, 96, 104n

State Technology Extension Program (STEP), 3, 95, 104n

National Institutes of Health (NIH), 23n, 78

university support, 11, 23n

National Science Foundation (NSF), 3, 23n, 78, 96

university support, 23n

National security,

see also Military technology

and federal technology policy, 8

impacts on national R&D priorities, 1, 11-14, 53, 54, 92

New United Motors Manufacturing, Inc. (NUMMI), 36

Nuclear power, 25n

Nuclear weapons research, 23n, 60n

Numerically controlled machine tools, 44

O

Optoelectronics, 30

Organization structures32, 55, 69-71, 92

lean production, 32-37, 57n

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)

productivity, 68, 87n

P

Package delivery, 57n

Panel on Government Role in Civilian Technology, 107-108n

Patents, 59n, 86n

Pathbreaking technologies, 4, 17, 88n, 89n

Pharmaceuticals, 25n

Photocopiers, 35, 36

Product development, 25n, 68-71,

see also Dual-use technologies;

Spin-off and spillover technologies

concurrent engineering, 36-37

continuous improvement, 8, 15, 56n, 71

in Japan, 44

and lean production, 36-37

multidisciplinary approaches, 30

service industries, 31-32, 37, 57n, 71

Production and productivity

growth rates, 68, 71, 87n

high-tech products, 20-21, 44

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1993. Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2103.
×

Production systems, 2, 69,92

advanced, 44, 74-76

continuous improvement, 8, 31-32

investment, 2

in Japan, 32, 35, 36-39, 43-44

lean v. mass, 32-37, 57n, 70

R&D, 69

Q

Quality control, 69

R

Regional industrial clusters, 2, 40, 92, 94

Regulation, 16, 25n, 103, 108n

Research and development (R&D),

see also Basic research;

Federal laboratories;

International technology development;

Military technology;

Product development;

Scientist and engineers;

Technology transfer;

University research

consortia, 5, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105n

direct federal funding, 9-14, 23n, 78, 80, 98

generic technologies, 17, 31, 77-80, 88n

incentives, 4-5, 76-77, 97-99, 105-107n

intensity of, 1, 2, 15, 26-27n, 42-43, 93

private sector policies, 15, 59n, 68-70, 76

as share of GNP, 42-43, 58n

Research and Experimentation (R&E) Tax Credit, 4, 77, 97, 106 n

Retail industries, 30, 57n

S

Scientists and engineers, 11, 23n, 89n

defense research, 14, 24n

education, 23n, 63-64, 70, 85n

federal laboratories, 10

fellowship programs, 3, 96-97, 105n

foreign comparisons, 12, 43

industrial, 24n, 70

international exchanges, 82

SEMATECH, 5, 98, 105n

Semiconductors, 60n, 86n

Service industries

production and delivery innovation, 31-32, 37, 57n, 71

productivity, 71, 87n

technology fusion, 56n

Small business, 3, 74-75, 95, 104n

Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program, 4-5, 17, 24n, 98, 106n

Space technologies, 25n

Spin-off and spillover technologies, 13, 16, 20, 23n, 26n,

see also Dual-use technologies

military-based, 23n, 53-54, 59-60n, 78

Standards, 5, 38

State government, 19, 26n, 94-95

State Technology Extension Program (STEP), 3, 95, 104n

Stategic tecnology, 88n

Sweden

foreign direct investment, 47

R&D funding, 42-43, 58n

technology adoption, 58n, 89n

T

Tax credits, 4, 76-77, 97, 106-107n

Technology fusion, 30-31, 56n

Technology policy, 5, 9, 16-20, 83-84

and economic policy, 3, 5, 6, 8, 18-19, 25-26n, 93-95, 101-103

diffusion v. mission-oriented, 22n

institutional framework, 2, 6, 101-103

international competition, 6, 8, 82-83, 100-106n

R&D incentives, 4-5, 76-77, 97-99, 105-107n

trade, 6, 99-101, 108n, 109n

Technology transfer, 55, 94-95, 99,

see also Cooperative research and development agreements

consortia, 5, 94, 98, 99, 100, 105n

diffusion, 6, 8, 17, 38-40, 49-51, 67-76, 93-97

interindustry, 6, 30-31, 36, 56n, 67, 74, 77, 89n, 105-106n

public-private, 19, 77-78, 80-83, 94-95, 98, 99

Toyota, 36

Trade,

see also Imports;

International competition

and federal policy, 6, 99-101, 108n, 109n

high-tech products, 20-21, 44, 45-47, 68

intraindustry, 58n, 67

and technology development, 65, 99-101

Training, 2, 3, 71-74, 87n, 92, 95-96

Transnational technical alliances, 50-52

U

United Kingdom

and foreign direct investment, 47, 48

foreign-sourcing, 50

high-tech production and trade, 21, 46, 86n

R&D funding, 41-42, 78, 81

scientists and engineers, 12, 43

University research

basic, 63

defense-related, 13-14

federal support, 11, 20, 23-24n, 85n

impacts on engineering education, 63-64, 85n

industrial applications and collaboration, 4, 63-64

U.S.-Japan Manufacturing Technology Fellowship, 100

U.S.-Japan Semiconductor Trade Agreement, 108n

V

Venture capital, 66, 86n

Very-high-speed integrated circuit, 60n

W

Wal-Mart, 57n

X

Xerox Corp.35, 36

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1993. Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2103.
×
Page 129
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1993. Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2103.
×
Page 130
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1993. Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2103.
×
Page 131
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Academy of Engineering. 1993. Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2103.
×
Page 132
Mastering a New Role: Shaping Technology Policy for National Economic Performance Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $45.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

This book examines the changing character of commercial technology development and diffusion in an integrated global economy and its implications for U.S. public policies in support of technological innovation. The volume considers the history, current practice, and future prospects for national policies to encourage economic development through both direct and indirect government support of technological advance.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!