Index
A
Ability grouping, see Tracking of students
Abuse and neglect, 18, 19, 54-55, 185
and child welfare system, 4, 180-185 passim, 188-189
Accidents, see Injuries
Adolescent Diversion Project (ADP), 215
Adoption, 186
Adoption Assistance and Child Welfare Act, 176-177
After High School, Then What?, 126
AIDS, see HIV
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 47, 91, 129, 176
during pregnancy, 18
American Medical Association (AMA), 87
Anorexia nervosa, 90
Apprenticeship, 209
Arrest, 10, 42, 74, 152, 153, 157-158
Asian population, 65
see also Sexual assault and abuse
Assistance, see Welfare system
Attitude, see Demeanor
Authoritative parenting, 53, 54
Autism, 18
Autonomy, see Independence and autonomy issues
B
Black males
and crime and justice system, 9-10, 33, 153, 154, 157-158, 163
educational achievement, 72, 112
employment, 25
life expectancy, 82
Black population, 3, 5, 16, 26, 54, 65, 88
education, 32-33, 43, 68-69, 104, 111, 112
employment, 26-33 passim, 35, 127, 130
female-headed families, 34-35, 51
and justice system, 10, 33, 154-161, 163-164
see also Black males
Bottom-up decision making, 245-247
Bussing programs, 68
C
Career Beginnings, 143-144, 211
Caregiving, see Parents and parenting
Carl Perkins Vocational Education Act, 129, 130
Case management, 214-216
Cerebral palsy, 18
Chapter 1 programs, 108, 113-115, 118, 242
Childbearing, see Teenage pregnancy and parenting
Child support payments, 46
Child welfare system, 4-5, 175-189
and abuse and neglect, 4, 180-185 passim, 188-189
alternatives, 200-201
outcomes, 183-185
research needs, 253
settings, 180-182
Childhood diseases, 95
College education, 8, 25, 32, 36, 125
Community-based services, 11, 177-178, 186, 245-247
job training, 129
model programs, 194, 198-203, 212-213, 219-220
Community Based Youth Services (CBYS), 177
Community development corporations (CDCs), 198-199
Compensatory education, 8, 103, 107, 113-115, 118
alternative programs, 206-207
Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA), 135, 136
Comprehensive service programs, 212-220, 223, 238-239
multicultural approaches, 221-222
research needs, 254-255
see also Model service programs
Concentrated poverty areas, see Economic stratification
Confidentiality and consent issues, 95-97
Cooperative education, 133, 209
Counseling, see Case management;
Mentoring programs
Crack, see Drug markets
Crime and criminal behavior, 5, 9, 42, 71, 74-76, 152-156, 167
by abused children, 55
as alternative to legitimate work, 33-34, 36, 74, 155, 165-166
and child welfare system, 181-182
and population density, 75, 160-161
see also Drug markets;
Drug use and treatment;
Justice system
D
from abuse, 54
see also Homicide;
Suicide
Delinquency, see Crime and criminal behavior;
Status offenses
Demeanor
and employment, 166
and police treatment, 158-160
Dental care, insurance, 92, 93
Development and developmental risks, 17-19, 42, 49-50
comprehensive services, 217-220
and early childbearing, 18-19
independence, 50, 180, 186-188, 219
research needs, 247-249, 253-254, 255-256
Discrimination, 221, 237, 244-245
in justice system, 10, 153, 157-164, 167-168, 245
research needs, 248
and neighborhood crime, 75, 76
as alternative to legitimate work, 33, 34, 68, 155
Drug use and treatment, 6, 49, 81, 84, 88, 96
AIDS risk, 85
insurance coverage, 91, 92, 93, 94
during pregnancy, 18
prevention programs, 217
E
Early childbearing, see Teenage pregnancy and parenting
Earned income tax credit, 47
Earnings and wages, see Employment and unemployment
Economic stratification, 5, 64-68, 70-77, 154-155, 236-237
and crime, 5, 9-10, 74-76, 152-156, 167
and educational achievement, 8, 72-73, 102-103, 117
and school finance and resources, 7, 68-69, 105-109, 117
and vocational education, 131-132
Education, see Compensatory education;
Educational achievement;
Grade retention;
School dropouts;
Schools;
School-to-work transition;
Tracking of students;
Vocational education
Educational achievement, 7-8, 70, 103-104, 105, 126-127
and economic stratification, 8, 72-73, 102-103, 117
family structure, 43, 49, 50-51
relation to income and employment, 2, 25-32 passim, 36, 48, 104-105
and school finances, 108-109
and school organization, 109, 207-208
and vocational education, 133-135, 141-142
see also Compensatory education;
Grade retention;
School dropouts;
Tracking of students
Elementary and Secondary Education Act, Chapter 1 programs, 108, 113-115, 118, 242
alternatives, 206-207
Emotional problems, see Mental health and services
Employment and unemployment, 2, 4, 5, 8-9, 32, 66, 67, 71, 74
earnings declines, 2, 24-26, 28, 30
and insurance coverage, 91, 92-93
parents, 2-3, 24-27, 41-42, 43, 46-48, 55-56, 238
relocation of jobs to suburbs, 3, 30-31
see also Job skills and training;
School-to-work transition;
Vocational
education
Ethnic groups, see Hispanic population;
Racial and ethnic groups
F
Families, see Abuse and neglect;
Family economic security;
Fostercare;
Marriage and married couples;
Parents and parenting;
Single-parent households;
Stepfamilies
Family economic security, 2-4, 16-20, 24-27, 34-36, 41-42, 44-46
Female-headed families, 5, 34-35, 44, 66, 69-70
economic security, 3, 25, 34-35, 44-46
and educational achievement, 43, 50-51, 73
and teen pregnancy, 74
Females
educational achievement, 73, 112
employment and earnings, 25, 26, 27, 31, 127
health and mental health, 84, 90
job training, 131-132, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144
and justice system, 158-159, 164
in stepfamilies, 51
see also Female-headed families;
Teenage pregnancy and parenting
Foster care, 4-5, 176-189 passim
discharge planning, 215-216
Friends of the Family, 197
G
Gault decision, 151
Gentrification, 75
Ghettos, see Inner-city areas
Good practice programs, see Model service programs
Government roles, 245-247
Grade retention, 8, 103, 112-113, 118
Graduation, see Educational achievement;
School dropouts
Grand Central Partnership, 198
Guns, see Firearms
H
Handicapped children, services, 181
Head injuries, 19
Health care, 85-90, 97-98, 240-241
confidentiality and consent, 95-97
insurance coverage, 6, 85, 91-93, 94-95, 98, 241
model programs, 203-205
research needs, 251-252
see also Mental health and services
Health condition and risks, 49, 81-85, 97
and family income, 2, 17-20, 42
see also Mental health and services
Health of Adolescents, 87
Hispanic population, 3, 5, 26, 65
and crime, 153
educational achievement, 43, 51, 104, 105, 111, 112
employment, 127
female-headed families, 34-35, 51
school segregation, 68-69
HIV, 85
Homeless youth, 182
and neighborhood composition, 76, 155-156
I
Illegitimacy, 34
Immigrants, competition for low-wage jobs, 3, 29
Immunization, 95
Income, see Economic stratification;
Family economic security;
Poverty and low income
Income transfers, see Aid to Families with Dependent Children;
Welfare system
Independence and autonomy issues, 180, 186-188, 219
and single-parent families, 50
employment discrimination, 31, 71
and justice system, 9, 10, 156, 165, 167
and suburbanization of employment, 3, 30-31
see also Economic stratification;
Neighborhoods
Insurance coverage, 6, 85, 91-93, 94-95, 98, 241
mental health, 90
see also Medicaid
J
Jobs for America's Graduates, 211
Job skills and training, 3, 8, 146
alternative programs, 208-212
and child welfare system, 184
Federally funded programs, 126, 129-130, 135-145
see also Vocational education
JOBSTART, 142, 143, 144-145, 211
Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA), 125-126, 129, 130, 135-137,141-142, 146, 208
Justice system, 9-11, 42, 151-152
adult system consignment, 10, 151
alternatives, 10-11, 167, 177-178, 200, 215
and child welfare system, 181-182
discriminatory practices, 10, 153, 157-164, 167-168, 245
plea bargaining, 161-162
research needs, 252-253
Juvenile Justice Alliance, 200
L
Latinos, see Hispanic population
Lead exposure and poisoning, 19-20
Learning disabilities, 18-19, 20
Life expectancy, 82
Literacy, 32-33, 33-34, 103-104, 114
Low achievers, see Educational achievement;
Grade retention;
Tracking of students
Low birthweight, 18
Low income, see Economic stratification;
Poverty and low income
Low wage jobs, 36
competition from immigrants, 3, 29
M
Males
employment and earnings, 25-29 passim, 66, 127
grade retention, 112
job training, 132, 138, 140, 141, 142, 144
and justice system, 164
mental disorders, 84
sexual activity, 84-85
in single-parent households, 49
see also Black males
Maltreatment, see Abuse and neglect
Manufacturing employment, 27-28, 30-31, 36
Marijuana, 84
Market forces, and school-to-work transition, 9, 129, 130
Marriage and married couples, 43
economic security, 3, 35-36, 41-42, 46-48
see also Divorce;
Female-headed families;
Stepfamilies
and vocational education, 134
McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, 129
Medicine and medical condition, see Health care;
Health condition and risks;
Physicians
Mental health and services, 6, 42, 82, 84, 90-91
and abused children, 55, 184-185
comprehensive services, 217-219
insurance coverage, 91, 92, 93
parental consent for services, 96
school-based programs, 203-204
Mental retardation, 18
Mentoring programs, 143, 213-214
Midwest, social trends, 69
Minimum wage, 30
Model service programs, 11, 193-195, 222-223
health care, 203-205
job training, 208-212
neighborhood mobilization, 198-203
parental support, 196-197
schools, 201-203, 205-208, 220
Mothers, in work force, 3, 41-42, 43
see also Female-headed families;
Teenage pregnancy and parenting
Multicultural approaches, 221-222
N
National Assessment of Educational Progress, 104
National Community Service Act, 129
and crime, 5, 9, 71, 74-76, 154-156, 167
and educational achievement, 72-73, 102-103
racial stratification, 5, 54, 65, 71, 76-77, 154-155
research needs, 250-251
service and development programs, 198-203, 216-217, 239-240
and teen pregnancy, 73-74
underclass, 5, 66-67, 69, 71, 154-155
see also Economic stratification
New Chance, 197
Nonprofit organizations, 11
job training programs, 11, 129, 137
Northeast states
school segregation, 68
social trends, 69
Nutrition during pregnancy, 18
O
Obstetrics and gynecology, 88
Offensible space, 160-161
Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act, 91
P
Parents and parenting, 3, 52-54, 55-56, 213
consent for health services, 95-97
and divorce, 51
employment, 2-3, 24-27, 46-48, 55-56, 238
poverty impacts, 17, 19-20, 42, 108
school involvement, 108, 201-203
support services, 180-181, 195-197, 198, 238
see also Abuse and neglect;
Foster care;
Single-parent households;
Teenage pregnancy and parenting
Pediatrics, 88
Peer counseling and instruction, 217-218, 221
Peer group influence, 53, 54, 74, 152
Plea bargaining, 161-162
Police, 156-157
discriminatory practices, 10, 157-161
Poverty and low income, 2-3, 16-17, 20, 26, 69-70, 236
developmental and health impacts, 17-20, 42, 49-50, 81-82
and early childbearing, 19
and educational achievement, 43, 104-105, 110-111, 115
and employment, 129
and insurance coverage, 91, 92
and mental health care, 90
see also Economic stratification;
Welfare system
Pregnancy, see Teenage pregnancy and parenting
Premature delivery, 18
Prenatal care, 18
Preventive health services, 81-82, 88, 241
insurance coverage, 91-92, 94-95
mental health, 90-91
Medicaid coverage, 93-94
model programs, 203-204
Primary care services, see Physicians
Prisons and imprisonment, 10, 163-167
Project Redirection, 197
Property taxes, 106
Prosecution, 161-162
Psychosocial problems, see Mental health and services
Punishment, see Justice system
R
Racial and ethnic groups
educational achievement, 32, 104, 110-111, 112, 117
mental health care, 90
multicultural services, 221-222
school segregation, 68-69
see also Black males;
Black population;
Discrimination;
Hispanic population;
White population
Rape, see Sexual assault and abuse
Reading, see Literacy
Recession and recovery periods, 69-70
and school finance, 107
Recidivism, 165
Regional differences
social trends, 69-70
Remedial education, see Compensatory education
Research needs
child welfare system, 253
development and development risks, 247-249, 253-254, 255-256
family structure and support, 249-250
health care, 251-252
justice system, 252-253
neighborhoods, 250-251
school programs, 250
school-to-work transition, 252
services and outcomes, 254-255
Restitution programs, 200
Retention, see Educational achievement;
Grade retention;
School dropouts
Robbery, 152
Rural areas
and poor families, 47-48
school finance, 106
S
School dropouts, 42, 43, 66, 103, 105, 115-116, 126-127
employment, 25-30 passim, 36, 127
and foster care, 4
and grade retention, 112-113
job training programs, 135, 136, 139, 145
and neighborhood composition, 72-73
prevention programs, 113, 115-117, 118, 206-207
and single-parent families, 49, 50-51
and vocational education, 134
Schools, 186
alternative programs, 206-212, 217-218, 241-242, 250
finances and resources, 7, 8, 68-69, 103, 105-109, 113-114
instructional practices, 108, 110, 118, 205-208, 242
mental health services, 90
model programs, 201-203, 205-208, 220
parental involvement, 108, 201-203
segregation, 68-69
School-to-work transition, 8-9, 42-43, 125-130, 145-146, 242-244
research needs, 252
see also Job skills and training;
Vocational education
Segregation, see Economic stratification
Sentencing, 163-164
Services, see Child welfare system;
Community-based services;
Comprehensive
service programs;
Model service programs;
Welfare system
Service-sector employment, 28, 30-31, 36
Sexual activity, 42, 84-85, 88
and single-parent families, 49
see also Sexually transmitted diseases;
Teenage pregnancy and parenting
Sexual assault and abuse, 55, 82, 152, 165
Sexually transmitted diseases, 6, 81, 85, 88, 94-95
Medicaid coverage, 94
parental consent for services, 96
Single-parent households, 5, 34-35, 43-44, 49-51
and crime, 156
economic security, 3, 25, 34-35, 44-46
and educational achievement, 43, 49, 50-51
and neighborhood crime rates, 75, 76
Skills, see Job skills and training
during pregnancy, 18
Social work, 176
Southern states
school segregation, 68
social trends, 70
Special education, 90, 102n, 185
State and local programs, 11, 245-246
foster care, 179
job training, 130
Status offenses, 152, 167, 176
Street kids, 182
Students, see Educational achievement;
Learning disabilities;
School dropouts
Subculture of delinquency, 166
Substance abuse, see Alcohol use;
Drug use and treatment;
Smoking
Suburbs
educational achievement, 102-103
racial stratification, 65
school finance and resources, 7, 106, 107
Suicide, 6, 49, 81, 82, 84, 86
Summer training and education programs (STEP), 136, 143, 144, 211
Supported Work Project (SWP), 139
T
Teachers, 107-108, 109, 202, 207-208, 246
Technological change, 28
Tech prep, 134-135
Teenage pregnancy and parenting, 18-19, 42, 44, 52, 81, 86
and abuse, 55
insurance coverage, 92
and neighborhood composition, 73-74
parental consent for services, 96
prevention programs, 203
support services, 181, 196-197, 214-215
Teen Outreach, 217
Temporary employment, 139
Tests, educational achievement, 104
and early childbearing, 18-19
and employment, 32-33
There Are No Children Here, 155
Tracking of students, 7-8, 103, 108, 110-112, 118
Chapter 1 programs, 114
Training, see Job skills and training
Tutoring, 206
Two-parent families, see Marriage and married couples
U
Underclass neighborhoods, 5, 66-67, 69, 71, 154-155
Unemployment insurance, 47
Unionization, declines in, 3, 30
Unmarried women, see Female-headed families
Urban areas,
school finance and resources, 7, 106, 107, 108
see also Inner-city areas;
Neighborhoods
V
deaths, 84
prevention programs, 217-218
see also Abuse and neglect;
Crime and criminal behavior;
Homicide;
Robbery;
Sexual assault and abuse;
Suicide
Vocational academies, 210
Vocational education, 9, 125, 129, 130-133, 146
alternative programs, 208-212
and educational achievement, 133-135, 141-142
Volunteer programs, 200-201
W
Welfare system, 47-48, 66, 67, 69-70, 238
see also Child welfare system;
Foster care
White population
and crime and justice system, 162
educational achievement, 43, 51, 104
employment and earnings, 25, 127
female-headed families, 34, 51
physician contacts, 88
teenage mothers, 52
Women, see Female-headed families;
Females;
Teenage pregnancy and parenting
Work, see Employment and unemployment;
Job skills and training