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Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
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Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
Index
A
Absorption
in calcium metabolism, 50
high level dietary fat and, 12
of vitamin K, 52
of xanthophylls, 17
Acid-base balance, 14
Aflatoxins, 78-79
Age
broiler nutrient requirements and, 27
fat metabolism and, 12
metabolizable energy assessment and, 6
Alfalfa
amino acid composition of, 66, 71
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
fatty acid composition of, 75
nutrient composition of, 72-63
xanthophylls in, 17
Aluminum, toxicity of, 59
Amaranth, 53
Amino acids
biochemical role of, 9
in broiler breeder diet, 32-33, 34
in broiler chicken diet, 27-29
conversion to vitamins, 11
crystalline form, 28, 80
deficiencies in chickens and turkeys, 46-50
digestibility, 71, 73-74
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85
duck requirements, 43
egg weight and, 25
in feeds, 61, 66-68, 69, 71-74
geese requirements, 40-41
interactions, 10-11
metabolizable energy of, 75
in nutritional requirement models, 1
in phase-feeding program, 24
requirements, 9-10
supplements, 74
total sulfur amino acids, 28, 38, 41, 43, 45
toxicity, 11
turkey requirements, 36, 37-38
Animal products
as dietary fat source, 11, 12
nutrient composition of meat, 72-63, 67
as protein source, 70
Antibiotic additives, 18
Antimicrobial additives, 3, 18, 52
Antioxidants, 50, 51
Arginine, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 29
deficiency, 46
documentation of nutrient requirements, 90, 99, 107, 110
duck requirements, 43
in feeds, 66-68, 71-73
turkey requirements, 37-38
Arsenic, toxicity of, 59
B
Bakery waste products
amino acid composition, 66, 72
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
metabolizable energy in, 6, 113
nutrient composition of, 72-63
Barium, toxicity of, 59
Barley, 8, 9
amino acid composition of, 71, 73
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
fatty acid composition of, 75
metabolizable energy in, 113
nutrient composition of, 72-63
Bicarbonate, 14
in egg production, 25
Bioassay techniques for measurement of energy values, 4-6
Biotin, 15
biochemical role of, 53
broiler breeder chicken requirements, 33
broiler chicken requirements, 31
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deficiency, 47, 48, 53-54
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 95, 98, 105
in feeds, 63, 65
in wheat diet, 69
Blood meal
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66
Bobwhite quail, 45, 112
Bone development
in Leghorn-type pullet, 21
mineral requirements, 14
nutrient deficiencies and, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57
vitamin D in, 50-51
Bone meal
amino acid composition of, 72
element concentrations in, 78
Boron, 15
Breeding diets
biotin in, 54
broiler chickens, 32-34
iodine in, 57
Japanese quail, 45
Leghorn-type laying chickens, 26
turkeys, 38, 39
zinc in, 57
Brewer's grains, nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66, 113
Broadbeans, nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66
Broiler breeder chickens
amino acid/protein requirements, 32-33, 34
documentation of nutrient requirements, 97-98
energy consumption, 33, 34
feed intake, 32
hens, 32-33
males, 33-34
mineral requirements, 33, 34
nutrient requirements, 32
vitamin requirements, 33
Broiler chickens
age of, and nutrient requirements, 27
amino acid requirements, 27-29
documentation of nutrient requirements, 90-96
energy intake, 8
fat utilization, 7
fatty acid requirements, 32
feed intake, 26
feed utilization vs. weight gain, 26-27
gender differences, 27
market weights, 26
mineral requirements, 27, 29-31
nutrient interactions in, 27
nutritional modeling for, 1
protein requirements, 27
vitamin requirements, 27, 31-32
water intake, 16
Buckwheat, nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66
Bushel weights of grains, 61, 68
C
Cadmium, toxicity of, 59
Calcium
biochemical role of, 14
Bobwhite quail requirements, 45
broiler breeder chicken requirements, 33, 34
broiler chicken requirements, 29, 30
deficiency, 47, 56
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 88, 93, 98, 102-103, 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112
duck requirements, 43
excesses of, 14
in feeds, 72, 64, 78
geese requirements, 41
in laying hen diet, 25
in Leghorn-type pullet growth, 22
in phase-feeding program, 24
toxicity to pheasant chicks, 44
turkey requirements, 38
vitamin D and, 50, 51
Calcium carbonate, 78
Calcium phosphate, 78
Calcium sulfate, 78
Calorie, definition of, 3
Canola
amino acid composition of, 71
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66, 70
Carbohydrates
metabolizable energy values of, 75, 76-77
sources of, 8-9
ß-Carotene
as pigmenting agent, 17
as vitamin A, 15, 50
Carotenoids
for pigmentation, 17, 50
Casein
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66
Cereal grains
bushel weight ranges, 61, 68
as carbohydrate source, 8-9
metabolizable energy of, 61, 72, 64, 113
nutrient composition of, 61-69
Chickens
standard reference diets for, 80-81
See also Broiler chickens;
Broiler breeder chickens;
Leghorn-type
chickens;
Symptoms of nutrient deficiency
Chloride
biochemical role of, 14
in egg production, 25
toxicity, 59
Chlorine
broiler breeder chicken requirements, 33
deficiency, 47, 57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 88, 94, 98, 103
in feeds, 72, 64, 78
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Choline, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 30, 31
chloride, 15
deficiency, 10, 47, 56
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 95, 104, 105, 106, 109, 111, 112
in egg production, 25
in feeds, 63, 65
geese requirements, 41
in methionine-cystine requirements, 28
role of, 55
turkey requirements, 39
Chromium, toxicity of, 59
Cobalt, 14
toxicity, 59
Coconut
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66
Copper, 14
biochemical role of, 57
broiler chicken requirements, 30
deficiency, 47, 48, 57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 89, 94, 111
in feeds, 63, 65, 78
toxicity, 58, 59
Coprophagy, 52, 54
Corn
amino acid composition of, 71, 73
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
fatty acid composition of, 75
metabolizable energy in, 113
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66
xanthophylls in, 17
Cost factors
in egg weight gain, 25
protein sources, 10
in setting dietary energy levels, 7
Cotton/cottonseed meal
amino acid composition of, 71
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
fatty acid composition of, 75
gossypol in, 69
metabolizable energy in, 113
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66
as protein supplement, 69
Cystine
in broiler chicken diet, 27-28
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 88, 91-92, 101, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112
in feeds, 66-68, 71-73
methionine interaction, 10, 27-28
D
Deficiency, nutrient, 2
amino acid/protein, 10-11, 46-50
assessment of, 46, 47
embryo development and, 46
fatty acid, 13
feed consumption and, 7-8
to induce molt, 26
minerals, 47, 48, 56-57
trace element, 14
vitamins, 47, 48, 50-56
water deprivation, 16
See also Symptoms of nutrient deficiency
Dextrose, 80
Diagnosis of nutrient deficiency, 46
biochemical and physiological measurement in, 47
in embryo development, 46
Digestibility
of amino acids, 71, 73-74
measurement techniques, 73-74
of phosphorus, 14
of sorghums, 6
Digestible energy, 4
Drunken syndrome, 16
Ducks
documentation of nutrient requirements, 107-108
growing systems for, 42
nutrient requirements, 42-43
E
Egg production
in broiler breeder chickens, 32-33
calcium metabolism in, 56
carotenoid pigments in, 17
chloride/chlorine in, 25, 33
dietary fat in, 12-13
dietary minerals in, 14, 25
documentation of Leghorn-type chicken requirements, 88-89
linoleic acid in, 13
manganese in, 56
in pheasants, 44
phosphorus in, 33
potassium in, 56-57
pyridoxine in, 55
rapeseed meal diets and, 70
seasonal variation, 24
shell strength, 25, 33, 56, 57
sodium in, 33, 57
specific gravity of egg in, 33
in turkeys, 37, 38
vitamin D deficiency in, 51
yolk discoloration, gossypol in, 69
See also Embryo development;
Laying hens;
Leghorn-type chickens
Egg white, as protein source, 30
Eicosanoids, 13
Electrolytes, 14
Embryo development
biotin in, 54
choline in, 56
chorioallantois development in, 46
folic acid in, 55
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iodine in, 57
manganese in, 56
pantothenic acid in, 54
riboflavin in, 53
symptoms of nutrient deficiency in, 46
thiamin deficiency in, 53
vitamin B12 in, 55
vitamin D in, 51
vitamin K in, 52
Encephalomalacia, 31
Energy.
See also Metabolizable energy
carbohydrate sources, 8-9
digestible, 4
disposition of, 4
fat as source of, 11
gross, 4
net, 4
in setting dietary levels, 7-8
terminology, 3-4
Energy requirements
broiler breeder chickens, 33, 34
broiler chickens, 8
geese, 40
Leghorn-type laying hens, 22, 24
Leghorn-type pullets, 21
modeling of, 1
turkeys, 37
Established requirements, 1
Estimated requirements, 1
Ether extract, in feeds, 72, 64, 75
F
Fats
blending of, 12
depot fat, 13
dietary role of, 11
in egg weight, 25
energy values of, 6-7, 12-13, 114
in net energy of production, 12-13
saturated:unsaturated ratio, 7
sources of, 11-12
Fatty acids
broiler chicken requirements, 27, 32
composition in fats, 13
deficiencies, 13
dietary irregularities, symptoms of, 54
dietary synergism, 5
essential, 13
in feeds, 75-77
polyunsaturated, 13, 51-52
Feathers
in feeds, 72-63, 70, 74
growth in pheasants, 44
nutrient deficiencies in abnormalities of, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57
Feces
in measuring energy, 4
phosphorus levels, 25
Feed manufacture/processing
amino acid availability and, 73
animal products in, 70
heat treatment of soybean meal, 70
mycotoxin formation, 78
pelleted feeds, 15-16, 35, 42, 53
Feedstuffs
amino acid composition of, 66-68, 71-74
analysis of, 2
antimicrobials in, 18
assessing energy in, 3-8
energy values of, prediction equations for, 113-114
fatty acid composition of, 75, 76-77
intake as factor in nutrient concentration in, 22-24
mineral concentrations in, 75-78
mycotoxins in, 78-79
nutrient composition of, 61-65, 68-70
pigmenting agents in, 17, 50
pyridoxine in, 54
thiamin in, 52-53
vitamin D in, 51
water:feed ratio, 15-16
Fermentation by-products, 18
Field beans
amino acid composition of, 71
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
Fish products, 53
amino acid composition of, 71, 73
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
metabolizable energy in, 114
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66-67
as protein source, 70
Fluorine
in feeds, 78
toxicity, 59
Folacin/folic acid
antagonists, 55
broiler chicken requirements, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 55
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 95-96, 104, 105, 106, 111
in feeds, 63, 65
maximum tolerance, 15
metabolism, 55
Food and Drug Administration, 18
Formula diets, standard reference, 80-81
Fungi in feeds, 78-79
G
Geese
documentation of nutrient requirements, 106
force-feeding, 40
nutrient requirements, 40-41
protein requirements, 40
Gelatin
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 67
Gizzerosine, 70
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Glucose
deficiency, 54
energy value, 4-5
Glycine
broiler chicken requirements, 29
documentation of nutrient requirements, 90, 99, 110
in feeds, 66-68
serine interaction, 10
Gossypol, 69
Gross energy, 4
Growth factors, unidentified, 3, 18
Growth/weight gain
amino acids and, 11
antimicrobials and, 18
in broiler breeder chickens, 32, 34
egg size and, 32-33
egg weight and, 24
in Leghorn-type chickens, 24
in Leghorn-type pullets, 19-21, 22
in market broilers, 26-27
in measuring metabolizable energy, 6
mineral deficiency and, 56-57
mineral toxicity and, 58
in turkey breeders, 39
in turkeys, 35
H
High-energy diets, 8
Histidine, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 29
deficiency, 47
documentation of nutrient requirements, 90, 97, 99, 110
in feeds, 66-68
Hominy, nutrient composition of, 72-63, 67
I
Iodine, 14
biochemical role of, 57
broiler chicken requirements, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 89, 94, 111
to induce molt, 26
toxicity, 59
Iron, 14
broiler chicken requirements, 29, 30
deficiency, 47, 48, 57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 88, 94, 111
in feeds, 63, 65, 78
pigmentation and, 57
toxicity, 59
Isoleucine, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 29
deficiency, 46, 50
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 88, 90, 100, 110
duck requirements, 43
in feeds, 66-68
leucine antagonism, 11
turkey requirements, 38
J
Japanese quail, 45, 110-111
Joule, definition of, 3-4
K
Kilocalorie, definition of, 3
L
Laying hens
added dietary fat for, 12-13
disposition of energy in, 4
energy intake, 8
nutritional modeling for, 1
vitamin D deficiency in, 51
water intake, 16
See also Egg production;
Leghorn-type chickens
Lead, toxicity of, 59
Leghorn-type chickens
ambient temperature in feed intake of, 8, 22
brown-egg-laying, 21, 25-26, 70
documentation of nutrient requirements of, 85-90
egg-type breeders, 26
egg weight, factors in, 24-25
energy requirements, 19-21, 22, 24
feed intake levels, 22-24
maintenance needs, 22
mineral requirements, 20, 21, 22, 25
molting hens, 26
phase feeding, 24
prelay period, 21-22
production diet, 22-26
protein requirements, 19-21, 22-24
pullet nutrient requirements, 19-22
vitamin requirements, 20, 21, 22, 25
Leucine, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 29
deficiency, 46, 50
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 90, 97, 100, 107, 110
duck requirements, 43
in feeds, 66-68
isoleucine antagonism, 11
Lighting, to induce molt, 26
Limestone, element concentrations in, 78
Linoleic acid, 13
broiler chicken requirements, 32
deficiency, 47
documentation of nutrient requirements, 93, 102, 105
egg weight and, 24
in feeds, 72, 64
Low-protein diets, 19-21
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Lupine seeds
amino acid composition of, 71, 72
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
Lutein, 17
Lysine, 11
in broiler chicken diets, 26-27, 29
deficiency, 46, 47
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 88, 90-91, 100, 106, 107, 110
duck requirements, 43
in feeds, 71-73
geese requirements, 40-41
Leghorn-type chicken requirements, 22-24
quail requirements, 45
turkey requirements, 37, 38
M
Magnesium
biochemical role of, 14
broiler chicken requirements, 29, 30
in calcium source, 14
deficiency, 47, 56
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 88, 94, 103, 107, 111
in feeds, 63, 65, 78
toxicity, 59
turkey requirements, 38
Magnesium oxide, element concentrations in, 78
Manganese, 14
broiler chicken requirements, 29, 30
deficiency, 47, 48, 56
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 88, 103, 105, 109, 111
in feeds, 63, 65, 78
toxicity, 59
turkey requirements, 38
Meat production
fish meal in feeds and, 70
See also Broiler chickens;
Broiler breeder chickens;
Ducks;
Geese;
Pheasants;
Quail;
Turkeys
Meat products as feed
amino acid composition of, 71, 72
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
element concentrations in, 78
fatty acid composition of, 75
fish products, 37, 53, 72-63, 66-67, 70, 71, 74
metabolizable energy in, 114
nutrient composition of, 72-63, 67
Megacalorie, definition of, 3
Menadione, 15
source of, 52
Menaquinone, 15
source of, 52
Mercury, toxicity of, 58, 59
Metabolizable energy
apparent, 4
carbohydrate values, 75, 76-77
of cereal grains, 68-69
definition of, 4
dietary requirements, 8
documentation of nutrient requirements, 98, 109, 112
in duck growth, 42
of fats, 12
of feed ingredients, 61, 72, 64
in geese, 40
measurement of, 4-6
prediction equations for estimating feed ingredient values, 113-114
proximate components in estimation of, 6-7
true, 4, 5, 6, 8
turkey feed intake and, 37
Methionine, 11
in broiler chicken diet, 27-28
cystine interaction, 10
deficiency, 50
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 88, 91, 97, 100-101, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112
duck requirements, 43
egg weight and, 24, 25
in feeds, 66-68, 71-73
geese requirements, 41
toxicity, 11
turkey requirements, 38
Milk, nutrient composition of, 72-63, 66
Millet, nutrient composition of, 72-63, 67
Milo, amino acid composition of, 71, 72
Minerals, 13-14
biochemical role of, 14
broiler breeder chicken requirements, 33, 34
broiler chicken requirements, 27, 29-31
deficiencies, 47, 48, 56-57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85-86, 88-89, 93-94, 97, 98, 102-103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 112
duck requirements, 43
electrolyte balance, 14
in experimental diets, 15
in feeds, 78
interactions, 14-15, 56, 58
Leghorn-type chickens, requirements for, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26
macromineral supplements, 75-78
pheasant requirements, 44
supplements, 14-15
toxicity, 58-60
trace elements, 14
turkey requirements, 38
in water, 16-17
Modeling techniques
for amino acid requirements, 1
for energy requirements, 1
Molasses, nutrient composition of, 72-63
Molting hens, 26
Molybdenum, toxicity of, 59
Mycotoxins, 17
in feeds, 78-79
in vitamin D metabolism, 51
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N
Net energy, definition of, 4
Niacin
amino acids in synthesis of, 11
biochemical role of, 53
broiler chicken requirements, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 53
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 95, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112
in feeds, 63, 65
geese requirements, 41
maximum tolerance, 15
Nickel, toxicity of, 59-60
Nitrate, toxicity of, 60
Nitrogen
in amino acids, 75
in measurement of metabolizable energy, 4, 5-6
Nutrient requirements
amino acid, 9-10
of Bobwhite quail, 45
of broiler breeder chickens, 32-34
of broiler chickens, 26-32
carbohydrates, 8
of ducks, 42-43
energy levels, 7-8
fatty acids, 13
of geese, 40-41
of Japanese quail, 44-45
of Leghorn-type breeders, 26
of Leghorn-type chickens, documentation of, 85-89
of Leghorn-type hens in egg production, 22-26
of Leghorn-type molting hens, 26
of Leghorn-type pullets, 19-22
minerals, 13-15
of ring-necked pheasants, 44
of turkeys, 35-39
vitamins, 15
O
Oats
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
fatty acid composition of, 75
metabolizable energy in, 113
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 67
Ochratoxin A, 79
Osteocalcin, 50
Oyster shells, 78
P
Pantothenic acid
broiler chicken requirements, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 54
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 95, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 111, 112
egg-type breeder requirements, 26
in energy metabolism, 54
in feeds, 63, 65
geese requirements, 41
maximum tolerance, 15
turkey requirements, 39
Paralysis, in nutrient deficiency, 31
Peanuts
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
fatty acid composition of, 75
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 67
Peas
amino acid composition of, 71, 72
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 67
Pelleted feeds, 15-16
for ducks, 42
thiamin in, 53
for turkeys, 35, 37
Perosis, 41, 53, 54, 55, 56
Phase feeding of Leghorn-type chickens, 24
Pheasants, 54
nutrient requirements for, 44, 109
Phenylalanine, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 29
deficiency, 46, 50
documentation of nutrient requirements, 92, 97, 101-102, 110
in feeds, 66-68
tyrosine interaction, 10
Phosphoric acid, element concentrations in, 78
Phosphorus
Bobwhite quail requirements, 45
broiler breeder chicken requirements, 33, 34
broiler chicken requirements, 29, 30
deficiency, 47, 56
digestibility, 14
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 88, 93-94, 97, 98, 103 , 105, 106, 107, 109, 111, 112
in egg production, 25
in feeds, 72, 64, 78
geese requirements, 41
in Leghorn-type pullet growth, 21
nutritional role of, 14
in phase-feeding program, 24
plant sources, 56
turkey requirements, 38
Phylloquinone, 15
source of, 52
Phytic acid, 38
Pigmentation
gossypol pigments in cottonseed oil, 69
mineral deficiency and, 57
nutrient deficiency in depigmentation, 46
pigments in feedstuffs, 17, 50
Potassium
broiler chicken requirements, 29, 30
deficiency, 47, 56-57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 88, 94, 103
in feeds, 72, 64, 78
nutritional role of, 14
Poultry by-products
amino acid composition of, 67, 72
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amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
fatty acid composition of, 75
metabolizable energy in, 6, 114
nutrient composition of, 64-65
Proline
documentation of nutrient requirements, 93
Proline, broiler chicken requirements, 29
Protein
deficiencies, 46
documentation of nutrient requirements, 97, 98, 99, 105, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112
egg weight and, 24
in feeds, 72, 64, 66-68, 69
in measuring metabolizable energy, 5, 6
in phase-feeding program, 24
supplements, 69-70
See also Amino acids;
Protein requirements
Protein requirements
of broiler breeder chickens, 32-33, 34
of ducks, 42
of geese, 40
of Leghorn-type laying hens, 22-24, 88
of Leghorn-type pullets, 19-21, 85
of pheasants, 44
of quail, 45
of turkeys, 36, 37
Proximate analysis, 6-7
Pullets
broiler breeder, 32-33
Leghorn-type, 19-22
Pyridoxine
broiler chicken requirements, 32
deficiency, 47, 48, 54-55
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 96, 104, 108, 111
in feeds, 63, 65
maximum tolerance, 15
in nervous system functioning, 54
Q
Quail, 54
Bobwhite, 45, 56, 112
Japanese, 44-45, 110-111
R
Rapeseed
metabolizable energy in, 113
as protein supplement, 69-70
Riboflavin
biochemical role of, 53
broiler chicken requirements, 30, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 53
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 95, 104, 105, 108, 109, 111, 112
egg-type breeder requirements, 26
in feeds, 63, 65
geese requirements, 41
maximum tolerance, 15
turkey requirements, 39
Rice, 113
amino acid composition of, 71
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 67
Rye, 9
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 67
S
Safety margin in requirements values, 1, 2
Safflower, nutrient composition of, 64-65, 67
Salt, 14
water intake and, 16
Selenium, 14, 50
broiler chicken requirements, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 51, 52, 57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 89, 94, 103, 107, 111
in feeds, 63, 65
sources of, 57
toxicity, 57, 58, 60
in vitamin E metabolism, 51
Serine
broiler chicken requirements, 29
documentation of nutrient requirements, 90, 110
in feeds, 66-68
glycine interaction, 10
Sesame
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 67-68
Silicon, 15
Silver, toxicity of, 60
Sodium
broiler breeder chicken requirements, 33
deficiency, 47, 57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 21, 86, 88, 94, 98, 103, 109
in egg production, 25
in feeds, 63, 65, 78
nutritional role of, 14
toxicity, 60
Sodium carbonate, element concentrations in, 78
Sodium chloride
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 107
to induce molt, 26
toxicity, 60
Sodium chlorine
documentation of nutrient requirements, 111
Sodium phosphate, element concentrations in, 78
Sodium sulfate, element concentrations in, 78
Sorghum
fatty acid composition, 75
metabolizable energy of, 6, 113
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 68-69
tannin content of, 6, 61, 68-69
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Soybeans/soybean meal
amino acid composition of, 71, 72
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
fatty acid composition of, 75
metabolizable energy in, 113
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 68
as protein supplement, 70
toxic elements in, 70
urease assays, 70
Standard reference diets, 80-81
Strontium, toxicity of, 60
Sulfaquinoxaline, 52
Sulfate
in broiler chicken diet, 28
toxicity of, 60
Sulfur amino acids, 63, 65, 78
in Bobwhite quail, 45
in broiler chickens, 28
in ducks, 43
in geese, 41
in quail, 45
in turkeys, 38
Sunflower
amino acid composition of, 71, 72
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
metabolizable energy in, 113
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 68
Supplementation
amino acids, 74
antibiotics, 18
antimicrobial additives, 18
of cereal grain diets, 9
choline, 55-56
fats, 6-7, 25
minerals, 14-15
protein, 69
selenium, 57
vitamin K, 52
vitamins, 15
of wheat diets, 69
Symptoms of nutrient deficiency
adrenal weight increase, 57
blood disorders, 49, 52, 53, 55, 57
bone abnormalities, 49, 51, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57
cervical paralysis, 55
dermatitis, 53, 54
diarrhea, 49
encephalomalacia, 51, 52
feather abnormalities, 44, 46, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 57
foot pad dermatitis, 50
gizzard ulcerations, 70
hyperthyroidism, 50
hypocalcemia, 51
immune system function, 50, 55
leg disorders in pheasants, 44
liver function, 46
muscle abnormalities, 46, 51, 57
nervous system dysfunction, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54
pancreatic disorders, 57
pendulous crops, 54
pigmentation disorders, 46, 57
reproductive disorders, 50, 52, 54
rickets, 56
secretory membrane dysfunction, 50
skin lesions, 49, 50, 54
thyroid disorders, 57
tongue deformity, 50
T
Temperature, environmental
feed intake and, 8, 9, 22
phosphorus in tolerance to, 25
in requirements data, 2
turkey maintenance energy and, 37
water intake and, 16
Thiamin
broiler chicken requirements, 31-32
deficiency, 47, 48, 52-53
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 96, 104, 111
in feeds, 63, 65
maximum tolerance, 15
Threonine, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 29
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 88, 92, 97, 102, 110
in feeds, 66-68, 71-73
D/DL-a-Tocopheryl/Tocopheryl acetate, 15
Toxicity
amino acid, 11
calcium, 44
definition, 58
gossypol pigments in cottonseed oil, 69
of inorganic elements, 57, 58-60
methionine, 11
mycotoxin, 78-79
vitamin A, 50
vitamin D, 51
vitamin E, 52
Tricothecenes, 79
Triticale, 113
amino acid composition of, 71
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 68
Tryptophan
broiler breeder requirements
broiler chicken requirements, 29
deficiency, 46
documentation of nutrient requirements, 92-93, 102, 107, 110
duck requirements, 43
egg weight and, 25
in feeds, 66-68, 71-73
as niacin source, 11, 53
Tungsten, toxicity of, 60
Turkeys
amino acid requirements, 36, 37-38
breeding diets, 38, 39
OCR for page 154
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
documentation of nutrient requirements, 99-105
egg production, 37, 38
energy consumption, 37
magnesium requirements, 38
manganese requirements, 38
mineral requirements, 38
nutrient requirements, 35-36
nutrient-to-energy ratios in feeds, 8
nutritional modeling for, 1
pelleted feeds for, 35, 37
phosphorus requirements, 38
protein requirements, 36, 37
vitamin requirements, 38-39
water intake, 16
zinc requirements, 38
See also Symptoms of nutrient deficiency
Tyrosine, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 29
deficiency, 46
documentation of nutrient requirements, 92, 101, 110
in feeds, 66-68
phenylalanine interaction, 10
U
Urinary energy, 5
V
Valine, 11
broiler chicken requirements, 29
deficiency, 46
documentation of nutrient requirements, 85, 88, 93, 97, 102, 107, 110
duck requirements, 43
in feeds, 66-68
Vanadium, toxicity of, 58, 60
Vegetable oils, 12, 13
Vitamin A, 15
broiler chicken requirements, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 50
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 89, 94, 103, 105, 111, 112
maximum tolerance, 15
toxicity, 50
turkey requirements, 38
Vitamin B12, 15
broiler chicken requirements, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 55
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 95, 104
egg-type breeder requirements, 26
in feeds, 63, 65
role of, 55
Vitamin C
bird stress and, 15
maximum tolerance, 15
Vitamin D, 15
broiler chicken requirements, 30, 31
in calcium metabolism, 50, 51
deficiency, 47, 48, 50-51, 51
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 89, 94-95, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111
maximum tolerance, 15
metabolism, 50
nutritional role of, 50
sources of, 50
toxicity, 51
turkey requirements, 38-39
Vitamin E, 15
broiler chicken requirements, 30, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 51-52
documentation of nutrient requirements, 95, 103, 105, 108
documentation of nutrient requirements, 89, 87
in feeds, 63, 65
maximum tolerance, 15
metabolism, 51
toxicity, 52
turkey requirements, 39
in vitamin A excess, 50
Vitamin K, 15
broiler chicken requirements, 31
deficiency, 47, 48, 52
documentation of nutrient requirements, 87, 89, 95, 103, 108
maximum tolerance, 15
nutritional role of, 52
sources of, 52
turkey requirements, 39
Vitamins, 15
amino acids in synthesis of, 11
antagonistic interactions, 50
broiler breeder chicken requirements, 33
broiler chicken requirements, 27, 30, 31-32
deficiencies, 47, 48, 50-56
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86-87, 89, 94-96, 103-104, 105, 107-108, 111
duck requirements, 43
geese requirements, 41
Leghorn-type chicken requirements, 20, 21, 22, 25, 26
maximum tolerances, 15
pheasant requirements, 44
as supplements, 15
turkey requirements, 38-39
W
Water
delivery systems, 16
deprivation of, 16
intake determinants, 15-16
intoxication, 16
medication in, 16
requirements, 15, 16
total dissolved solids in, 17
trace minerals in, 16-17
Wheat
amino acid composition of, 71
amino acid digestibility coefficients, 74
OCR for page 155
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry: Ninth Revised Edition, 1994
fatty acid composition of, 75
metabolizable energy of, 69, 113
nutrient composition of, 64-65, 68
Whey, nutrient composition of, 64-65, 68
X
Xanthophylls, 17
role of, 3
Y
Yeasts, nutrient composition of, 64-65, 68
Z
Zearalenone, 79
Zeaxanthin, 17
Zinc, 14
broiler chicken requirements, 29, 30
deficiency, 47, 48, 57
documentation of nutrient requirements, 86, 88, 94, 103, 107, 109, 111
in feeds, 63, 65, 78
to induce molt, 26
pheasant requirements, 44
toxicity, 60
turkey requirements, 38
Other Titles in the Series
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. Ed., 1994
0-309-04892-3
Nutrient Requirements of Fish, 1993
0-309-04891-5
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, 5th Rev. Ed., 1989
0-309-03989-4
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 6th Rev. Ed., Update 1989
0-309-03826-X
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 9th Rev. Ed., 1988
0-309-03779-4
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Rev. Ed., 1986
0-309-03682-8
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, 6th Rev. Ed., 1985
0-309-03596-1
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Rev. Ed., 1985
0-309-03496-5
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 6th Rev. Ed., 1984
0-309-03447-7
Nutrient Requirements of Warm Water Fishes and Shellfishes, Rev. Ed., 1983
0-309-03428-0
Nutrient Requirements of Mink and Foxes, Rev. Ed., 1982
0-309-03325-X
Nutrient Requirements of Coldwater Fishes, 1981
0-309-03187-7
Nutrient Requirements of Goats, 1981
0-309-03185-0
Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates, 1978
0-309-02786-1
Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits, 2nd Rev. Ed., 1977
0-309-02607-5
Related Publications
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals, 1987
0-309-03695-X
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals, 1987
0-309-03728-X
OCR for page 156
OCR for page 157
Page 157
Other Titles in the Series
Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 9th Rev. Ed., 1994
0-309-04892-3
Nutrient Requirements of Fish, 1993
0-309-04891-5
Nutrient Requirements of Horses, 5th Rev. Ed., 1989
0-309-03989-4
Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 6th Rev. Ed., Update 1989
0-309-03826-X
Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 9th Rev. Ed., 1988
0-309-03779-4
Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Rev. Ed., 1986
0-309-03682-8
Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, 6th Rev. Ed., 1985
0-309-03596-1
Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Rev. Ed., 1985
0-309-03496-5
Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 6th Rev. Ed., 1984
0-309-03447-7
Nutrient Requirements of Warm Water Fishes and Shellfishes, Rev. Ed., 1983
0-309-03428-0
Nutrient Requirements of Mink and Foxes, Rev. Ed., 1982
0-309-03325-X
Nutrient Requirements of Coldwater Fishes, 1981
0-309-03187-7
Nutrient Requirements of Goats, 1981
0-309-03185-0
Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates, 1978
0-309-02786-1
Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits, 2nd Rev. Ed., 1977
0-309-02607-5
Related Publications
Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals, 1987
0-309-03695-X
Vitamin Tolerance of Animals, 1987
0-309-03728-X
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