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PAPERBACK + PDF your price: $39.00 add to cart PAPERBACK list:$32.95 Web:$29.66 add to cart PDF BOOK your price: $25.50 add to cart Rights & Permissions Free Resources PDF EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Display this book on your site! Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) Nutrient Composition of Rations for Short-Term, High-Intensity Combat Operations Other Related Titles Nutrient Requirements of Fish (1993) Board on Agriculture (BOA) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 105   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Index A Absorption calcium, 17 in heat increment of feeding, 4 iron, 19 protein, through gastrointestinal wall, 6 Aflatoxins, 39, 40-41 Algal toxins, 41 Alkaloids, dietary, 40 Amino acids branched-chain, antagonisms, 12 in commonly used feeds, 64, 67 in cottonseed meal, 50 cystine, 12 deficiencies of, 11-12, 98 dietary requirements, 8-10 digestibility, 45 in feeding response of fish, 36-37 in fish feeds, 49 imbalances, 13 lysine, 50 lysine-arginine antagonism, 12 as percentage of dietary protein, 10-11 phenylalanine, 12 in protein requirements, 6 relationships among, 12-13 in soybean meal, 50 sulfur, 12 tyrosine, 12 valine, 12-13 Ammonia, in protein catabolism, 4 Antibiotics, 34 Antinutrients alkaloids, 40 cyclopropenoic fatty acids, 39 erucic acid, 40 glucosinolates, 39-40 gossypol, 39 hemagglutinating agents, 38 phytic acid, 38-39 sources of, 38 thiaminase, 40 trypsin inhibitors, 38 Antioxidants, 15, 34-35 Arsenic, 42 Ascorbic acid, 31-32 Ash content in feeds, 47-48, 50 Aspergillus flavus, 40 Astaxanthin, 35, 36, 60 Avidin, 29 Ayu dietary fat requirements, 13, 14 vitamin B12 requirements, 30 B Binders, in feeds, 36, 51, 52 Biotin deficiency, 29 dietary requirements, 24, 29-30 role of, 29 Blood meal, 50 Bone, calcium requirements, 17 Bone meal, 50 Brine shrimp, 56, 58 C Cadmium, 42 Calcium intake and bioavailability, 17 requirements, 17 role of, 17 sources of, 16, 17 in tryptophan deficiency, 12 in zinc bioavailability, 20 Page 105 Front Matter (R1-R12) Overview (1-2) 1. Dietary Requirements (3-32) 2. Other Dietary Components (33-37) 3. Antinutrients and Adventitious Toxins (38-42) 4. Digestibility and Absorption (43-48) 5. Diet Formulation and Processing (49-54) 6. Feeding Practices (55-61) 7. Nutrient Requirements Table (62-63) 8. Composition of Feed Ingredients (64-71) References (72-94) Appendix (95-102) Authors (103-104) Index (105-116)

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Index A Absorption calcium, 17 in heat increment of feeding, 4 iron, 19 protein, through gastrointestinal wall, 6 Aflatoxins, 39, 40-41 Algal toxins, 41 Alkaloids, dietary, 40 Amino acids branched-chain, antagonisms, 12 in commonly used feeds, 64, 67 in cottonseed meal, 50 cystine, 12 deficiencies of, 11-12, 98 dietary requirements, 8-10 digestibility, 45 in feeding response of fish, 36-37 in fish feeds, 49 imbalances, 13 lysine, 50 lysine-arginine antagonism, 12 as percentage of dietary protein, 10-11 phenylalanine, 12 in protein requirements, 6 relationships among, 12-13 in soybean meal, 50 sulfur, 12 tyrosine, 12 valine, 12-13 Ammonia, in protein catabolism, 4 Antibiotics, 34 Antinutrients alkaloids, 40 cyclopropenoic fatty acids, 39 erucic acid, 40 glucosinolates, 39-40 gossypol, 39 hemagglutinating agents, 38 phytic acid, 38-39 sources of, 38 thiaminase, 40 trypsin inhibitors, 38 Antioxidants, 15, 34-35 Arsenic, 42 Ascorbic acid, 31-32 Ash content in feeds, 47-48, 50 Aspergillus flavus, 40 Astaxanthin, 35, 36, 60 Avidin, 29 Ayu dietary fat requirements, 13, 14 vitamin B12 requirements, 30 B Binders, in feeds, 36, 51, 52 Biotin deficiency, 29 dietary requirements, 24, 29-30 role of, 29 Blood meal, 50 Bone, calcium requirements, 17 Bone meal, 50 Brine shrimp, 56, 58 C Cadmium, 42 Calcium intake and bioavailability, 17 requirements, 17 role of, 17 sources of, 16, 17 in tryptophan deficiency, 12 in zinc bioavailability, 20

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Canola meal, 39, 40 nutrient availability in, 50 Canthaxanthin, 35, 60 Carbohydrates dietary requirement, 15, 16 digestibility, 46-47 energy value, 5 in experimental diets, 52 in fish feeds, 49 heat of combustion of, 4 in protein digestibility, 45 sources of, 50 utilization, 15-16 Carcinogens aflatoxins, 40-41 cyclopropenoic fatty acids, 39 gossypol, 39 Carotenoids, 22, 50 bioavailability, 35 dietary sources, 35 role of, 36 for salmon, 60 Carp, common biotin requirements, 29 calcium requirements, 17 carbohydrate metabolism, 15-16 choline requirements, 30 copper requirements, 19 dietary fat requirements, 13 essential fatty acid deficiency, 13 fat digestibility in, 46 high-ash diets in, 48 insulin metabolism, 16 iron requirements, 19 larval, 55, 56 magnesium requirements, 18 manganese requirements, 20 mineral deficiency, 98-99 mineral digestibility in, 47, 48 myoinositol requirements, 31 niacin requirements, 29 nutrient requirements, 63 pantothenic acid requirements, 28 pigment deposition in, 36 protein requirement, 6 pyridoxine requirements, 28 response to feeding stimulants, 36 riboflavin requirements, 27 thiamin requirements, 27 vitamin A requirements, 22 vitamin B12 requirements, 30 vitamin C requirements, 31 vitamin deficiency, 100-102 vitamin E requirements, 26 zinc requirements, 20 Casein, in larval fish diet, 56 Cataracts, 11 copper in formation of, 19 zinc in formation of, 20 Cereal grains, as carbohydrate source, 16 Channel catfish biotin requirements, 29 calcium requirements, 17 carbohydrate digestibility in, 47 carbohydrate metabolism, 5, 16 carbohydrate requirements, 16 choline requirements, 30 copper requirements, 19 daily feed allowances, 57 dietary fat requirements, 13 energy requirements, 6 fat digestibility in, 46 feeding practices for, 56-57 folate requirements, 30 gossypol in diets of, 39 hormonal supplements in diet of, 34 iron requirements, 19 larval, 55, 56 magnesium requirements, 18 manganese requirements, 20 mineral deficiency, 98-99 mineral digestibility in, 47 myoinositol requirements, 31 nursery ponds, 56 nutrient digestibility, 45 nutrient requirements, 63 phosphorous requirements, 17, 18 phosphorous sources, 18 pigment deposition in, 35 production diets for, 52 protein requirement, 6 purified reference diets, 52 pyridoxine requirements, 28 riboflavin requirements, 27 selenium requirements, 20, 21 sodium requirements, 19 soybean feeds for, 50 thiamin requirements, 27 vitamin A in, 22 vitamin B12 requirements, 30 vitamin C in, 31, 32 vitamin D in, 24 vitamin deficiency, 100-102 vitamin E requirements, 26 vitamin requirements, 21 zinc bioavailability, 48 zinc requirements, 20 Chemically defined diets, definition, 11 Chlorinated hydrocarbons, 42 Chlorine, dietary requirements, 18-19 Chlortetracycline, 34 Choline deficiency, 30-31 dietary requirements, 24-25, 31 role of, 30 Chromium, 21 Copper, 16 dietary requirements, 19

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sources of, 19 toxicity, 19-20 Cottonseed meal cyclopropenoic fatty acids in, 39 gossypol in, 39, 50 lysine in, 50 nutrient availability, 50 Cyclopiazonic acid, 41 Cyclopropenoic fatty acids, 39 D DDT, 42 Diabetes, 16 Diets catfish, 56-57 chemically defined, 11 experimental, 52 formulation of, 49-50 goals for fish, 49 high-protein, 4 of larval fish, 55-56 live foods, 56 minimum-cost, 49-50 natural ingredient, 11, 20, 39, 52 nutrient requirement data for, 49 purified, 11, 52 rainbow trout, 58 salmonids, 60-61 striped bass, 58 tilapia, 57 transition from live to dry, 55 See also Feedstuffs Digestibility amino acids, 45 carbohydrate, 46-47 definition, 43 lipid, 46 meal size and, 44 measurement, 43-44 minerals, 47-48 monitoring feedstuffs for, 50-51 of nutrients, 44-45 protein, 45 water temperature and, 44 Digestible energy, 3, 4, 5, 6 in commonly used feeds, 64-66 E Eel biotin requirements, 29 calcium requirements, 17 choline requirements, 30 dietary fat requirements, 13 folate requirements, 30 iron requirements, 19 myoinositol requirements, 31 pantothenic acid requirements, 28 phosphorous requirements, 18 pyridoxine requirements, 28 riboflavin requirements, 27 thiamin requirements, 27 vitamin B12 requirements, 30 vitamin C requirements, 32 vitamin deficiency, 100-102 Electrolytes, 17 Energy requirements calculation, 5-6 digestible energy, 3, 4-5, 6 measurement, 3 metabolizable energy, 3-4, 4-5 rainbow trout, 58-60 Energy value determinants of, 4 digestibility determination, 43-44 of feedstuffs, 4-5, 65-66 lipids, 5 proteins, 7-8 Erucic acid, dietary, 40 Erythrocyte production folate in, 30 vitamin B12 in, 30 Erythromycin, 34 F Fasting heat production, 4 Feather meal, 50 Feces energy loss through, 3, 4 measurement techniques, 43-44 in measuring digestible energy, 5 Feeding practices channel catfish, 56-57 larval fish, 55-56 rainbow trout, 58-60 salmonids, 60-61 striped bass, 58 tilapia, 57-58 Feed manufacture/processing diet formulation, 49-50 digestibility considerations, 44 drying process temperature, 45 extrusion, 51, 56 fatty acid enrichment of zooplankton, 56 granule diets, 51-52 microencapsulation, 52 moist feeds, 52 purified reference diets, 52 steam pelleting, 51 vitamin C in, 32 Feedstuffs amino acid content, 6, 67

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antibiotics in, 34 antinutrient contaminants, 38-40 antioxidants in, 34-35 biotin in, 30 carbohydrate sources, 50 choline in, 31 composition of, 50, 64-71 determinants of digestibility, 44 determinants of fish feeding-response, 36-37 determining digestibility of, 43-44 energy values, 4-5, 65-66 fatty acid sources, 50, 70 fiber in, 33-34 fish detection of, 36 folate in, 30 gossypol in, 39 heavy metals in, 41-42 hormonal supplements in, 34 hormone supplements in, 34 moisture in, 33, 51, 52, 60 myoinositol in, 31 natural contaminants, 40-41 natural ingredient diets, 11, 20, 39, 52 niacin in, 29 oxidized oils in, 41 pantothenic acid in, 29 pellet binders in, 36 pesticide contamination, 42 phosphorous in, 18 pigments in, 35, 50 processing of, 51-52 protein sources, 50 pyridoxine in, 28 quality standards, 50-51 rapeseed oil in, 39-40 riboflavin in, 28 stimulants, 36 thiamin in, 27 vitamin A in, 25 vitamin B12 in, 30 vitamin C in, 32 vitamin D in, 26 vitamin E in, 26 vitamin K in, 27 zinc in, 48 See also Diets Fiber, dietary, 3, 33-34 Fishmeal, 39, 50 amino acid content, 6 arsenic in, 42 ash content, 47-48 dietary requirement, 50 for larval fish diets, 56 as magnesium source, 18 phosphorous in, 18, 47-48 polychlorinated biphenyls in, 42 quality standards, 51 as selenium source, 21 white, 48 zinc in, 20 Flounder, 34 Fluoride, 21 Folate deficiency, 30 dietary requirements, 24 role of, 30 Freshwater fish calcium requirements, 17 dietary fat requirements, 13 magnesium requirements, 18 vitamin A in, 22 Fungal contaminants, 40-41 Furazolidone, 34 G Gelatin, 6 Gill excretion3, 4 of zinc, 20 Gilthead sea bream fatty acid deficiency in, 14 pyridoxine requirements, 28 Glucose metabolism, 15-16 Glucosinolates, 39-40 Goldfish, 36 Gonadotropin, 34 Gossypol, 39, 50 Grain meals carbohydrates in, 50 phosphorous availability in, 48 Growth/weight gain amino acid requirements, 9 canola meal and, 40 carbohydrate metabolism, 15 dietary alkaloids and, 40 effects of phytic acid, 39 essential fatty acid requirements, 13 fiber in, 33 gossypol in, 39 iron deficiency in, 19 lipids in, 15 mycotoxin effects on, 41 protein-energy ratio in, 5 protein-lipid ratio, 5, 15 protein requirements, 6-8 selenium in, 20 steroids for, 34 vitamin K in, 27 water temperature and, 6-7 Guppy, magnesium requirements, 18 H Heat increment of feeding (HiE), 4 Heat loss, 3-4

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Heavy metals, 41-42 arsenic, 42 cadmium, 42 mercury, 41-42 polychlorinated biphenyls, 42 reducing toxicity of, 41 Hemagglutinating agents, 38 Herring, 34 High-protein diets, 4 Hitra disease, 19, 26 Hormonal system dietary supplements, 34 role in feeding, 56 in sex change, 34 Hyperglycemia, 16 I Immune system vitamin C in, 32 vitamin E in, 26 Indian catfish, 34 Insecticides, 42 Insulin metabolism, 16 Iodine deficiency, 21, 39 dietary requirements, 21 role of, 21 sources of, 21 Iron, 16 deficiency, 19 dietary requirements, 19 sources of, 19 toxicity, 19 K Kidneys calcinosis, 18, 21, 25-26 fluoride effects, 21 L Lake trout, choline requirements, 30 Larval fish channel catfish, 56 feeding of, 55-56 striped bass, 58 Lipids antioxidant use with, 34 deficiencies, 13-14 dietary requirements, 13-14 dietary role, 15 digestibility, 46 essential fatty acids, 13, 14 in formulating fish diets, 49 heat of combustion of, 4 oxidized feed oils, 41 polyunsaturated fatty acid, 13-15 protein-lipid ratio, 5, 15 sources of, 50, 70-71 structure, 13 temperature change response, 14-15 vitamin C and, 31 in zooplanktonic food, 56 Live foods, 56 transition to dry, 55 Lupin flour, 50 Lutein, 35 Lysine, 50 M Magnesium, 16 deficiency, 18 dietary requirements, 18 role of, 18 sources of, 18 in tryptophan deficiency, 12 Maintenance energy, 4 Maintenance heat loss (HEm), 4 Manganese deficiency, 20 dietary requirements, 20 role of, 20 sources of, 20 Marine fish calcium requirements, 17 dietary fat requirements, 13-14 magnesium requirements, 18 vitamin A in, 22 Marine toxins, 41 Mercury, 41-42 Metabolizable energy carbohydrate availability and, 47 in commonly used feeds, 64-66 definition, 3-4, 43 Methionine, 22 in blood meal, 50 deficiency, 11 dietary requirement, 12 in vitamin synthesis, 21 Methodology/measurement amino acid requirements, 9-10 assay diets, 44 digestibility coefficients, 43-44 energy requirements, 5-6 experimental diets, 52 fecal collection, 43-44 feed ingredient composition, 64 minimum-cost diets, 49-50

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nutrient requirement data, 49, 62 protein requirements, 6, 8 Milkfish, 34 Minerals calcium, 17 chlorine, 18 copper, 19-20 deficiency, symptoms of, 98-99 dietary role, 16-17 digestibility, 47-48 in feeds, 68 in formulating fish diets, 49 in heavy metal toxicity, 41 iodine, 21 iron, 19 magnesium, 18 manganese, 20 phosphorous, 17-18 phytic acid in bioavailability of, 38-39 potassium, 18-19 selenium, 20-21 sodium, 18-19 sources of, 16, 17 trytophan in metabolism of, 11-12 zinc, 20 Mollusks, 41 Mullet, grey, 34 Mycotoxins, 40-41 Myoinositol deficiency, 31 dietary requirements, 25, 31 sources of, 30 N Natural ingredient diet, 11, 20, 39, 52 live foods, 56 zinc in, 20 Niacin deficiency, 29 dietary requirements, 24 role of, 29 sources of, 29 toxicity, 29 Nitrogen fecal, 43 in heat increment of feeding, 4 O Oxidation of feed lipids, 41 Oxytetracycline, 34 P Pantothenic acid deficiency, 28 dietary requirements, 24 role of, 28 Parrotfish myoinositol requirements, 31 pantothenic acid requirements, 28 thiamin requirements, 27 Peanuts, as protein source, 50 Pesticides, 42 Phosphates, 16 Phosphoinositide system cellular mediation of, 31 myoinositol in, 30 Phosphorous bioavailability, 47-48 deficiency, 17 dietary requirements, 17-18 role of, 17 sources of, 17, 18 in soybean meal, 50 Phytic acid, 38-39 Pigments, dietary, 35, 50, 60 Plaice, 34 Pollution, phosphorous, 48 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 42 Polyunsaturated fatty acids dietary requirements, 13-14 in temperature change response, 14-15 Potassium, 16 deficiency, 19 dietary requirements, 18-19 in tryptophan deficiency, 12 Protein in aflatoxin carcinogenicity, 41 amino acid synthesis, 6 digestibility, 44-45 in heat increment of feeding, 4 heat of combustion of, 4 hemagglutinating agents, 38 hydrolysis, 6 magnesium-protein interaction, 18 sources of, 50 structure, 6 trypsin inhibitors, 38 Protein-energy ratio, 5 Protein-lipid ratio, 5, 52 Protein requirement amino acids and, 6, 8-11 calculations, 6, 8 developmental factors, 6 in experimental diets, 52 in formulating fish diets, 49 for maximum growth, 6-8 tilapia pond diets, 57 water temperature and, 6-7 Purified diets, 11, 52

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Pyridoxine assessment, 28 deficiency, 28 dietary requirements, 24 forms of, 28 role of, 28 R Rainbow trout. See also Salmonids amino acid requirements, 11 aversion to fungi in feeds, 41 biotin requirements, 29 carbohydrate consumption, 5 carbohydrate digestibility in, 47 choline requirements, 30, 31 chromium requirements, 21 cyclopropenoic fatty acids in diet of, 39 daily feed allowances, 58 energy requirements, 6 essential fatty acid deficiency, 13 fasting heat production, 4 fat digestibility in, 46 feed binders in, 36 feeding practices, 58-60 heat increment of feeding, 4 insulin metabolism, 16 iodine requirements, 21 magnesium requirements, 18 manganese requirements, 20 mercury in, 41-42 methionine requirements, 12 mineral digestibility in, 47, 48 myoinositol requirements, 31 nutrient requirements, 63 protein-lipid ratio, 5, 52 protein requirement, 7 pyridoxine requirements, 28 riboflavin requirements, 27-28 selenium requirements, 20, 21 thiamin requirements, 27 vitamin A requirements, 22 vitamin D in, 25-26 vitamin E in, 26 zinc requirements, 20 Rapeseed erucic acid in, 40 glucosinolates in, 39-40 nutrient availability in, 50 Red sea bream antibiotics in diet of, 34 calcium requirements, 17 carbohydrate metabolism, 15-16 fatty acid deficiencies, 13, 14 hormonal supplements in diet of, 34 insulin metabolism, 16 iron requirements, 19 mineral deficiency, 98-99 myoinositol requirements, 31 phosphorous requirements, 17, 18 potassium requirements, 19 sodium requirements, 19 thiamin requirements, 27 vitamin deficiency, 100-102 Reproduction in energy efficiency ratio, 6 essential fatty acid deficiency, 13 hormone supplements in, 34 manganese in, 20 vitamin C in, 32 zinc in, 20 Riboflavin assessment, 28 deficiency, 27-28 dietary requirements, 23, 28 role of, 27 toxicity, 28 Roach, 31 Rohu, 30 Rotifer, 56 S Sablefish, 34 Salmonids. See also Rainbow trout adverse feeding reactions in, 37 amino acid antagonisms in, 12-13 amino acid deficiency, 98 antibiotics in diet of, 34 Atlantic, 60-61 calcium requirements, 17 canola meal in diet of, 39-40 carbohydrate metabolism, 15-16 copper requirements, 19-20 dietary fat requirements, 13 dietary fiber in, 33 feeding practices for, 60-61 feed moisture, 33, 60 fishmeal in diets of, 51 folate requirements, 30 gossypol in diets of, 39 hormonal supplements in diet of, 34 iodine requirements, 21 iron requirements, 19 larval, 55 methionine deficiency, 11 mineral deficiency, 98-99 mycotoxin contamination of feed, 40 niacin requirements, 29 nutrient digestibility, 44-45 nutrient requirements, 63 Pacific, 60 pantothenic acid requirements, 28 phosphorous requirements, 17-18 phosphorous sources for, 18 pigment deposition in, 35

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potassium requirements, 19 production diets for, 52 protein requirement, 5, 6 purified reference diets, 52 pyridoxine requirements, 28 riboflavin requirements, 27 selenium requirements, 20-21 sodium requirements, 19 sources of dietary energy, 5 soybean feeds for, 50 tryptophan deficiencies, 11-12 vitamin A requirements, 22 vitamin B12 requirements, 30 vitamin C in, 31, 32 vitamin deficiency, 100-102 vitamin E requirements, 26 vitamin requirements, 22 zinc requirements in, 39 Scales, calcium requirements, 17 Sea bass, 34 Selenium, 16, 48 deficiency, 20-21 dietary requirements, 20-21 to reduce mercury toxicity, 42 role of, 20 sources of, 21 toxicity, 21 vitamin E interaction, 26 Serotonin, 11 Sex alteration, 34 Sodium, 16 dietary requirements, 18-19 in tryptophan deficiency, 12 Soybean meal hemagglutinating agents in, 38 lysine in, 50 nutrient availability, 50 phytates in, 38-39 protein digestibility, 45 trypsin inhibitors in, 38 Steroids, 34 Striped bass dietary fat requirements, 13-14 feeding practices for, 58 larval, 55 Striped jack, 14 Sturgeon, 16 Substrates, 4 Sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim, 34 Sulfates, 16 Symptoms of dietary deficiencies/excesses, 98-102 abnormal cartilage development, 31 altered hepatic enzyme activity, 39 anemia, 19, 22, 26, 28, 30, 31 anorexia, 18, 19, 22, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 42 arterial sclerosis, 34 ascites, 31 ataxia, 29 bacterial kidney disease, 21 bone mineralization, 17 cataracts, 11, 18, 19, 20, 27-28 caudal fin necrosis, 22 clubbed gills, 28 congested fins, 27 convulsions, 18, 19, 28 corneal occlusion, 27 corneal opacity, 32 dark skin coloration, 22, 27, 30, 31 death, 13, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 40, 42 decreased intestinal lipase, 38 deformed jaws, 29 depigmentation, 22, 26, 29 dermal, 13, 20, 29, 40 diarrhea, 19 droopy tail syndrome, 25 edema, 22, 26, 29 erratic swimming, 28, 29 exophthalmia, 22, 31 extended abdomens, 30 exudative diathesis, 20-21 eye lesions, 22, 27 fin erosion, 31 fin hemorrhage, 32 gill hyperplasia, 28 gonad dysfunction, 42 hemorrhages, 27 hemorrhagic kidney, 22 hemorrhagic liver, 22 hepatic enzyme disorders, 17 hepatoma, 40 hepatomas, 39 Hitra disease, 19 hypercalcemia, 25 hyperglycemia, 16 hyperirritability, 27, 28 hyperplasia of gill epithelium, 42 hypocalcemia, 25 increased bacterial infection, 21, 30 increased fat deposition, 15, 17, 29, 39, 40 increased glycogen deposition, 39 increased liver fat, 25, 30, 31 intestinal lesions, 29 kidney granulomatosis, 32 kidney lesions, 40 lesions, 39 lethargy, 28, 31, 42 lipid degeneration, 35 liver color, 19, 26, 30 liver lesions, 40, 42 liver necrosis, 34, 39, 42 liver size, 15, 22, 42 lordosis, 31 muscle degeneration, 18 muscular dystrophy, 20,26 myocarditis, 13 photosensitivity, 27, 29 protruded eyes, 30 reduced blood phosphate, 17

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renal calcinosis, 18, 21, 25-26 reproductive performance, 13, 20, 32 scoliosis, 11-12, 13, 31 short-body dwarfism, 20, 28 skeletal abnormalities, 20 slow gastric emptying, 31 tetany, 19 thyroid dysfunction, 21, 39, 42 twisted gill opercula, 22 underdeveloped swim bladder, 13 vascular degeneration, 34 vertebral abnormalities, 17, 18 whole-body hypercalcinosis, 18 See also Growth/weight gain T Thiamin deficiency, 27, 40 dietary requirements, 23, 27 Thiaminase, 40 Thyroid diet and, 56 glucosinolates in dysfunction of, 39 iodine intake effects, 21 Tilapia calcium requirements, 17 carbohydrate consumption, 5 carbohydrate digestibility in, 47 carbohydrate metabolism, 16 dietary fat requirements, 13 feeding practices for, 57-58 gossypol in diet of, 39 magnesium requirements, 18 manganese requirements, 20 mineral deficiency, 98-99 nutrient digestibility, 45 nutrient requirements, 63 phosphorous sources for, 18 protein requirement, 6 response to feeding stimulants, 36 vitamin A in, 22 vitamin B12 requirements, 30 vitamin C in, 31, 32 zinc requirements, 20 Trimethylamine, 37 Trypsin inhibitors, 38 Tryptophan deficiency, 11-12 in niacin synthesis, 29 Turbot adverse feeding reactions in, 37 thiamin requirements, 27 U Urine, 3-4 V Vitamin A deficiency, 22 dietary requirements, 22, 23 role of, 22 sources of, 22 storage, 22 toxicity, 22 Vitamin B6. See Pyridoxine Vitamin B12 deficiency, 30 dietary requirements, 24, 30 role of, 30 Vitamin C assessment, 32 deficiency, 31-32 dietary requirements, 25, 32 role of, 31, 32 sources of, 31 Vitamin D deficiency, 25 dietary requirements, 23, 25 sources of, 25 storage, 22 toxicity, 25-26 Vitamin E as antioxidant, 34-35 assessment, 26 deficiency, 26, 41 dietary requirements, 23, 26 oxidized feed oils and, 41 role of, 20, 26 selenium interaction, 26 sources of, 26 storage, 22 toxicity, 26 Vitamin K deficiency, 27 dietary requirements, 23 forms of, 26-27 role of, 26 sources of, 27 storage, 22 Vitamins in commonly used feeds, 69 deficiency, 22, 100-102 dietary requirements, 21-22, 23-25 fat-soluble, 21, 22 in formulating fish diets, 49 role of, 21 sources of, 21 water-soluble, 27 See also specific vitamin Vomitoxin, 41

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W Water temperature in catfish feeding, 57 digestibility and, 44 in heat increment of feeding, 4 lipid responses to change in, 14-15 protein requirement and, 6-7 in rainbow trout feeding, 58-60 Weight gain. See Growth/weight gain Winter flounder, 34 Y Yellowtail aversive feeding reactions in, 37 carbohydrate metabolism, 16 folate requirements, 30 high-carbohydrate diets, 15 insulin metabolism, 16 iron requirements, 19 myoinositol requirements, 31 pantothenic acid requirements, 28 pigment deposition in, 36 pyridoxine requirements, 28 vitamin A requirements, 22 vitamin C requirements, 32 vitamin deficiency, 100-102 vitamin E requirements, 26 Z Zain, 6 Zinc, 16 bioavailability, 48 deficiency, 20, 38 dietary requirements, 20 intake and bioavailability, 20 sources of, 20 in soybean meal feeds, 39 Zooplankton, 56

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Other Titles in the Series Nutrient Requirements of Horses, 5th Rev. Ed., 1989 0-309-03989-4 Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle, 6th Rev. Ed., Update 1989 0-309-03826-X Nutrient Requirements of Swine, 9th Rev. Ed., 1988 0-309-03779-4 Nutrient Requirements of Cats, Rev. Ed., 1986 0-309-03682-8 Nutrient Requirements of Sheep, 6th Rev. Ed., 1985 0-309-03596-1 Nutrient Requirements of Dogs, Rev. Ed., 1985 0-309-03496-5 Nutrient Requirements of Poultry, 8th Rev. Ed., 1984 0-309-03486-8 Nutrient Requirements of Beef Cattle, 6th Rev. Ed., 1984 0-309-03447-7 Nutrient Requirements of Warm-water Fishes and Shellfishes, Rev. Ed., 1983 0-309-03428-0 Nutrient Requirements of Mink and Foxes, Rev. Ed., 1982 0-309-03325-X Nutrient Requirements of Cold-water Fishes, 1981 0-309-03187-7 Nutrient Requirements of Goats, 1981 0-309-03185-0 Nutrient Requirements of Laboratory Animals, 3rd Rev. Ed., 1978 0-309-02767-5 Nutrient Requirements of Nonhuman Primates, 1978 0-309-02786-1 Nutrient Requirements of Rabbits, 2nd Rev. Ed., 1977 0-309-02607-5 Related Publications Predicting Feed Intake of Food-Producing Animals, 1987 0-309-03695-X Vitamin Tolerance of Animals, 1987 0-309-03728-X Further information, additional titles of Board on Agriculture publications, and prices are available from the National Academy Press, 2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, D.C. 20418. PHONE: 1-202-334-3313 (information only); 1-800-624-6242 (orders only); 1-202-334-2451 (fax).

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nutrient requirements