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OCR for page 161
Index
A
Ad libitum feeding, 64-65, 128, 129, 130
Aging studies, 64, 130-140
Albino animals, 55-57, 104
Alleles, 24-25, 131
American Association for Accreditation of
Laboratory Animal Care, 86
American Association for Laboratory Animal
Science, 11
American College of Laboratory Animal
Medicine, 114
American Veterinary Medical Association
(AVMA), 8, 106
Anesthesia and analgesia, see Pain
alleviation
Animal care
ethical issues in, 3-4, 6, 10
fluid-replacement therapy, 104-105
for diabetes mellitus, 142-147
for pregnant or lactating females, 143-
144
postoperative, 104-105
preventive medicine, 85-90
resuscitation, 102-103
see also Pain; Quarantine
Animal collectors' permits, 128
161
Animal facility design, 114-118
centralization, 115-116
ergonomics, 13
security issues, 9, 116, 119-120
waste disposal, 70
see also Ventilation
Animal housing, 3, 38, 44-49; see also
Cages
Animal husbandry, 1, 10, 14, 31, 97-98,
117, 135-136
Animal research, 1-3
alternatives to, 10, 16
value of, 3~
Animal restraint, long-term, 3, 8, 100
Animal stabilization, 87-89, 137
Animal survival surgery, 7, 10, 72, 100-105
Animal Welfare Act, 2
Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs), 1, 6
7, 9, 85-86, 103
Animal Welfare Standards, 114
Antibiotics, 73-74, 96-97
Anxiety, interspecies, 90
Association of Official Analytical Chemists,
62
AWRs, see Animal Welfare Regulations
(AWRs)
Axenic animals, 28-29, 62, 65, 124
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162
B
Back-crossing, 19-20
Bacteria, see Infectious agents
Bar-code identifiers, 71
Barrier facilities, 119, 142, 148
Barrier-maintained animals, 28-29, 86
B edding, 14, 45, 51, 65-66, 125
Biosafety in microbiologic and biomedical
laboratories, 2, 6? 119
see also Hazardous agents
Biosafety In the Laboratory, 1 19
"Blindness" of studies, ensuring, 32
Blood products, human, 15
C
Cages, 44-46; see also Animal housing,
Bedding; Food; Water
autoclaving of, 69, 88
extra, 68
filter-top, 46-47, 51, 86-87, 91, 122
123, 148
floor construction, 45-46. 73, 75-76
identification cards, 71
irradiation of, 69
mechanical washing of, 68-69
racking systems, 46
space recommendations, 47-49
Caloric-restriction feeding, 64, 131
Cannibalization, 74
Carcass disposal, 14, 70
Caring for animals. See Animal care
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,
87
Chemical hazards, see Hazardous agents
Chinchillas (Chinchilla laniger), 76
Circadian regulation, 57
Circular and circular-paired mating systems,
40
Cleaning of animal facilities, 66-69, 122
Climate-controlled passageways, 115
Closed-circuit television, 120
Coisogenic strains, 19, 23
Color-coding, 70-71
Common ancestral branch, 37
Compliance, 1, 3, 7, 9- 11, 71
Compromised-immune-status animals, 66, 69
Computer-controlled security systems, 120
Congenic strains, l9, 23
Containment facilities, 116
INDEX
Continuing education, 11
Conventionally maintained animals, 29
"Core" agents monitored, 91
Cryopreservation, 37-38' 40-42, 151
D
Defined-flora animals, 29
Degus (Octodon degas), 128
Deprivation, 3, 8
Detergents, see Cleaning of animal facilities
Diabetes mellitus, 142- 147
Diabetes-prone or diabetes-resistant strains,
140-147
Disease agents, see Infectious agents
Disinfectants, 87; see also Cleaning of
animal racllltles
Distress, see Pain
Drinking Water, see Water
E
Education, public, 4; see also Training
programs
Electrophoretic typing of isoenzymes, 31
ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent
assay), 89
Embryo cryopreservation, 40-42
Emergencies, planning for, 96
Environment enrichment, 48; see also
Microenvironment
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 2,
114
Ethical issues in animal care, 3-4, 6, 10
Euthanasia, 3, 8, 10, 97, 105-107, 137-138
Expansion colonies, 38-39
Expedited review, 8
Experimental design factors, 31-32
F
F1 hybrids. 18, 23
Facility design, see Animal facility design
Feral animals, 127-130
Fighting, 48, 74-75. 135
Filtration of incoming air. 53, 91
Food. 58-64, 125
autoclaving of. 62-63, 125
diets, 59-62
ethylene oxide -fumigation of, 63
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INDEX
introduction of new, 72
irradiation of, 63, 125
pasteurization of, 62-63
sample testing, 62
supplementation of, 72, 74, 139
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 2,
114
Foundation colonies, 38, 141-142
Funding agencies, 1, 6
G
Genetic
drift, 36, 132
heterogeneity, 37
locus symbols, 25-26
mapping studies, 20
material, introducing, 147
monitoring, 30-31
nomenclature, 24-26
uniformity, maximizing, 36-37
Genetically defined stocks, 18-20, 35-39
F1 hybrids, 18
inbred strains, 18
purity of, 30-31, 40-42
Genetically engineered animals, see
Transgenic strains
Gerbil, Mongolian (Meriones unguiculatus),
17, 75, 94, 140-141
Gerontologic studies, 64, 130-140
Gloves protective, 127
Gnotobiotic animals, 29
Good Laboratory Practice Standards, 2, 114
Grouping experimental animals, 31, 48; see
also Fighting
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals, 1, 15, 47-48, 53, 74, 85
86, 90, 97-100, 103, 116-119, 125
Guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus), 17-18, 68,
72-73, 91-94, 96, 104, 107, 138
139
H
Hamsters
163
dwarf or Siberian or Djungarian
(Phodopus sungorus), 128
Syrian or golden (Mesocricetus
auratus), 17-18, 56, 68, 73-75, 91-
94, 96, 107, 139
Turkish (Mesocricetus brandti), 139
Hazardous agents? 3, 13-15
designing facilities for handling, 119
in bedding, 67
in cell cultures, 15
in excrement, 14
in exhaust air, 53
in tissue samples, 15, 70, 89
in water, 70
viral replication of, 152
zoonotic diseases, 12, 128, 152
Health Research Extension Act, 1
Heteromyid rodents, 128
Hibernating animals, 74, 127, 139
Homogeneity of experimental animals, 31
Homologous recombination, 25-26
Humidity, 50-52, 125
Hybridization
heterozygous, 39-40
residual, 21
segregating, 19
uniform, 18
homozygous, 19-20, 150
Hybrids, 18, 23
Hypothermia for neonate anesthesia, 102
Hysterectomy-derived animals, 86, 88
Hystricomorph rodents, 128
I
Chinese (Cricetulus barabensis
[griseus]), 128, 140
common or black-bellied or European
(Cricetus cricetus), 128
IACUC, see Institutional animal care and
use committee (IACUC)
"Ideal" body weight (IBW), 143-144
Identification devices, 71-72, 152
IFA, see Testing, immunofluorescence assay
(IFA)
Illinois cubicle, 46
Illumination effects, 55-57
Immune-compromised animals, 93, 119,
121-126, 148
Immune survivors, 97
Immunology studies, age-related, 131
Inbred strains, 18, 21-23, 40
Infectious agents, 14-15, 27-30, 53, 91-94,
137
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64
Bordetella bronchiseptica, 45-46, 73,
94
cilia-associated respiratory (CAR)
bacillus, 93-94, 96
Corynebacterium kutscheri, 88, 94
culturable bacterial pathogens, 94
ectromelia virus, 96
hantaviruses, 12, 88, 95
Hymenolepis nana, 12
Junin virus, 88
in exhaust air, 53
Lassa fever virus, 88, 128
lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCM)
virus, 12, 88-89
Machupo virus, 88
mouse hepatitis virus, 91, 93, 97
mouse orphan parvovirus (MOPV), 92
93
Mycoplasma pulmonis, 88, 93-94, 96,
133
parainfluenza virus, 92
Pasteurella pneumotropica, 88, 94
Salmonella, 12
Sendai virus, 91-93, 97
simian virus, 91-93
Streptobacillus monilifor7nis, 12, 94
treatment and control of, 96-97
see also Hazardous agents
Inoculation of blood or tissue homogenates,
intracranial, 89
Institute of Laboratory Resources (ILAR)
Animal Models and Genetics Stocks
Data Base, 127
Committee on Preservation of
Laboratory Resources, 41
Committee on Transgenic
Nomenclature, 25
laboratory registry, 22
Institutional animal care and use committee
(IACUC), 2-3, 6-15, 49, 71, 98-
101, 106
Interagency Research Animal Committee, 3
International Airline Transport Association
(IATA), 86-87
International Committee on Standardized
Genetic Nomenclature for Mice,
17n. 21
International Council for Laboratory Animal
Science, 21
International Index of Laboratory Animals.
127
INDEX
International Rat Genetic Nomenclature
Committee, 21
Interspecies anxiety, 90
Investigations
involving animal use, 2, 6-7
involving disease outbreaks, 96
Isogeneity, 18-19
Isolating infected animals, 54
Isolator-maintained animals, 28, 47, 119,
123-124, 126, 148
K
"Knockout" mutations, 25, 146
L
Laboratory codes, 22-23
Laboratory recordkeeping, 12-13, 42, 71-72,
136, 150-151
Lactation, 143- 144
LCM, see Infectious agents, lymphocytic
choriomeningitis (LCM) virus
Life span, 130-132
Life tables for mouse strains, 132
Light intensity, 55-57, 135
M
Macroenvironment, 50
MAP, see Testing, mouse antibody-
production (MAP)
Mice
deer (Peromyscus maniculatus), 130
four-striped grass (Rhabdomys
pumilio), 129
grasshopper (Onychomys sp.), 128
laboratory, 2, 6, 17n, 17-18
Swiss, 131
white-footed (Peromyscus leucopus),
129, 138
Microbiologically associated animals, 28-29,
62, 119, 123
Microenvironment, 49-51, 54
Mineral concentrations in drinking water, 65
Monitoring
breeding stock, 30-31, 141 - 142
confidence levels in 95
drug interactions 105
ectoparasites and endoparasites, 92-93
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INDEX
facilities, 87-97, 116, 118, 137
motion, 120
sampling errors, 94-96
Moribund appearance, 137-138
Mouse Genome Database (MOD), 21
Multiple-gene systems, 20
Mus, see Mice
Mutant
alleles, 25
animals, 36, 121-122
N
National Center for Toxicological Research
(NCTR), 132-134
National Institute on Aging (NIA), 130,
113-134
National Research Council (NRC), 10, 58,
114
National Safety Council, 70
National Sanitation Foundation, 69
Necropsies, 94, 97, 131
Neonates anesthesia, 102
Neurobiologil studies of aging, 133
Neuromuscular blocking agents. See Pain
alleviation
No-contaminant animals, 29
Noise? 57-58. 119
Nongenetically defined stocks, 20, 39-40
Noninbred populations, 20
Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, 146-147
Nucleus colonies, 38
Nutrient analysis, 61-62
o
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 26
Observation, periodic, 11, 90, 94
Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA), 12
Odors, masking, 67
Office for Protection from Research Risks
(OPRR), 2
Outbred populations, 20, 27
p
Pain, 3, 7, 10, 98-100, 102, 105
Parental strains, 21, 23, 36
Patent law, 152
165
Pathogen-free animals, 29
Pedigree management, 35-38, 41
Personnel
allergies, 13
prophylactic immunization, 12-14, 128
qualifications, 8-11
records, 13
safety and health concerns, 12-14, 88
serum-banking for, 13-14, 152
tetanus shots for, 13, 128
training, 6, 9-11
Pest control, 70-71, 91
Pets, rodents as, 91
Phenotype preservation, 141-142
Pheromones, 67, 128
Photoperiod control, 55-56
PHS Policy, see Public Health Service
Policy on Humane Care and Use of
Laboratory Animals
Pododermatitis, 45
Polygenic-trait analysis, 132, 146
Population dynamics, 47
Pregnancy, 143- 144
Presbycusis, 139
Preventative medicine. 85-90
Procurement, 85-87
Production colonies, 39
Protective wear, 13, 127
Protocol review, 7-9
Public accountability, 1
Public Health Service Policy on Humane
Care and Use of Laboratory
Animals, 1-2, 6-7, 9, 85, 106
Q
Quarantine
during disease outbreak, 96
of newly arrived animals, 54, 86-89,
91, 137
regulations, 40-41, 152
R
Radioisotope use, 14-15
Randomization, structured, 39
Random-mated populations, 20
Rat Genome, 21
Rats
black (Rattus rattus), 127
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66
fat sand (Psammomys obesus), 128
kangaroo (Dipodomys spp.), 128
laboratory (Rattles norvegicus), 2, 6,
17-18, 107, 132-134
white-tailed (Mystromys albicaudatus),
128
Reciprocal hybrids, 18
Recombinant DNA, 14
Recombinant strains
cogenic, 20, 131-132
inbred (RI), 19-20, 131
Regulatory Enforcement and Animal Care
(REAC), 2
Regulatory issues, 1-3, 10
Reproductive performance, 36, 38-39
Resuscitation, 102- 103
"Ring tail," 51
Risk assessment, 12
Rodent pathogens, see Infectious agents
Rodent pets, prohibiting, 91
Rodents in laboratory research
advantages of, 17-18
quality considerations, 27-31
S
Safety procedures, 13; see also Hazardous
agents
Sanitation, 45~6, 66-71
Security systems, 120
Sedation, see Pain alleviation
Segregating inbred strains, 19, 23
Seizures, audiogenic, 58
Self-regulation by institutions, 2
Senescence-accelerated mice (SAM), 132
Sentinel animals, 96-97, 126, 137, 148
virus-free, 89
Seroconversion, 96
Social requirements of rodents, 48
Sound-induced stress, 57-58
Space recommendations
for animals, 47-49
for facility, 6, 116- 117
Species selection, 7, 16-32
Specific-pathogen-free (SPF)
animals, 29-30, 62, 65, 86, 88, 119,
130-133, 139, 146
Splenocyte treatment, 144-146
Statistical design, 32
Sterilization in surgery, 101-104
INDEX
Stock selection, 18-20, 35-40
Subclinical infections, 94-95, 101
Subjective evaluation, 32
Subline divergence, 19, 37
Substrains, 21-23
Superovulation, 148-149
Surgery, see Animal survival surgery
Survival curves, 131, 133-134
T
Tamperproof security systems, 120
TBASE registry of transgenic strains, 26
Teaching uses of animals, 6
Television, closed-circuit, 120
Temperature effects, 50-51, 124-125, 136,
145
Testing
bacteriologic, 92-94
complement-fixation, 89
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA), 89
glycosuria, 142, 146
hemagglutination inhibition (HAI), 92
immunofluorescence assay (IFA), 89.
92
mouse antibody-production (MAP), 89
neutralization, 89
parasitologic, 88
pathologic, 94
polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
analysis, 149- 151
serologic, 88, 93
Southern blotting analysis, 148-149
toxicologic, 8
Timing devices, 56
Toe-clipping, 71
Toxicologic studies, 8, 59-60, 63-65
Training programs, 11, 14; see also
Education, public
Tranquilization, see Pain alleviation
Transgenic strains, 19, 25-26, 119, 147-152
Transponder identification device,
subcutaneous, 152
Transportation, 86-87, 126, 136-137, 145,
151-152
Trauma studies, see Pain alleviation
Trio matings, 39
Tumor growth, 8
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INDEX
U
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, 55
Unauthorized animal use, see Investigations,
involving animal use
Universal warning signs, 15
U.S. Code, 1-2
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 2,
85-87
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection
Service 2
V
Vaccinations, prophylactic, 13-14
Vandalism at animal-research facilities, 4
Ventilation, 50-54
airlocks, 117-1 1 8
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA)
filtration, 53, 124
of cages, 54, 123
167
Veterinary care, 3, 6, 11, 90, 96, 98
Viral replication. See Hazardous agents
Viruses, see Infectious agents
Visitor control, 91
Vocalizations, 57
Voles (Microtus spp.), 128
W
Water, 46, 64-65, 125-126
Wild animals, 127-130
Woodchucks (Marmota monox), 127, 129
130
z
Zoonotic diseases, see Hazardous agents
Representative terms from entire chapter:
infectious agents
