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Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment (1994)
Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology (BEST)

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. "Part I Current Approaches to Risk Assessment: 2 Risk Assessment and its Social and Regulatory Contexts." Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1994.

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addition to having a more overarching view of the practice of risk assessment. Therefore, the committee supplements the Red Book paradigm with a second approach—one that is less fragmented (and hence more holistic), less linear and more interactive, and, most important, one organized not according to discipline or function, but according to the recurring conceptual issues that cut across all the stages of risk assessment. These cross-cutting issues are described in Part II of this report.

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FIGURE I-1
NAS/NRC risk assessment/management paradigm. SOURCE: Adapted from NRC, 1983a.

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FIGURE I-2
Relationships in assessing human health risks of exposure to hazardous
air pollutants. SOURCE: Adapted from NRC, 1983a.

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Front Matter (R1-R16)
Executive Summary (1-15)
1 Introduction (16-22)
Part I Current Approaches to Risk Assessment: 2 Risk Assessment and its Social and Regulatory Contexts (23-42)
3 Exposure Assessment (43-55)
4 Assessment of Toxicity (56-67)
5 Risk Characterization (68-78)
Part II Strategies for Improving Risk Assessment: 6 Default Options (79-105)
7 Models, Methods, and Data (106-143)
8 Data Needs (144-159)
9 Uncertainty (160-187)
10 Variability (188-223)
11 Aggregation (224-242)
Part III Implementation of Findings: 12 Implementation (243-268)
References (269-286)
Appendix A: Risk Assessment Methodologies: EPA (287-350)
Appendix B: EPA Memorandum from Henry Habicht (351-374)
Appendix C: Calculation and Modeling of Exposure (375-382)
Appendix D: Working Paper for Considering Draft Revisions to the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Cancer Risk Assessment (383-448)
Appendix E: Use of Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate from Animal Data to Humans (449-452)
Appendix F: Uncertainty Analysis of Health Risk Estimates (453-478)
Appendix G: Improvement in Human Health Risk Assessment Utilizing Site- and Chemical-Specific Information: A Case Study (479-502)
Appendix H-1: Some Definitional Concerns About Variability (503-504)
Appendix H-2: Individual Susceptibility Factors (505-514)
Appendix I: Aggregation (515-536)
Appendix J: A Tiered Modeling Approach for Assessing the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants (537-582)
Appendix K: Science Advisory Board Memorandum on the Integrated Risk Information System and EPA Response (583-590)
Appendix L: Development of Data Used in Risk Assessment (591-598)
Appendix M: Charge to the Committee (599-600)
Appendix N-1: The Case for (601-628)
Appendix N-2: Making Full Use of Scientific Information in Risk Assessment (629-640)
Index (641-652)