Science and Judgment in Risk Assessment

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Table of Contents
Front Matter R1-R16
Executive Summary 1-15
1 Introduction 16-22
Part I Current Approaches to Risk Assessment: 2 Risk Assessment and its Social and Regulatory Contexts 23-42
3 Exposure Assessment 43-55
4 Assessment of Toxicity 56-67
5 Risk Characterization 68-78
Part II Strategies for Improving Risk Assessment: 6 Default Options 79-105
7 Models, Methods, and Data 106-143
8 Data Needs 144-159
9 Uncertainty 160-187
10 Variability 188-223
11 Aggregation 224-242
Part III Implementation of Findings: 12 Implementation 243-268
References 269-286
Appendix A: Risk Assessment Methodologies: EPA 287-350
Appendix B: EPA Memorandum from Henry Habicht 351-374
Appendix C: Calculation and Modeling of Exposure 375-382
Appendix D: Working Paper for Considering Draft Revisions to the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Cancer Risk Assessment 383-448
Appendix E: Use of Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate from Animal Data to Humans 449-452
Appendix F: Uncertainty Analysis of Health Risk Estimates 453-478
Appendix G: Improvement in Human Health Risk Assessment Utilizing Site- and Chemical-Specific Information: A Case Study 479-502
Appendix H-1: Some Definitional Concerns About Variability 503-504
Appendix H-2: Individual Susceptibility Factors 505-514
Appendix I: Aggregation 515-536
Appendix J: A Tiered Modeling Approach for Assessing the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants 537-582
Appendix K: Science Advisory Board Memorandum on the Integrated Risk Information System and EPA Response 583-590
Appendix L: Development of Data Used in Risk Assessment 591-598
Appendix M: Charge to the Committee 599-600
Appendix N-1: The Case for 601-628
Appendix N-2: Making Full Use of Scientific Information in Risk Assessment 629-640
Index 641-652

Table of Contents

Front Matter R1-R16

Executive Summary 1-15

1 Introduction 16-22

Part I Current Approaches to Risk Assessment: 2 Risk Assessment and its Social and Regulatory Contexts 23-42

3 Exposure Assessment 43-55

4 Assessment of Toxicity 56-67

5 Risk Characterization 68-78

Part II Strategies for Improving Risk Assessment: 6 Default Options 79-105

7 Models, Methods, and Data 106-143

8 Data Needs 144-159

9 Uncertainty 160-187

10 Variability 188-223

11 Aggregation 224-242

Part III Implementation of Findings: 12 Implementation 243-268

References 269-286

Appendix A: Risk Assessment Methodologies: EPA 287-350

Appendix B: EPA Memorandum from Henry Habicht 351-374

Appendix C: Calculation and Modeling of Exposure 375-382

Appendix D: Working Paper for Considering Draft Revisions to the U.S. EPA Guidelines for Cancer Risk Assessment 383-448

Appendix E: Use of Pharmacokinetics to Extrapolate from Animal Data to Humans 449-452

Appendix F: Uncertainty Analysis of Health Risk Estimates 453-478

Appendix G: Improvement in Human Health Risk Assessment Utilizing Site- and Chemical-Specific Information: A Case Study 479-502

Appendix H-1: Some Definitional Concerns About Variability 503-504

Appendix H-2: Individual Susceptibility Factors 505-514

Appendix I: Aggregation 515-536

Appendix J: A Tiered Modeling Approach for Assessing the Risks Due to Sources of Hazardous Air Pollutants 537-582

Appendix K: Science Advisory Board Memorandum on the Integrated Risk Information System and EPA Response 583-590

Appendix L: Development of Data Used in Risk Assessment 591-598

Appendix M: Charge to the Committee 599-600

Appendix N-1: The Case for 601-628

Appendix N-2: Making Full Use of Scientific Information in Risk Assessment 629-640

Index 641-652