Index
A
Acceptable daily intake (ADI), 132, 315, 324-326
Accidental poisoning, 313
Acephate, 244
Acetaminophen, 57
Acetylcholinesterase, 54, 310, 341
inhibitions by organophosphates, 347
Acrodynia, 347
Acute exposure and effects, 50-53, 103, 104, 271
of aldicarb, 287-288
and daily intakes, 6, 11, 315, 317
of neurotoxins, 63-64
pharmaceutical studies, 54-60
see also Cholinesterase inhibition
Acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia (ANLL), and parental exposure, 307
Additive background model, cancer risk 328-330
Adolescence, see Age-related differences
Adults, see Age-related differences
Adverse effect, definition, 327
Age groups, in data analyses, 5, 6, 315
Age-related differences, 2-7, 11-12, 19, 105-107
cholinesterase inhibition, 53-54
dermal absorption, 77-78
dietary composition, 4, 38, 103, 181-187, 193-194, 196
gastrointestinal absorption, 82
protein binding, 85-86
pulmonary exposure, 79-80
risk assessment, 7, 11-12, 344-345
Agricultural application, see Application rates and methods;
Field trials
Agricultural Marketing Service, 216
Agricultural Research Service (ARS), 209-210, 216
Airborne exposure
indoor, 309-311
outdoor, 308-309
Alachlor, 246
Albumin, 86-87
cholinesterase inhibition, 53, 287-288
dietary exposure, 288-296
testing for, 253
in water, 226
Aldrin, 14.
See also Dieldrin
Alveolar epithelium, 79
Aminocarb, 67
Amphetamines, pesticide interactions, 348
Androgens, 28
Anemia
animal studies, 29-30
aplastic, 311
and poverty, 343
Anesthetics, 56
Animal models and studies, 107, 360, 362
acute effects, 50-53, 130, 133, 136, 334-335, 344
carcinogenesis, 34, 41-42, 70-75, 145-146, 334-338, 344-345
developmental toxicity, 4, 9, 29-32, 43-44, 146-147
extrapolation of, 20, 25, 43, 76-77, 96-102, 110, 324-328, 335-338, 360, 361
guidelines, 109, 129-131, 152-156
LD50 studies, 50-53, 334-335, 344
neurotoxicity, 9, 65-66, 128, 151-152, 155-156
reproductive toxicity, 9, 128, 147-149, 155
scaling, 96-102, 97-99, 110, 337
subchronic effects, 130, 137, 144-145
TD50 studies, 334-335
uncertainty factors, 9, 325-328, 360, 361
Anticonvulsants, 56-57
Antihistamines, pesticide interaction, 348
Aplastic anemia, and chlordane, 311
processed products, 259
Application rates and methods, 13, 14-16, 203-204
aerial, 308-309
and exposure estimates, 317, 318
geographic variations, 204-206, 228, 317
and sampling variation, 224, 226-227
see also Field trials
Arsenicals, 14
Atherosclerosis, 344
Atrazine, 246
Autocrine mechanisms, 28
Average daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317
Azidothymidine (AZT), 59-60
Azinphos, 273
B
Bananas, aldicarb residues, 289-296
Behavioral function, 24, 32, 62
dietary exposure, 278-287
in infant foods, 254
testing for, 253
Benzenehexachloride (BHC), 14
Bilirubin, 94-95
Bioaccumulation, of chlorinated hydrocarbons, 15
Bioassay protocols, 12
Birth defects, and parental exposure, 307-308
Blood-brain barrier, 89-90
Blood formation, 34
Blood vessels, age-related sensitivity, 39-40
Body composition, 24-27, 35-36.
See also Extracellular fluid volume
Body size and proportions, 28
Brain
blood-brain barrier, 89-90
cancer, 76
development, 25, 26, 28, 32, 34, 60
water composition, 36
see also Neurotoxicity
Breast cancer, 30-31
Breastfeeding, 182, 188-192, 340-341, 358-359
and lanolin, 313
residue levels in milk, 239-244, 261
Bronchitis, and chlordane, 311
Butyl mercapatan, 309
C
California
residue monitoring program, 219-220
Telone ban, 308
immunotoxicity, 67
potency factors, 335
cholinesterase inhibition, 52-53, 298, 309-310
in home-use products, 309-310, 313
see also Aldicarb
Carbaryl, 257
Carcinogenesis and neoplasms, 70, 76, 333, 349-351
age-related differences, 75, 351
animal studies, 34, 41-42, 70-75, 128, 129, 137, 145-146, 334-338, 344-345
benomyl, 277
and cell proliferation, 29, 30-32, 71, 75, 352-353
and functional development, 34, 41-42
lifetime risk, 351-357
and parental exposure, 307-308
risk assessment, 11-12, 323-324, 325, 328-338, 344-345, 349-357, 362
Telone, 308
and carcinogenesis, 29, 30-32, 71, 75, 352-353
Central nervous system, see Brain;
Neurotoxicity
Cereals, 259-260
Certification
of field in inspectors, 21
of labs, 222
Cervical cancer, 31
Chlordane
home use, 310-311
in human milk, 242
Chlordimeform, 335
Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides, 14-15
in ambient air, 309
in human milk, 239-241
Chlorpyrifos
and arylesterase, 346
in infant formula, 234
as reference standard, 301-304
Cholesterol intake, 344
Cholinesterase (ChE) inhibition, 52-54, 108
and asthmatics, 347
by carbamates, 52-53, 298, 309-310
and drug interactions, 347, 348-349
and genetic polymorphism, 346
and multiresidue exposure, 316
by organophosphates, 52-53, 297, 298-302, 309-310, 347
as residue test, 212
uncertainty factors, 325-326
Chronic exposure and effects, 4, 7, 104, 270-271
and daily intakes, 6, 11, 315, 317
risk assessment, 6, 11-12, 315
see also Carcinogenesis and neoplasms;
Low-level chronic exposure;
Neurotoxicity
Cisplatin, 34
Clonal expansion model, 362
Cognitive function, 24, 39, 62
Congenital rubella, 29
Consumption, see Daily intakes;
Dietary composition;
Dietary exposure;
Food consumption surveys;
Milk;
Water consumption
Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes of Individuals (CFSII), 160, 164 164, 167, 170, 172
Convolution, see Statistical convolution
Cooperative State Research Service (CSRS), 209, 216
Corn, 15
Crops, see Application rates and methods;
Field trials
Cyanazine, in water, 228, 229, 232
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 40
Cyclodienes, in human milk, 242-243
Cyclophosphamide, 59
Cytochrome P-450, 345, 347-348
D
Daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317
and surveys, 161-162, 166-168, 271-272
Data bases
of residue tests, 10, 217, 222, 223, 261
statistical convolution of, 5-6, 268, 275-277
Data collection and reporting, 4, 5, 7, 11, 107, 224-227, 260-261, 268, 314.
See also Data bases;
Field trials;
Food consumption surveys;
Laboratory analyses;
Risk assessment;
Samples and sampling methods;
Testing methods and protocols;
Uncertainty factors
Daunomycin, 58
DDT, 14-15
in human milk, 240-241
DEF, 309
Definitions
of adverse effect, 327
of developmental toxicology, 49
of pesticides, 14
Degradation products, 10, 206-207
Dental enamel dysplasia, 3
age-related differences, 77-78
and drug interactions, 349
playground equipment, 312
topical treatment, 312-313
Detection limits, see Limit of detection
Development, see Age-related differences;
Behavioral function;
Body composition;
Developmental toxicity;
Emotional development;
Fetal development;
Functional development;
Physical growth
Developmental toxicity, 3-4, 9, 19, 24-25, 49
animal studies, 4, 9, 29-32, 43-44, 146-147
Diary surveys, 163
Diazinon, 313
Dibromochloropropane (DBCP), in water, 228
Dibutyl disulfite, 309
Dicarboximide fungicides, 15
2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 15, 230
1,2-Dichloropropane (1,2-D), 228
1,3-Dichloropropene (1,3-D) (Telone), 227, 308
Dichlorvos, 310
Dicrotophos, 244
in human milk, 241
immunotoxicity, 67
Dietary composition, 10
age-related differences, 4, 38, 103, 181-187, 193-194, 196
intra-age group variation, 195
see also Food consumption surveys
Dietary exposure, 19, 267-270, 275-277, 314-315, 317-319
aldicarb, 288-296
benomyl, 278-287
of infants, 248-260 passim
organophosphates, 302-307
see also Breast-feeding;
Daily intakes;
Dietary composition;
Food consumption surveys;
Gastrointestinal absorption;
Infant formula;
Water consumption
Dietary Residue Evaluation System (DRES), 178-180
N,N-Diethyl-m-toluamide (Deet), 312, 346
Diethylstilbestrol, 37
Digoxin, pesticide interactions, 348
Dimethoate, 248
Distribution factors, 85-90
Disulfiram, drug interactions, 348
DNA damage, see Mutagenicity
Dose-response curves and models of carcinogenesis, 329-332, 33, 338
Drugs
pediatric use, 54-55
pesticide interactions, 347-349
Dursban, 310
Dust, as exposure source, 307
E
Economic Research Service (ERS), 204
Emotional development, 24
Encephalopathy, of Deet, 346
Endocrine mechanisms, 28
Environmental factors, and functional development, 37
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 15, 216
cancer risk estimation, 328, 335-336
and dose calculations, 326-327
inert ingredient regulation, 342-343
nondietary exposure study, 307
registration of pesticides, 16, 17-18, 127-128
residue testing data, 217
testing criteria and guidelines, 9, 127-156
and tolerances, 1, 5, 8, 18, 216
well water survey, 229
Enzymes, 92-94.
See also Cholinesterase inhibition
Estrogens, 28-29
Ethoprop, 309
Ethylenebisdithiocarbamates (EBDCs), 15, 17, 246
testing for, 253
Ethylene dibromide (EDB), 348
in water, 228
O-Ethyl O-p-nitrophenyphenylphosphonothioate (EPN), 342
Exposure, see Acute exposure and effects;
Airborne exposure;
Chronic exposure and effects;
Dermal exposure;
Dietary exposure;
Low-level chronic exposure;
Nondietary exposure;
Pulmonary exposure
Extracellular fluid volume, 35, 36
and chemical distribution, 87-89
and sensitivity, 41
F
Fat, body composition, 24, 27, 35
Fat intake, 344
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), 1, 13, 17
Federal Government, see Environmental Protection Agency;
Food and Drug Administration;
U.S. Department of Agriculture
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), 1, 13 , 14, 17, 127, 208
Females
body composition, 35
Fetal alcohol syndrome, 61
Fetal development and effects, 20, 23, 61, 360, 361
pharmacokinetic models, 12, 339-341
Field trials, 10, 208, 269, 315-316, 317
benomyl 280-281
Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), 216-217
Fish-eye disease, 346
Flea control products, 309, 311
Florida, residue monitoring program, 220
Flour, in infant foods, 259-260
Food, see Daily intakes;
Dietary composition;
Dietary exposure;
Food consumption surveys;
Infant formula;
Milk;
Processed foods;
Raw agricultural commodities;
Water consumption
Food additives, 65
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 216
benomyl monitoring, 283
Dietary Residue Evaluation System, 178-180
drug approval, 54-55
maximal permitted intake, 326
monitoring programs, 5, 10, 161, 212, 216, 217-219, 244-254, 262
Food consumption surveys, 4-5, 10, 159-161, 197
analysis, 167-168
design, 164-167
limitations of, 5, 11, 169-170
methodology, 161-164
sampling methods, 165-167
validation, 168-169
Food Contam, 221
Food processing, see Processed food
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), 216, 219
residue levels, 249, 250, 254, 255, 256, 258
Fungicides, 14, 15, 16-17, 204-206.
See also specific compounds
G
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), 25
γ-Benzene hexachloride, 78
γ-Globulin, 86
Gas chromatography, 212, 215, 218
Gastrointestinal absorption, 80-85
age-related differences, 82
of heavy metals, 82-84
Genetic susceptibility, 345-347
Genotoxicity, see Mutagenicity
Geographic variations
food consumption survey results, 165, 166
in pesticide use, 204-206, 228, 317
in water consumption, 177
Gerber Products Company, 161, 170-172
Glomerular filtration, 95-96
Glyphosate, 335
Gonads, 28
Good laboratory practices (GLPs), 223
Groundwater residue levels, 228-230, 359
Growth, see Physical growth
Growth hormone (GH), 28
Guidelines, testing methods, 109, 127, 129-131, 152-156
H
H1 antagonists
interactions with pesticides, 348
Head lice treatment, 312-313
Heart, 28
medications interactions with pesticides, 348-349
Heavy metals
and blood-brain barrier, 89
gastrointestinal absorption, 82-84
see also Lead
Hematopoietic system, 34
Hepatotoxicity
acetaminophen, 57
benomyl, 277
and drug interactions, 349
Heptachlor
in human milk, 242-243
in water, 228-232
Hexachlorobenzene, 241-242
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), 241
Hexachlorophene, 55
Hodgkin's disease, 76
Home-use insecticides, 309-311
accidental poisoning, 313
Hormones, 28-29
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 59-60
Human Nutrition Information Service (HNIS), 160
Hyperactivity, 65
Hyperplasia, see Cell proliferation
Hypothalamus, 28
I
Illegal pesticide use, 7
Immunoassays, 212
Indicine N-oxide, 59
Individual daily intakes, 6, 11, 316, 317
Indoor pesticide use, 309-311
Inert ingredients, 342-343
Infant formula, 173, 180-181, 192
soy-based, 236-239
Infant Nutrition Survey, 170
Infants, 3, 26, 28, 29, 37, 106, 108
body composition, 24, 27, 35-36
chemical distribution factors, 87-88
chlorpyrifos exposure, 310
dermal absorption, 77-79
dietary composition, 192-193, 246-247
and dietary surveys, 170-172
diethylstilbestrol exposure, 37
drug toxicity, 55-56
hematopoietic system, 34
oral exposure, 80-96 passim
pulmonary exposure, 79
residues in food, 248-260 passim
see also Age-related differences;
Breastfeeding;
Infant formula
Inhalation, see Pulmonary exposure
Insect bioassays, 212
Insecticides, 14-15, 16, 205, 212
home-use products, 309-311
see also Carbamates;
Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides;
Organophosphates;
specific compounds
Insect repellants, 312-313
Integrated pest management, 15, 227
Interregional Project Number 4 (IR-4), 209, 212
Intestinal tract, see Gastrointestinal absorption
Iron deficiency, and lead poisoning, 84
Isoproterenol, 40
J
residue levels, 249
K
Kidneys, 24, 28, 32, 36, 39, 95-96
L
Labeling, 17
drugs, 54-55
Laboratory analyses, 211-215
and certification programs, 222
of samples, 5, 211-215, 223-226, 318
standardized reporting of, 10, 261-262
variations among, 5, 212, 214, 223-224, 226-227
see also Animal models and studies;
Testing methods and protocols
Lanolin, 313
LD50 studies, 50-53, 334-335, 344
Lead
gastrointestinal absorption, 82-84
neurotoxicity, 3, 37, 62-63, 89
and chlordane, 311
and parental exposure, 307, 308
Lice treatment, 312-313
Lifetime average daily dose (LADD), 351-356
Lifetime equivalent constant dose (LECD), 351
Limit dose, 131
Limit of detection (LOD), 207, 213-214
Limit of quantification (LOQ), 213-214, 225, 273-274, 316, 318
Lindane
in human milk, 241
immunotoxicity, 67
neurotoxicity, 312-313
in topical applications, 312-313
Linear extrapolation, 328-330, 331-332
Lipid solubility
and pulmonary absorption, 80
see also Hepatotoxicity
Log homes, PCP treatment, 311
Lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL), 327
Low-level chronic exposure
M
Malaria, 14-15
on apples, 273
immunotoxicity, 67-68
in processed foods and formulas, 235, 237-238, 257
synergistic interactions, 342, 348
in topical applications, 313
Males
body composition, 35
Mammary tumors, 30-31
Manufacturers
field trials, 2, 8, 10, 18, 208, 269, 315-316, 317
toxicity testing, 4, 127-128, 207-209, 211-212, 316
Market basket surveys, 10, 161, 218-219, 262, 273
Mass spectrometry, 215
Maturation, see Age-related differences;
Behavioral function;
Functional development;
Physical growth
Maximal permitted intake (MPI), 326
Maximum tolerated dose (MTD), 57-59, 107, 130,1 45, 330, 334-335, 338
Mechanism of action, 3-4, 11-12, 19, 105-107
and multiple residue exposure, 7, 11, 316, 318-319
Mercury poisoning, 347
Metabolism, 19, 41, 51-52, 76-77, 151, 153
age-related differences, 38-39, 55-57, 105
and cholinesterase inhibition, 53
genetic polymorphism, 345-346
and scaling, 98, 99, 101-102, 337
Metabolites, testing of, 10, 128, 150-151
Methodology, see Animals models and studies;
End points;
Food consumption surveys;
Limit of detection;
Limit of quantification;
Models;
Multiresidue methods;
Probability distribution;
Reference doses;
Risk assessment;
Samples and sampling methods;
Scaling;
Statistical convolution;
Testing methods and protocols;
Uncertainty factors
Methylmercury, 84
Methylphenidate, pesticide interactions, 348.
See also Ritalin
Metolachlor, in water, 228, 229, 230, 232
Migraine, and chlordane, 311
and heavy metal absorption, 83-84
water content, 180-181
see also Breastfeeding;
Infant formula
Model-free procedures, 332
Models
additive background, 328-330
see also Animal models and studies
Modifying factor (MF), 326-328
Molecular dosimetry, carcinogens, 331
Monitoring and surveillance programs, 215, 268, 272-273, 315-316, 317-318
Federal, 215-219
food processors, 221-222
private labs, 222
state, 219-221
testing and analysis, 212, 273-274
see also Samples and sampling methods
Monsato Company, 228
Monte Carlo procedure, 276-277
Motor development, 24
Multiple pesticide exposure, 7, 316, 361
mechanism of action, 7, 11, 316, 318-319
risk assessment, 6-7, 11, 316, 318-319, 341-342
Multiresidue methods (MRMs), 209, 212-213, 318
quality assurance, 223-224
Multistage models, cancer risk, 328-330, 332-334, 345
Multistage samples, food consumption surveys, 165
Mutagenicity, 37-38, 70, 330, 331, 333-334
see also Carcinogenesis and neoplasms
MVK model, 333-334
N
National Alachlor Well Water Survey, 228-229
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 172-173
National Center for Health Statistics, 160
National Food Processors Association (NFPA), 221-222, 223
National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 160, 161
National Residue Program, 219
National Survey of Pesticides in Drinking Water Weels, 229
Nationwide Food Consumption Surveys (NFCS), 160, 161, 164, 165, 167, 169-170
use in dietary exposure assessment, 177-179
Neoplasms, see Carcinogenesis and neoplasms
Neuroblastoma, and chlordane, 311
Neurotoxicity, 39, 60-61, 63-64, 89, 108, 341
and blood-brain barrier, 89-90
and cholineterase inhibition, 54, 301, 341
dose levels and duration, 63-65
of lindane, 312-313
and neuronal development, 34-35
testing, 9, 61-62, 63, 65-66, 128, 151-152, 155-156
Newborns, see Infants
N-Nitrosomethylurea (NMU), 30, 42
No-effect level (NEL), 326
Nondietary exposure, 17, 77, 307-313, 314, 316, 319, 358,
see also Airborne exposure;
Pulmonary exposure
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 76
Nonlinear dose-response, 330-331
Nonoccupational Pesticide Exposure Study (NOPES), 307, 310
Nonstochastic processes, 323-324
No-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), 132, 338
No-observed-effect level (NOEL), 9, 103, 132, 325
chlorpyrifos, 310
O
Occupational exposure, 313
Oral exposure, see Dietary exposure;
Gastrointestinal absorption
Organochlorines, see Chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides
Organophosphates, 7, 15, 16, 52, 246, 297-298
in ambient air, 309
cholinesterase inhibition, 52-53, 297, 298-302, 309-310, 347
drug interactions, 347
and genetic polymorphism, 346
in home-use products, 309-310, 313
Organs
functional development, 34, 39-41
physical growth, 32-35
water composition, 36
see also specific organs and effects
Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OCT) deficiency, 346
Outdoor air, exposure from, 308-309
Ovaries, 32
Oxidant stress, 38
Oxychlordane, in human milk, 242
P
Paracrine mechanisms, 28
Parathion
cholinesterase inhibition, 52-53
metabolic polymorphism, 346
in processed foods, 257
Parental occupational exposure, 307-308, 316
Peanuts, 15
Pediculocides, 312-313
Pentachlorophenol (PCP), 311, 312
Pesticide Analytical Manual, Volume II (PAM-II), 208-209, 211-212, 217
Pesticide Assessment Guidelines, 127
Pet flea control products, 311
Pharmacokinetics, 3, 76-77, 107, 110
acute toxicity studies, 54-60
age-related differences, 55-59, 106
distribution factors, 85-90
models, 12, 330-331, 339-340, 361
nonlinear dose-response, 330-331
physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models, 339-340, 361
pregnancy, 339-341
see also Gastrointestinal absorption;
Metabolism
Phenobarbital, pesticide interactions, 347-348, 349
Phenotype, 37
Phenoxy herbicides, 15.
See also specific compounds
Phenylhydrazine (PHZ), 29-30
Phenylmercuric acetate, 347
pesticide interactions, 347-348
organs, 32-35
and timing of toxic exposure, 29-32
Pica, 358
Pinocytosis, 82
Pituitary glands, 28
Plasma cholinesterase, see Cholinesterase inhibition
Plasma protein binding, 85-87
Playground equipment, wood preservatives use, 311, 312
Poisoning, see Cholinesteraseinhibition
Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), 64
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 64-65
Polymorphism in metabolism, 345-346
Potassium, 35
aldicarb residues, 289, 290, 294-296
Potency factors, carcinogens, 334-336
Poverty, and exposure, 343-344
Pregnancy, pharmacokinetics, 339-341
Premature infants
body composition, 35-36
dermal absorption, 78
metabolism, 91-92
Prenatal effects, see Fetal development and effects
Probability distributions, 11, 317.
See also Statistical convolution
Processed foods, 5, 7, 10, 196
conversion to raw commodities, 178, 196-197
effects on residues, 238-239, 255, 257-259, 261, 316
monitoring programs, 221-222
Propranolol, pesticide interactions, 348, 349
Prospective survey methods, 163-164
Protein, body composition, 35
Protein binding, 85-87
Pseudocholinesterase, 54
Puberty, growth during, 28-29
Pulmonary exposure, 79-80, 309
Pyrethroids, see Synthetic pyrethroid compounds
Q
q1 potency factor, 335-336
Quality assurance and control, lab protocols, 223-224, 262
Quantification limits, see Limit of quantification
Quantitation, 212
Questionnaires, 162-163
R
Raw agricultural commodities (RACs), 5, 207
conversion from processed foods, 178, 196-197
in dietary exposure assessment, 178-180
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)
as intake data reference, 167-168
Reference doses (RfDs), 8, 9, 18, 132, 315, 357-358, 361
Regional differences, see Geographic variations
Registration of pesticides, 10, 15, 16, 17-18, 208
testing requirements, 127-128, 208
see also Field trials
Regression analysis, 102-105
Regulation, 1-2, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17-18
of drugs, 54-55
of inert ingredients, 342-343
see also Registration of pesticides;
Tolerances
Renal system, see Kidneys
Repellants, 312-313
Reproductive toxicity
diethylstilbestrol, 37
Residues, see Dietary exposure;
Monitoring and surveillance programs;
Samples and sampling methods;
Testing methods and protocols;
Tolerances
Resistance, to chlorinated pesticides, 15
Respiratory exposure, see Pulmonary exposure
Retinoblastoma, 75-76
Retrospective survey methods, 161-164
acute exposure and effects, 6, 11, 315
and age differences, 7, 11-12, 344-345
carcinogenesis, 11-12, 323-324, 325, 328-338, 344-345, 349-357, 362
chronic effects, 6, 11-12, 315
daily intakes, 6, 11, 271-272, 315, 317
multiple pesticide exposure, 6-7, 11, 316, 318-319, 341-342
neurotoxicity, 341
nondietary sources, 11
pharmacokinetics, 12, 330-331, 339-340, 361
and regression analysis, 102-103
water consumption, 11
Ritalin, pesticide interactions, 348.
See also Methylphenidate
Ross Laboratories, 161
Rural areas, and airborne exposure, 309
S
Safe levels, see Acceptable daily intake;
Tolerances
See also Uncertainty factors
Salicylates, 344
Samples and sampling methods, 210-211, 315-316
analysis, 211-215, 223-224, 318
food consumption surveys, 165-167
variation and bias in, 5, 224-225, 226
Schools, pesticide use, 310
Sensitivity factors, 41
Simazine, in water, 228, 229, 230
Single residue methods (SRMs), 211-212, 213, 253
Sinusitis, and chlordane, 311
Skin, see Dermal exposure
Social development, 24
Socioeconomic status
and breastfeeding, 190
and exposure, 343-344
Somatomedins, 28
Soy-based infant formula, 236-239
Soybeans, 15
State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES), 209
State monitoring programs, 219-221
Statistical convolution, of distributions, 5-6, 268, 275-277, 314-315, 362-363
Steroids, and metabolism, 94
Stochastic processes, 323-324
Stratified samples, food consumption surveys, 165
Subchronic studies, 130, 137, 144-145
Suburbs, and airborne exposure, 309
Sulfur compounds, 14
Surface contamination, 311-312
Surface water, residue levels, 230-232
Surveillance, see Monitoring and surveillance programs
Surveys, see Food consumption surveys
Synergistic interactions, 341-342
with drugs, 347-349
Synthetic organic compounds, 14-15
Synthetic pyrethroid compounds, 15, 16
T
Tangier's disease, 346
TD50 studies, 334-335
See also Developmental toxicity
Termiticides, 310-311
Testes, 32
Testing methods and protocols, 19-20
manufacturers, 4, 127-128, 207-209, 211-212, 316
statistical analysis, 132
see also Animal models and studies;
Bioassay protocols;
Field trials;
Multiresidue methods;
Samples and sampling methods;
Single residue methods
2,3,5,6-Tetrachloro-1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid dimethyl ester (DCPA), 229
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 68, 69
Theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRCs), 8, 18, 357-358
processed foods, 238-239
Therapeutic orphan problem, 54
Thiourea, 50
Thiram, drug interactions, 348
Thresholds, see Acceptable daily intake
Thymus, 32
Thyroid, 154-155
Tolerances, 1-2, 5, 18, 19, 208, 214
calculation of, 177-179
Total Diet Study (TDS), 161, 218-219
Toxaphene, 14
Triadimefon, 78
Triazine herbicides, 228
Tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), 309
Trichloroethylene, 340-341
2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4,5-T), 15
Trihalomethanes (THMs), 233
Tumors, see Carcinogenesis and neoplasms
U
Uncertainty factors (UF), 9, 325-328, 360, 361
Urban areas
and airborne exposure, 309
pollution, 343-344
U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA)
food consumption surveys, 160, 164
pesticide use and testing data, 204, 209-210
Uterus, 32
cancer, 30-31
V
Vaginal cancer, 30-31
Validation
of food consumption survey data, 168-169
of residue analyses, 215
residue levels, 249-252
Vincristine, 59
Vinyl chloride, 31
Visual system studies, 152, 156
W
See also Extracellular fluid volume
Water consumption, 4, 35, 173, 176-182 passim, 196
calculation, 172-173
and residue levels, 227-232, 261, 307, 359
Watermelons, aldicarb poisoning outbreak, 53, 268
Weighting factors, food consumption surveys, 167
Well water residue levels, 228-230
Wheat, 15