Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 273
Index A Acid rain definition, 166- 167 effectiveness of National Acid Pre- cipitationAssessmentProgram,182- 185, 256-257 effects of, 173-174, 179 in environmental models, 180-182 legislation on, 174- 177 regulatory process, 178- 186, 255 -256 research efforts, 5, 167- 173, 179- 180 Agent Orange, 222-225, 227, 232-233, 235-236 Agriculture practices, Chesapeake Bay and, 17-19, 26, 27 Air quality combustion by-products, 100, 101 criteria pollutants, 40, 44, 63 EPA authority, 103 integrated strategy for, 63-64, 81 legislative history, 40-47 modeling, 56-59, 66-67, 180-182 monitoring, 77-78, 82, 118 ozone standard, 47-54 pollution transport issues, 64-69, 81 power plant emissions regulations, 175- 177 - 273 program for Prevention of Significant Deterioration of, 99, 101, 104, 105 regional standards, 61 regulatory authority for, 111 - 112 scientific-regulatory community inter- actions, 79-87 Toxicity Equivalency Factors for, 119 vehicle emission reduction strategies, 69-74 see also Municipal waste combustion; Ozone Algal growth, Chesapeake Bay, 14 Alternative technologies, 30 Animal studies, 190, 192, 193-196 Delaney Clause, 1-2 on TCDD, 222-224 use of, 238 Army Corps of Engineers, 13 Asbestos, vi B Baseline data, Chesapeake Bay water quality, 16, 22 Bay Area Air Quality Management District, 76-77 Birth defects, TCDD and, 222-224, 236

OCR for page 273
274 C INDEX incentive-based approach in, 176 mandated review of, vi, 245 California on municipal waste combustion, 91, air quality regulation in, 44-47, 60- 103 61, 67-68, 70, 86 formaldehyde risk assessment, 208-209 transportation control measures in, 76 77 vehicle emission inspections in, 72, 73 Carbon monoxide, dioxin/furan forma tion and, 119 Charrette, Patuxent River. see Patuxent Charrette Chesapeake Bay consensus building for environmental action in, 34 drainage basin, 9 emergence of water quality as issue in, 33-35 federal research efforts in, 9-14 nonpoint nutrient loading in, 17-19, Cost 20, 23, 25-27 nutrient dynamics in, 23 nutrient loading in, 9 point-source nutrient loading in, 15 17 science-management interaction in decision-making for, 27-35 water quality protection activities, 11 19, 22-27 water quality studies, 9- 11, 13- 14, 19 27, 33, 34-35 Chloracne, 221 Chlorination alternatives, 156- 157, 159, 160 disinfection by-products, 144-145 formation of trihalomethanes in, 141 145 health risk of, 146- 148, 150- 151, 159 160 maximum contaminant levels, 155-156 regulatory history, 148- 161 Chlorofluorocarbons, 244 Clean Air Act, 40-47, 79-81 acid rain management strategies and, 175, 176, 177 pollution transport issues in, 66 regulatory authority in, 111-112 vehicle emission standards, 69-70 Clean Water Acts, 11-13, 25-27 TCDD and, 233, 237 Clean Water Restoration Act, 13 Communication, in regulatory process,259- 260 Consensus building, 34 in developing EPA dioxin guidelines, 230 regulatory negotiations for, 134-135, 158, 261-262 Control technology. see Pollution control technology Consumer Product Safety Commission, 202-203, 259-260 in acid deposition models, 180-181 of air quality monitoring, 77 emission control, 55 of environmental regulation, 1, 2. 50 of formaldehyde exposure standards, 203 of ozone standard, 53-54 of regulating municipal waste com- bustion, 133 of transportation control measures, 76- 77 of volatile organic compound, vs. nitrogen oxide, reduction, 58-59 Credibility, 186 Crisis management, environmental man agement as, 33 Critical Areas Protection, 25 Cultural eutrophication. see Eutro- phication D Data collection acid rain, 172-173, 179-180

OCR for page 273
INDEX air pollution transport, 68-69 Chesapeake Bay water quality, 16, 22 environmental modeling for, 32 in environmental sciences, 4, 27-30 in EPA, 133-134 formaldehyde epidemiology, 198-201 in formulating acid rain policy, 178- 186 incentives for, 130- 131 industry sources, 212 interpretation of DNA-protein cross- link data, 211 ozone health effects, 48-54 ozone levels, 77-78, 82 for pharmacokinetic model of for- maldehyde, 209-210 regulatory use of, 84-85 waste combustion health risks, 109- 110 Decision-making process consensus building for, 34 in EPA, 108 factors in, 165, 258 in federal regulatory strategy for waste combustion, 112-114 improving risk assessment in, 249-250 inertia in, 30 lack of scientific basis in, 254-255 motivations to reconsider decisions, 5, 243-245, 261 pace of, 31 role of scientific information in, 92- 93, 114, 126-135, 178-186, 213- 217, 243, 251-254 science-management interaction in, 29- 30, 31-32 in setting ozone standards, elements of, 54 see also Regulatory process Delaney Clause, 1-2 Dioxins EPA reassessment of, 229-230 monitoring for, 119 types of, 221 from waste combustion, 104, 109, 110, 116, 118-119, 123 see also TCDD 275 DNA-protein cross-link data formaldehyde in, 194, 195-196, 204, 206-210, 213 significance of, 217 n.1 DPX. see DNA-protein cross-link data Drinking water regulatory history, 244-245 see also Chlorination EElectrostatic precipitators, 101, 135- 136 Empirical kinetic modeling, 56-59, 66- 67 Environmental groups on mandated waste material separation, 125 role of, 248-249 use of scientific information by, 131 Environmental modeling, 16 in acid rain policymaking, 180-182 advantages of, 32 air quality, 56-59, 66-67, 82 disinfection by-product risk assessment, 157-158, 160-161 drawbacks of, 32, 257 interlinking of air pollution effects in, 64 of pollution transport effects, 66-67 watershed, 27 Environmental Protection Agency on air pollution transport, 67, 68, 81 Chesapeake Bay studies, 9-11, 13-14, 19-27, 33, 34-35 Clean Air Act and, 40-47 data collection in, 133- 134 decision making in, 108 formaldehyde exposure regulation, 205- 208, 211 leadership role of, 108, 114, 127 materials separation standard for waste combustion, 120- 126, 130 motivations to reconsider decisions, vi, 243-245, 246 in municipal waste combustion regul- ation, 94, 102-114 ozone standards, 79-81

OCR for page 273
276 preparation of waste combustion stan dards, 114-120, 131-135 regulation of trihalomethanes in chlori nated water, 148- 160 regulatory process, 246 research needs, 247 risk assessment model, 227-228, 236 237 role of other institutions in assisting, 248-249 on TCDD, 227-228, 228-230, 231-232, 237-238 on transportation control measures, 74 75 use of scientific information in, 91, 92-93, 126-135 vehicle emission standards, 69-70 EPA. see Environmental Protection Agency Erosion. see Nonpoint source nutrient loading Eutrophication in Chesapeake Bay, 9-11, 14-19, 23- 27 definition, 8 phosphorus in, 11 see also Nonpoint source nutrient loading Exposure levels mechanism of carcinogenicity and, 196- 198 no- ob served-effect-level , 227 no-threshold model, 227 state authority for setting, 233 TCDD, 233, 237 F False positives/negatives, 249-250 Fluidized bed combustion, 99- 100 Formaldehyde, 61 acute effects, 191 carcinogenicity, 191-193, 196-198, 210 Consumer Product Safety Commission action on, 202-203, 259-260 Environmental Protection Agency regulation, 205-208, 211 INDEX epidemiological data, 198-201 health risk of, 189 industrial uses, 190-191 interest groups in regulation of, 215- 216 mutagenic potential, 196 Occupational Safety and Health Ad- ministration rulings, 203-204 pharmacokinetics, 193-196, 204, 205- 206, 209-210, 211 regulatory history, 201-209, 252-253 scientific debate on, 209-217 sources of, 191 state regulation of, 208-209 use of new scientific data on, 211- 217 Furans, 104, 109, 118-119, 123 H Health risk of chlorinated drinking water, 146-148, 150-151, 159-160 of formaldehyde, 189, 191-201 of municipal waste combustion, 105, 109-110 ozone concentration, 48-54 as source of regulatory authority, 112 see also Risk assessment Hydrochloric acid, 117- 118 I Incinerators. see Municipal waste com- bustion Indirect source review, 74-75 Industry interests in formaldehyde exposure regulations, 203-204 industry-sponsored research and, 212 new technology development, 131 in regulatory process, 3, 249 regulatory stability and, 6 Interior Department, 13 International Toxicity Equivalency Factors, 119

OCR for page 273
INDEX L Lakes, eutrophication in, 11 Land use agricultural practices, 17- 19, 26, 27 Chesapeake Bay water quality and, 13 14, 33-34 transportation control and, 74-76 Lead, 3-4 Legislation acid rain, 184 air quality, 40-47, 60-61 Chesapeake Bay water quality, 14-18, 22-27 as crisis response, 33 drinking water, 244-245 formaldehyde exposure, 201-209 incinerator emissions, 102- 103 indirect source review, 75 for managing acid rain effects, 174 177 mandated waste materials separation, 148 123-126 municipal waste combustion, 103-106, 123-126 nitrogen oxide emissions, 61-62, 81 provisions for new scientific information in, 165-166 regulatory criteria in, 2-3 setting atmospheric ozone standards for, 47-54 technology-driven regulation, 131 transportation control measures, 74-77 trihalomethane in chlorinated water, 148-158 vehicle emission standards, 69-70 volatile organic compound emissions, 61-62, 81 water quality, 11 - 13 see also Clean Air Act; Clean Water Acts M Maryland TCDD exposure levels, 233 watershed management in, 9, 22, 24- -25 277 Materials separation, 120-126, 130 Measurement of acid deposition, 166-167 of air quality levels, 77-78, 82 of Chesapeake Bay water quality, 23, 27, 29 of ozone, 42-43 uncertainty in environmental sciences, 4 Mercury, 3 Microbial contamination, in drinking water, 153-158 Modeling. see Environmental modeling Monitoring for acid gases, 118 cost of, 77 dioxin/furan, 118- 119 for ozone, 77-78, 82 solid waste combustion, 118- 119 Toxicity Equivalency Factors for, 119 for trihalomethanes in drinking water, use of, in government programs, 257 for volatile organic compounds, 77- 78, 82 Montreal Protocol, 244 Municipal solid waste combustion acid gas controls in, 117-118, 136 air emissions, 100, 104, 107-108, 121, 135-137 combustion design in, 99-100 current industry status, 94-97, 107 energy production in, 91 EPA regulatory management of, 102- 106 good combustion practices in, 116- 117 health risk, 105, 109-110 historical development of, 93-94 materials separation for, 120- 126, 130 national impacts, 106- 108 nitrogen oxides in, 120 organic controls in, 118- 119 particulate/metal controls in, 117 political factors in regulation of, 113- 114, 120, 123-128, 131-135, 260 pollution control in, 93-94, 97-99, 100- 102, 135-137

OCR for page 273
278 preparation of federal standards for, 114-120 quality of data in, 133 - 134 regulatory history, 102-106 regulatory strategies for, 110- 114, 133 retrofitting for, 100 risk assessment of, 109- 110 scientific analysis in regulation of, 126- Ozone 135 N National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program effectiveness of, 182- 185, 256-257 goals of, 5, 172-173 policy formulation and, 178-179, 257 research model, 181 research results, 179, 183-184 National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System, 13 Nitrogen loading in Chesapeake Bay, 15, 16, 20, 23, 24-27, 30 in eutrophication, 11 nonpoint sources of, 18, 20 via atmospheric deposition, 26 Nitrogen oxides in achieving ozone reduction, 54-62, 81, 83 acid rain and, 172, 173 combustion emission controls, 136-137 in improving overall air quality, 62 64 regulation of, 255 as waste combustion byproduct, 100, 102, 123 in waste combustion standards, 120 see also Ozone No-observed-effect-level, 227 No-threshold level, 227 Nonpoint source nutrient loading in Chesapeake Bay, 17-19, 20, 23, 25 27, 27-30, 30 policy implications of, 30 INDEX o Occupational Safety and Health Admin- istration, 203-204 Organizational structure in-house research, 259-260 regulators-researchers in, 27-30, 259 in Air Quality Act, 40, 42 atmospheric formation, 39 atmospheric transport issues, 64-69, 81 cost of standard for, 53-54 development of standards for, 47-54 emission control strategies in reducing, 54-62 health effects of, 48-54 in integrated air pollution strategy, 62- 64, 81 legislative history, 40-47, 244 monitoring of, 77-78, 82 natural emissions in formation of, 82 reactive species in formation of, 61 reduced vehicle use and, 74-77 science-management interaction in approach to, 79-85 standards, 79-81 state implementation plans for reducing, 78 vehicle inspection strategies for reduc- ing, 70-74 volatile organic compounds, vs. nitrogen oxide, reduction and, 54-64, 81, 83 for water decontamination, 156 p Patuxent Charrette, 17, 24, 30, 34 Patuxent River, 14, 16-17, 28, 30 pollution control strategy, 16- 17, 24- 25, 28, 34 Peer review, 186, 260 Pesticides, 245 see also TCDD Phosphorus in Chesapeake Bay, 15, 16, 20, 23, 26

OCR for page 273
INDEX in cultural eutrophication, 11 nonpoint sources of, 18, 20 PM-10, 59, 63 Point-source contamination of Chesapeake B. ay, 15 - 17, 27-28 climactic conditions and, 27 in federal legislation, 13-14 policy implications of, 30 Political factors differing governmental perspectives, 128- 130, 260-261 in effectiveness of National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, 182-185 in environmental regulation, 131 - 132 in federal waste combustion regulation, 113-114, 120, 123-128, 132-135 in formaldehyde regulation, 212-213, 214-215 not based on science, 255-256 regulatory regime stability, 6 in scientific agenda, 256-258 Pollution control technology acid rain, 177, 181-182 incentives for development of, vi, 86- 87, 131, 245-246, 257-258 ozone, 44, 55, 69-70, 78, 86-87 municipal solid waste combustion, 97- 102, 106-108, 116-118, 135-137 nutrients in surface water, 15- 16, 18 Polychlorinated biphenyls, 230 Potomac River, 14, 15-16, 28 Power plants regulation of emissions from, 175, 177 sale of emissions permits, 177 Public awareness of acid rain, 178-179 of chemical risk, 234-235 of Chesapeake Bay watershed, 33-34 formaldehyde debate, 215-216 Public opinion EPA and, 108 of municipal waste combustion, 103, 108 Public transportation, 76 279 R Ranch Hand study, 224-225 Recycling, 120-126 Regional standards, 2, 61 Regulatory process for acid rain management, 178-186 on chlorofluorocarbons, 244 conflicting interests in, 92-93 cost of, 1, 2 differing governmental perspectives in, 128- 130, 260-261 in EPA, 246 evaluating need for regulation, 133 evaluation of national impacts of waste combustion, 106- 108 for formaldehyde, use of new scientific data in, 211-217 goals of, 91 government agency participation in, 2 law and, 245-246, 261 legislated criteria in, 2-3 mandated periodic review, vi, 5, 237 238, 245, 261 policy agenda in, 255-256 policy-relevant research in, 185- 186 preparation of standards for waste com bustion, 114-120 recommendations for, 5-6, 258-262 regime stability, 6 regulatory negotiations in, 134-135, 158, 261 -262 research needs, 6-7, 258-259 responsiveness of, v-vi, 4-5, 6, 262 risk assessment in, 109, 111 - 112, 213 role of Congress in, 248 role of environmental groups in, 248 249 role of industry in, 249 role of media in, 248 role of scientists in, 9, 246-247 role of technical information in, v science-regulator communication in, 259-260 scientific understanding of ozone and, 79-84

OCR for page 273
280 simplifying science in, 255 state-federal relationship, 85-86 for TCDD, 235-239 technological considerations in, 131 technological development and, 86-87, 257-258 for trihalomethanes in chlorinated water, 148-161 use of new scientific information in, 3-4, 84-85, 130- 131, 251 -254 use of scientific information by EPA, 126-135 for waste materials separation standard, 120-126 see also Decision-making process; Legislation Research center, recommendations for, 87 Resource recovery, 92 Risk assessment animal data in, 1-2, 190 cell proliferation mechanism of car cinogenesis and, 196-198 of chlorinated drinking water, 146-148, 159-160 cost factors in, 54 developments in conceptualizations of, 1-2, 238-239 drinking water disinfection by-product, model for, 157-158, 160-161 elements of, 91 false positives/false negatives in, 249 250 of formaldehyde, 193- 196, 202, 204, 205-213 models for, 227-228, 236-237 of municipal waste combustion, 109 110 mutagenicity in, 186 of ozone, 48-54 pesticides, risk-benefit analysis of, 239 n.2 in regulatory process, 213 of TCDD, 228-229 Rivers and Harbors Act, 13 Runoff, 33-34 contamination of Chesapeake Bay, 17- 19 INDEX S Selective noncatalytic reduction, 120, 136- 137 Sewage treatment. see Wastewater treat- ment Soil conservation, in watershed manage- ment, 18, 25 Solid waste management. see Municipal solid waste management State regulation Air Quality Act implementation, 40- 41, 44 of Chesapeake Bay, 15 in Clean Water Acts, 11-13, 25-26 federal regulation and, 85-86, 260-261 of formaldehyde exposure, 208-209 indirect source review requirements, 75 of interstate pollution, 67 of municipal waste combustion, 110- 111, 129 of ozone reduction, performance as- sessment of, 78 in setting exposure levels, 233 vehicle inspection strategies, 70-74 Submerged aquatic vegetation, Chesa- peake Bay, 19, 20-21, 27 Sulfur dioxide, 101, 117, 118 in acid rain, 167, 170, 171 emission permits, 177 regulation of emissions of, 176, 177, 180 Superfund sites, 245 T TCDD in Agent Orange, 232-233 animal studies, 222-224 carcinogenicity, 228-229 Clean Water Act and, 233 current status of, 229-230 emergency suspension of, 231-232, 239 n.1

OCR for page 273
INDEX epidemiological data, 224-226, 238- 239 exposure levels, 233, 237 immunology, 226-227 interpretation of data, 238-239 risk assessment models, 227-228, 236- 237 scientific data in policymaking, 235- 239 timeline of major events regarding, 223 use of, 221-222, 231 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. see TCDD Times Beach, Missouri, 234, 236 Transportation control measures, 74-77 Trihalomethanes formation of, in chlorination, 141-148 principal compounds, 143 regulation of, in drinking water, 148- 160 U Urban Airshed Model, 57, 67 Urea-formaldehyde products, 202, 203, 208 Vehicle emissions, 41, 42, 43 cleaner fuels and, 78-79 evaporative, 72, 73 fuel reactivity adjustment, 60-61 inspection/maintenance programs, 70- 74 nitrogen oxides in, 55 strategies for controlling, 69 - 281 technological improvements, 69-70 transportation control measures and, 74-77 volatile organic compounds in, 55 Volatile organic compounds in achieving ozone reduction, 54-62, 81, 83 acid rain and, 172, 173 in improving overall air quality, 62 64 legislative regulation of, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47 monitoring of, 77-78, 82 ozone formation and, 39 W Waste-to-energy conversion definition, 92 in municipal waste combustion, 93- 94 Wastewater treatment in Chesapeake Bay management, 15 16, 30 federal efforts for, 11 - 13, 25-26 Water Pollution Control Acts, 11 Water quality acid rain and, 170, 179-180 atmospheric deposition and, 26 eutrophication, 8-9, 11 legislative history, 11 - 13 measures of degradation, 35 n.1 regulation of drinking water standards, 244-245 TCDD and, 233 see also Chesapeake Bay; Chlorination