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REFERENCES 449 References Abdalla, C. W. 1990. Agriculture and groundwater quality: Emerging issues and policies. Pp. 1-16 in Proceedings of the Philadelphia Society for the Promotion of Agriculture. Philadelphia, Pa.: The Society. Aber, J. D., K. J. Nadelhoffer, P. Steudler, and J. M. Melillo. 1989. Nitrogen saturation in northern forest ecosystems. BioScience 39:378-386. Abler, D. A., and J. S. Shortle. 1991. The political economy of water quality protection from agricultural chemicals. Northeastern Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 20:53-60. Adams, R. S., and J. S. V. McAllister. 1975. Nutrient cycles involving phosphorus and potassium on livestock farms in Northern Ireland. Journal of Agricultural Science 85:345-349. Adams, R. T., and F. M. Kurisu. 1976. Simulation of Pesticide Movement on Small Agricultural Watersheds. Publication No. EPA-600/3-76-066. Sunnyvale, Calif.: Environmental Systems Laboratory. Addiscott, T., and D. Powlson. 1989. Laying the ground rules for nitrate. New Scientist 122 (1662):28-29. Addiscott, T. M., and R. J. Darby. 1991. Relating the nitrogen fertilizer needs of winter wheat crops to the soil's mineral nitrogen. Influence the downward movement of nitrate during winter and spring. Journal of Agricultural Science 117(part 2):241-249. Addiscott, T. M., and R. J. Wagenet. 1985. Concepts of solute leaching in soils: A review of modeling approaches. Journal of Soil Science 36:411-424. Adriano, D. C. 1986. Trace Elements in the Terrestrial Environment. New York: Springer-Verlag. Alberts, E. E., W. H. Neibling, and W. C. Moldenhauer. 1981. Transport of sediment nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff through cornstalk residue strips. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45:1177-1184. Alberts, E. E., and R. G. Spomer. 1985. Dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus in runoff from watersheds in conservation and conventional tillage. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40:153-157.

REFERENCES 450 Alexander, E. B., and J. C. McLaughlin. 1992. Soil porosity as an indication of forest and rangeland soil condition (compaction) and relative productivity. Pp. 52-61 in Proceedings of the Soil Quality Standards Symposium. Report No. W0-WSA-2. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. Allmaras, R. R., R. E. Burwell, and R. F. Holt. 1967. Plow-layer porosity and surface roughness from tillage as affected by initial porosity and soil moisture at tillage time. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 31:550-556. Allmaras, R. R., G. W. Langdale, P. W. Unger, R. H. Dowdy, and D. M. VanDoren. 1991. Adoption of conservation tillage and associated planting systems. Pp. 53-84 in Soil Management for Sustainability, R. Lal and F. J. Pierce, eds. Ankeny, Iowa: Soil and Water Conservation Society. Alonzo, C. V., and F. D. Theurer. 1988. Environmental degradation of salmon spawning gravels in Tucannon River. Pp. 411-416 in Proceedings of the ASCE National Conference on Hydraulic Engineering. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Ambus, P., and R. Lowrance. 1991. Comparison of denitrification in two riparian soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal 55:994-997. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1977. Soil Erosion and Sediment. Proceedings of a National Symposium: Soil Erosion and Sedimentation by Water. ASAE Publication 4-77. St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. 1988. Manure Production and Characteristics. ASAE Data D384. St. Joseph, Mich.: American Society of Agricultural Engineers. Anderson, H. W. 1975. Sedimentation and turbidity hazards in wildlands. Pp. 347-376 in Watershed Management Symposium Proceedings. Irrigation and Drainage Division. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Anderson, R. L., and L. A. Nelson. 1975. A family of models involving intersecting straight lines and concomitant experimental designs useful in evaluating response to fertilizer nutrients. Biometrics 31:303-318. Andraski, B. J., D. H. Mueller, and T. C. Daniel. 1985. Phosphorus losses in runoff as affected by tillage. Soil Science Society of America Journal 49:1523-1527. Angle, J. S., G. McClung, M. S. McIntosh, P. M. Thomas, and D. C. Wolf. 1984. Nutrient losses in runoff from conventional and no-till corn watersheds. Journal of Environmental Quality 13:431-435. Arnold, R. W., I. Zaboles, and V. C. Targulian, eds. 1990. Global Soil Change. Report of IIASA- ISSS. U.N. Environment Program Task Force on the Role of Soil in Global Change. Laxenburg, Austria: International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis. Arshad, M. A., and G. M. Coen. 1992. Characterization of soil quality: Physical and chemical criteria. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 7:25-32. Atkinson, S. E., and T. H. Tietenberg. 1982. The empirical properties of two classes of designs for transferable discharge permit markets . Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 9:101-121. Ayers, R. S., and D. W. Westcot. 1985. Water Quality for Agriculture. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 29, Rev. 1. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Azevedo, J., and P. R. Stout. 1974. Farm Animal Manures: An Overview of Their Role in the Agricultural Environment. California Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Service Manual 44. Berkeley: California Agricultural Experiment Station and Extension Service. Backlund, V. L., and R. R. Hoppes. 1984. Status of salinity in California. California Agriculture (October):8-9.

REFERENCES 451 Baker, D. B. 1985. Regional water quality impacts of intensive row-crop agriculture: A Lake Erie Basin case study. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 40:125-132. Baker, J. L., H. P. Johnson, M. A. Borcherding, and W. R. Payne. 1978. Nutrient and pesticide movement from field to stream: A field study. Pp. 213-245 in best-management Practices for Agriculture and Silviculture, R. C. Loehr, D. A. Haith, M. F. Walter, and C. S. Martin, eds. Proceedings of the 1978 Cornell Agricultural Waste Conference. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science. Baker, J. L., and J. M. Laflen. 1983. Water quality consequences of conservation tillage. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 38:186-193. Baker, J. L., and S. W. Melvin. 1992. Chemical management: Status and Findings II, continued use of agricultural drainage wells. Pp. 17-45 in Agricultural Drainage Well Research and Demonstration Project. Annual Report 1992. Des Moines, Iowa: Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship, and Iowa State University. Barfield, B. J., E. W. Tollner, and J. C. Hayes. 1979. Filtration of sediment by simulated vegetation. I. Steady state flow with homogeneous sediment. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 22:540. Barisas, S. G., J. L. Baker, H. P. Johnson, and J. M. Laflen. 1978. Effect of tillage systems on runoff losses of nutrients: A rainfall simulation study. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 21:893-897. Barkema, A., and M. L. Cook. 1993. The changing U.S. pork industry: A dilemma for public policy. Economic Review, 2nd Quarter:49-65. Barkema, A., M. Drabenstott, and K. Welch. 1991. The quiet revolution in the U.S. food market. Economic Review, May/June:Q5-41. Barrows, H. L., and V. J. Kilmer. 1963. Plant nutrient losses from soils by water erosion. Advances in Agronomy 15:303-316. Bartfeld, E. 1992. Point/Nonpoint Source Trading: Looking Beyond Potential Cost Saving. M.S. thesis. University of Michigan, School of Natural Resources, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Batie, S. B. 1983. Soil Erosion: Crisis in America's Croplands? Washington, D.C.: The Conservation Foundation. Batie, S. B. 1985. Soil conservation in the 1980s: A historical perspective. Agricultural History 59:107-123. Beasley, D. B., L. F. Huggins, and E. J. Monhe. 1980. ANSWERS: A model for watershed planning. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 23:938-944. Bennett, H. H., and W. R. Chapline. 1928. Soil Erosion a National Menace. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Circular No. 33. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Benson, S. A., M. Delamore, and S. Hoffman. 1990. Kesterson crisis: Sorting out the facts. Pp. 453-460 in Proceedings, 1990 National Conference on Irrigation and Drainage, S. C. Harris, ed. New York: American Society of Civil Engineers. Bharati, M. P., D. K. Wigham, and R. D. Voss. 1986. Soybean response to tillage and nitrogen phosphorus and potassium fertilization. Agronomy Journal 78:947-950. Binford, G. D., and A. M. Blackmer. 1993. Visually rating the nitrogen status of corn. Journal of Production Agriculture 6:41-46. Binford, G. D., A. M. Blackmer, and M. E. Cerrato. 1992. Relationships between corn yields and soil nitrate in late spring. Agronomy Journal 84:53-59. Bjork, S. 1972. Swedish lake restoration program gets results. Ambio 1:153-165. Black, A. L., A. D. Halvorson, and F. H. Siddoway. 1981. Dryland cropping strategies for efficient water use to control saline seeps in the Northern Great Plains, U.S.A. Agricultural Water Management 4:295-311.

REFERENCES 452 Blackmer, A. M. 1984. Losses of fertilizer N from soils. Report No. CE-2081. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University, Cooperative Extension Service. Blackmer, A. M. 1986. Potential yield response of corn to treatments that conserve fertilizer nitrogen in soils. Agronomy Journal 78:571-575. Blackmer, A. M., and T. Morris. 1992. Selecting nitrogen fertilizer rates for corn: New options. Pp. 19-24 in Building Bridges: Cooperative Research and Education for Iowa Agriculture. Ames, Iowa: Leopold Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Iowa State University. Blackmer, A. M., D. Pottker, M. E. Cerrato, and J. Webb. 1989. Correlations between soil nitrate concentrations in late spring and corn yields in Iowa. Journal of Production Agriculture 2:103-109. Blake, G. R., W. W. Nelson, and R. R. Allmaras. 1976. Persistence of subsoil compaction in a mollisol. Soil Science Society of America Journal 40:943-948. Bloom, P. R. 1981. Phosphorus adsorption by an aluminum-peat complex. Soil Science Society of America Journal 45:267-272. Bock, B. R., and G. W. Hergert. 1991. Fertilizer nitrogen management. Pp. 140-164 in Managing Nitrogen for Groundwater Quality and Farm Profitability, R. F. Follet, D. R. Keeney, and R. M. Cruse, eds. Madison, Wis.: Soil Science Society of America. Bock, B. R., and F. J. Sikora. 1990. Modified-quadratic/plateau model for describing plant responses to fertilizer. Soil Science Society of America Journal 54:1784-1789. Boone, R. D. 1990. Soil organic matter as a potential net nitrogen sink in a fertilized corn field, South Deerfield, Massachusetts, USA. Plant and Soil 128:191-198. Bormann, F. H., and G. E. Likens. 1979. Pattern and Process in a Forest Ecosystem: Disturbance, Development, and The Steady State Based on the Hubbard Brook Ecosystem Study. New York: Springer-Verlag. Bortleson, G. C., and G. F. Lee. 1974. Phosphorus, iron, and manganese distribution in sediment cores of Wisconsin lakes. Limnology and Oceanography 19:794-801. Bosch, D. J., J. W. Pease, S. S. Batie, and V. O. Shanholtz. 1992. Crop selection, tillage practices, and chemical and nutrient applications in two regions of the Chesapeake Bay watershed. Water Resources Research Center Bulletin No. 176. Blacksburg: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Water Resources Research Center. Boschwitz, R. 1987. Decouple supports first; then target benefits. Choices 2(1):34-35. Bouldin, D. R., S. D. Klausner, and W. S. Reid. 1984. Use of nitrogen from manure. Pp. 221-248 in Nitrogen in Crop Production, R. D. Hauck, ed. Madison, Wis.: American Society of Agronomy, Crop Science Society of America, and Soil Science Society of America. Bouma, J. 1989. Using soil survey data for quantitative land evaluation. Advances in Soil Science 9:177-213. Bower, B. T. 1980. Implementation incentives in phosphorus management strategies for the Great Lakes. Pp. 123-157 in Phosphorus Management Strategies for Lakes, R. C. Loehr, C. S. Martin, and W. Rast, eds. Ann Arbor, Mich.: Ann Arbor Science Publishers. Bowman, R. A., J. D. Reeder, and R. W. Lober. 1990. Changes in soil properties in a central plains rangeland soil after 3, 20, and 60 years of cultivation. Soil Science 150:851-857. Breeusma, A., J. H. M. Wosten, J. J. Vleeshouwer, A. M. Slobbe, and J. Bouma. 1986. Derivation of land qualities to assess environmental problems from soil surveys. Soil Science Society of America Journal 50:186-190. Bremner, J. M., G. A. Breitenback, and A. M. Blackmer. 1981. Effect of anhydrous

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REFERENCES 488

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Soil and Water Quality: An Agenda for Agriculture Get This Book
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How can the United States meet demands for agricultural production while solving the broader range of environmental problems attributed to farming practices? National policymakers who try to answer this question confront difficult trade-offs.

This book offers four specific strategies that can serve as the basis for a national policy to protect soil and water quality while maintaining U.S. agricultural productivity and competitiveness. Timely and comprehensive, the volume has important implications for the Clean Air Act and the 1995 farm bill.

Advocating a systems approach, the committee recommends specific farm practices and new approaches to prevention of soil degradation and water pollution for environmental agencies.

The volume details methods of evaluating soil management systems and offers a wealth of information on improved management of nitrogen, phosphorus, manure, pesticides, sediments, salt, and trace elements. Landscape analysis of nonpoint source pollution is also detailed.

Drawing together research findings, survey results, and case examples, the volume will be of interest to federal, state, and local policymakers; state and local environmental and agricultural officials and other environmental and agricultural specialists; scientists involved in soil and water issues; researchers; and agricultural producers.

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