National Academies Press: OpenBook

Emergency Medical Services for Children (1993)

Chapter: REFERENCES

« Previous: 9 IMPROVING EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN: LOOKING TO THE FUTURE
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 336
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 337
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 338
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 339
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 340
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 341
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 342
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 343
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 344
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 345
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 346
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 347
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 348
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 349
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 350
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 351
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 352
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 353
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 354
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 355
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 356
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 357
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 358
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 359
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 360
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 361
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 362
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 363
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 364
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 365
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." Institute of Medicine. 1993. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2137.
×
Page 366

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

References AAAM (American Association of Automotive Medicine). The Abbreviated Injury Scale. Ar- lington Heights, Ill.: American Association of Automotive Medicine, 1980. AAAM. The Abbreviated Injury Scale-1985 Revision. Des Plaines, Ill.: American Associa- tion of Automotive Medicine, 1985. AACN (American Association of Critical Care Nurses). Core Curriculum for Critical Care Nursing. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders, 1990. AAOS (American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons). Committee on Emergency Medical Services. Emergency Services Newsletter, page 5, November/December 1991. AAP (American Academy of Pediatrics). Committee on Hospital Care. Guidelines for Air and Ground Transport of Pediatric Patients. Pediatrics 78:943-950, 1986. AAP. Council on Child and Adolescent Health. Age Limits of Pediatrics. Pediatrics 81:736, 1988a. AAP. Provisional Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Pediatrician's Role in Emer- gency Medical Services for Children. Pediatrics 81:735, 1988b. AAP. Committee on School Health. Guidelines for Urgent Care in School. Pediatrics 86:999-1000, 1990a. AAP. Prehospital Care Committee. Pediatric Resources for Prehospital Care. 2nd ed. R.C. Luten and G. Foltin, eds. Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1990b. AAP. Ad Hoc Task Force on Definition of the Medical Home. The Medical Home. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children: The Role of the Primary Care Provider. J. Singer and S. Ludwig, eds. Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1992a. AAP. Committee on Adolescence. Firearms and Adolescents. Pediatrics 89:784-787, 1992b. AAP. Committee on Injury and Poison Prevention. Firearm Injuries Affecting the Pediatric Population. Pediatrics 89:788-790, 1992c. AAP. Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Access to Emergency Medical Care. Pediatrics 90:648, 1992d. AAP. Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Emergency Medical Services for Chil 336

REFERENCES 337 dren: The Role of the Primary Care Provider. J. Singer and S. Ludwig, eds. Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1992e. AAP. Committee on School Health. Basic Life Support Training in School. Pediatrics 91:158-159, 1993. AAP/ACOG (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists). Guidelines for Perinatal Care. 3rd ed. Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1992. AAPlSCCM (Society of Critical Care Medicine). AAP? Committee on Hospital Care, and SUCH, Per So-. Guidelines for Pediatric Intensive Cam Units. Pedia - ~s 72:369-372, 1983. ABEM (American Board of Emergency Medicine). Guidelines for Combined Training in Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics Leading to Credentialing for American Board of Emergency Medicine and American Board of Pediatrics Examination. Annals of Emer- gency Medicine 20:98-100, 1991. ABEM. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Fellowships. History. (Informational materials.) East Lansing, Mich.: American Board of Emergency Medicine, May 1992. ABP (American Board of Pediatrics). Guidelines for Combined Internal Medicine-Pediatrics Residency Training Programs. Pediatrics 84:190-193, 1989. ACEP (American College of Emergency Physicians). A Report on Emergency Medical Ser- vices Week, May 12-18, 1991. Washington, D.C.: American College of Emergency Physicians, no date. ACEP. Emergency Medical Services: Problems, Programs and Policies. A Statement Pre- pared by the Committee on Public Policy of the American College of Emergency Physi- cians. JACEP (Journal of the American College of Emergency Physicians and the Uni- versity Association for Emergency Medicine) 5:285-295, 1976. ACEP. Guidelines for Trauma Care Systems. Annals of Emergency Medicine 16:459-463, 1987a. ACEP. Quality Assurance Manualfor Emergency Medicine. N. Schneiderman and M. Wiseman, eds. Dallas, Tex.: American College of Emergency Physicians, 1987b. ACEP. Pediatric Supply and Equipment Guidelines for General Emergency Departments. Pediatric Emergency Medicine Section Newsletter 1 (3):August, 1990a. ACEP. Principles of Appropriate Patient Transfer. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:337- 338, 1990b. ACEP. Providing Telephone Advice from the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:600, 1990c. ACEP. The Role of the Emergency Physician in the Care of Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:435-436, 1990d. ACEP. Emergency Care Guidelines. Annals of Emergency Medicine 20:1389-1395, 1991. ACEP. ACEP Policy Statement. Minimum Pediatric Prehospital Equipment Guidelines. ACEP News January (insert, pp. 1-4), 1992a. ACEP. HOME: Home Organizer for Medical Emergencies. Dallas, Tex.: American College of Emergency Physicians, 1992b. ACEP. Guidelines for Trauma Care Systems. Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1993 (forth- coming). ACS (American College of Surgeons). Committee on Trauma. Advanced Trauma Life Support Course for Physicians. Chicago, Ill.: American College of Surgeons, 1989. ACS. Committee on Trauma. Resources for Optimal Care of the Injured Patient. Chicago, Ill.: American College of Surgeons, 1990. ACS. Fact Sheet. TR/ACS (tm): The National Trauma Registry of the American College of Surgeons. (Draft) Chicago, Ill.: American College of Surgeons, 1992. ACS/AAOS (American College of Surgeons and American Academy of Orthopaedic Sur- geons). Emergency Medical Services. Recommendations for an Approach to an Urgent

338 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN National Problem. Proceedings of the Airlie Conference on Emergency Medical Ser- vices. Chicago, Ill.: ACS and AAOS, 1969. Ad Hoc Committee on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Statement of the Ad Hoc Committee on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation of the Division of Medical Sciences-National Research Council. Journal of the American Medical Association 198:372- 379, 1966. Agran, P., Castillo? D., and Winn. D. Childhood Motor Vehicle (:)ccupant Injuries. American Journal ~Diseases of £~1dren [44 653-662, 1990. AHA (American Heart Association). Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees. Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care, V: Pediat- ric Basic Life Support. Journal of the American Medical Association 268:2251-2261, 1 992a. AHA. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees. Guidelines for Cardiopulmo- nary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care, VI: Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Journal of the American Medical Association 268:2262-2275, 1992b. AHA. Emergency Cardiac Care Committee and Subcommittees. Guidelines for Cardiopulmo- nary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care, IX: Ensuring Effectiveness of Communitywide Emergency Cardiac Care. Journal of the American Medical Association 268:2289-2295, 1992c. AHA-ACEP-AMA. Third EMS Futures Conference. Report of an invitational conference sponsored by the American Hospital Association, American College of Emergency Physi- cians, and Commission on EMS of the American Medical Association. New York, N.Y., July 25-26, 1988. Altieri, M., Bellet, J., and Scott, H. Preparedness for Pediatric Emergencies Encountered in the Practitioner's Office. Pediatrics 85:710-714, 1990. AMA (American Medical Association). Commission on Emergency Medical Services. Guide- lines for Categorization of Hospital Emergency Capabilities. Chicago, Ill.: American Medical Association, 1989. AMA. Commission on Emergency Medical Services. Pediatric Emergencies. (An excerpt from "Guidelines for the Categorization of Hospital Emergency Capabilities.) Pediatrics 85:879-887, 1990. AMA. Caring for the Uninsured and Underinsured. A Compendium from JAMA and the Specialty Journals of the American Medical Association. Chicago, Ill.: American Medi- cal Association, 1991. AMA. Graduate Medical Education. Appendix II, Table 1. Journal of the American Medical Association 268: 1 17-1 171, 1992. American Hospital Association. American Hospital Association Hospital Statistics: 1991-92 Edition. Chicago, Ill.: American Hospital Association, 1991. American Red Cross. First Aid for Children Today (FACT) Program. Washington, D.C.: American Red Cross, 1992. Anderson, P.B. The Idaho Statewide EMS Communications Center. Services 10(4):7-13, 1981a. Emergency Medical Anderson, P.B. Medical Control in a Rural, Mountainous Western State EMS System. In: Medical Control in Emergency Medical Services Systems. National Research Council. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981b. Anderson, P.B., Neuman, K.J., and Trimble, G.R. Trauma in the Country: A Statewide Approach to Trauma Skills Training for Rural EMTs. JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 1 1 :61-64, 1986. Anderson, P.B., Bennett, R.S., Henderson, J.V., Hirschfeld, J.A., and Nichols, M.G. Interac tive Technology: EMS Training Goes Online in Idaho. JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 15:35-38, 1990.

REFERENCES 339 Andrews, P.J.D., Piper, I.R., Dearden, N.M., and Miller, J.D. Secondary Insults During Intrahospital Transport of Head-Injured Patients. Lancet 335:327-330, 1990. Andrulis, D.P., Kellermann, A., Hintz, E.A., Hackman, B.B., and Weslowski, V.B. Emergency Departments and Crowding in United States Teaching Hospitals. Annals of Emergency Medicine 20:980-986, 1991. Anton, T.J. American Federalism and Public Policy. New York, N.Y.: Random House, 1989. APlIA (America Public lIcalth Association) Policy Statement 9112~ Lose Q£ E Codes in Hospital Discharge [data. Amerzearz Journal of Public He-c']th 82:~-83-484, I99~2. Aprahamian, C., Cattey, R.P. Walker, A.P., et al. Pediatric Trauma Score: Predictor of Hospital Resource Use? Archives of Surgery 125:1128-1131, 1990. Arkansas EMS-C Project. Improving Pediatric Emergency Medical Services in Arkansas. A Summary Report of the Arkansas Demonstration Project: Emergency Medical Services for Children. Little Rock, Ark.: University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Depart- ment of Pediatrics, Division of Critical Care Medicine, 1991. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). ASTM Committee F30 on EMS: Project Report. Philadelphia, Pa.: American Society for Testing and Materials, April 25, 1991. Averill, R.F., McGuire, T.E., Manning, B.E., et al. A Study of the Relationship Between Severity of illness and Hospital Cost in New Jersey Hospitals, Final Report. New Haven, Conn.: Health Systems International, 1989. Avner, J.R., Isaacman, D.J., Selbst, S.M., Seidel, J., and Quan, L. Controversies in Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Debate: Telephone Advice in the Pediatric Emergency Depart- ment. Report of a panel discussion held by the Emergency Medicine Special Interest Group of the Ambulatory Pediatric Association. May 5, 1992. Back, K.J. Critical Incident Stress Management for Care Providers in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Critical Care Nurse 12:78-83, 1992. Baker, D.W., Stevens, C.D., and Brook, R.H. Patients Who Leave a Public Hospital Emer- gency Department Without Being Seen by a Physician: Causes and Consequences. Jour- nal of the American Medical Association 266:1085-1090, 1991. Baker, M.D., and Ludwig, S. Pediatric Emergency Transport and the Private Practitioner. Pediatrics 88:691-695, 1991. Baker, M.D., Avner, J.R., and Bell, L.M. Failure of Infant Observation Scales in Detecting Serious Illness in Febrile, 4- to 8-Week-Old Infants. Pediatrics 85:1040-1043, 1990. Baker, S.P., and O'Neill, B. The Injury Severity Score: An Update. Journal of Trauma 16:882-885, 1976. Baker, S.P., and Walter, A.E. Childhood Injury: State-by-State Mortality Facts. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Injury Prevention Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, January 1989. Baker, S.P., O'Neill, B., Haddon, W., and Long, W.B. The Injury Severity Score: A Method for Describing Patients with Multiple Injuries and Evaluating Emergency Care. Journal of Trauma 14: 187-196, 1974. Baker, S.P., O'Neill, B., Ginsburg, My., and Li, G. The Injury Fact Book. 2nd ed. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1992. Barlow, B. [Discussion] Pp. 15-17 in: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Halter, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, May 1989. Barlow, B. Urban Trauma. In: Progress in Pediatric Trauma. 4th ed. B.H. Harris and J.L. Grosfeld, eds. Boston, Mass.: The Kiwanis Pediatric Trauma Institute, 1992. Barth, E.B., Parr, A.K., and Ginsburg, C.M. Emergency Office Supplies: A Survey of 80 General Pediatric Practice Sites in Dallas, Texas. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 8:400-401, 1989.

340 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Bass, J.L., Mehta, K.A., and Ostrovsky, M. Childhood Injury Prevention in a Suburban Mas- sachusetts Population. Public Health Reports 106:437-442, 1991. Baxt, W.G., Berry, C.C., Epperson, M.D., and Scalzitti, V. The Failure of Prehospital Trauma Prediction Rules to Classify Trauma Patients Accurately. Annals of Emergency Medicine 18:1-8, 1989. Baxt, W.G., Jones, G., and Fortlage, D. The Trauma Triage Rule: A New Resource Based Approach to the Prehosp~1 Ident~fi~cation of Ma~or Trauma Victims. Annals ~ Emer- gen~ lied icicle I 9: 1481 - ~ 4~, ~ Am. Belkin, L. Battling Contagions of Superstition and Ignorance. New York Times. August 11, 1992, pp. B1-B2. Bergman, A.B., and Rivara, F.P. Sweden's Experience in Reducing Childhood Injuries. Pedi- atrics 88:69-74, 1991. Bergner, M. Measurement of Health Status. Medical Care 23:696-704, 1985. Bern, A.I. Categorization. In: Management of Emergency Services. J.H. van de Leuv, ed. Rockville, Md.: Aspen Publishers, 1987. Berry, F., and Berry, W. State Lottery Adoptions as Policy Innovations: An Event History Analysis. American Political Science Review 84:395-415, June 1990. Bindman, A.B., Grumbach, K., Keane, D., Rauch, L., and Luce, J.M. Consequences of Queu- ing for Care at a Public Hospital Emergency Department. Journal of the American Medical Association 266:1091-1096, 1991. Blendon, R.J., Edwards, J.N., and Hyams, A.L. Making the Critical Choices. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:2509-2520, 1992. Blue Cross of California. Health Care in the 90s: Learning from Innovative State Programs. Symposium Proceedings, November 14-15, 1991. Woodland Hills, Calif.: Blue Cross of California, 1992. Bonalumi, N. Pediatric Emergencies Nurse Education Program. EMSC News 2(2):3, 1989. Border, J.R., Lewis, F.R., Aprahamian, C., et al. Panel: Prehospital Trauma Care Stabilize or Scoop and Run. Journal of Trauma 23:708-711, 1983. Boyd, D.R. The History of Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Systems in the United States of America. In: Systems Approach to Emergency Medical Care. D.R. Boyd, R.F. Edlich, and S.H. Micik, eds. Norwalk, Conn.: Appleton-Century-Crofts, 1983. Boyd, C.R., Tolson, M.A., and Copes, W.S. Evaluating Trauma Care: The TRISS Method. Journal of Trauma 27:370-378, 1987. Braun, O., McCallion, R., and Fazackerley, J. Characteristics of Midsized Urban EMS Sys- tems. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:536-546, 1990. Brennan, S.R., Rhodes, K.H., and Peterson, H.A. Infection After Farm Machine-Related Inju- ries. American Journal of Diseases of Children 144:710-713, 1990. Brent, D.A., Perper, I.A., Allman, C.J., et al. The Presence and Accessibility of Firearms in the Homes of Adolescent Suicides. Journal of the American Medical Association 266:2989- 2995,1991. Brewster, A.C., Karlin, B.G., Hyde, L.A., et al. MEDISGRPS: A Clinically Based Approach to Classifying Hospital Patients at Admission. Inquiry 22:377-387,1985. Brinegar, C.S. Department of Transportation Policy on Implementation of the Universal Emergency Telephone Number (911) Concept. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, Office of the Secretary, Order DOT 4540.1. November 23,1973. Brodsky, H. Emergency Medical Service Rescue Time in Fatal Road Accidents. Transporta- tion Research Record. No. 1270, Safety and Human Performance. Safety Research: Accident Studies, Enforcement, EMS, Management, and Simulation 1990. Washington, D.C.: Transportation Research Board, National Research Council, 1990. Brodsky, H. Delay in Ambulance Dispatch to Road Accidents. American Journal of Public Health 82:873-875, 1992.

REFERENCES 341 Brown, J.L. Telephone Medicine: A Practical Guide to Pediatric Telephone Advice. St. Louis, Mo.: C.V. Mosby Co., 1980. Brownstein, D. Educational Courses for Prehospital Care. In: Pediatric Resources for Prehospital Care. 2nd ed. AAP. R.C. Luten and G. Foltin, eds. Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1990. Buchert, G., and Yeh, T.S. Prehospital Illness Scoring and Triage. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Will- ~s and Wilkins, 1992. Buchwald, D., Panwala, S., and Hooton, T.M. Use of Traditional Health Practices by South- east Asian Refugees in a Primary Care Clinic. Western Journal of Medicine 156:507- 511, 1992. Buckley, J. The Shame of Emergency Care for Kids. U.S. News & World Report 112(3):34- 43, January 27, 1992. Burner, S.T., Waldo, D.R., and McKusick, D.R. National Health Expenditures Projections Through 2030. Health Care Financing Review 14(1):1-29, 1992. Bush, G.W. Toward a Public Policy for Those Who Have Experienced Head Injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3:193-202, 1989. Bushore, M., Fleisher, G., Seidel, J., and Wagner, D., eds. Advanced Pediatric Life Support. Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics and American College of Emer- gency Physicians, 1989. Cady, G.A. EMS in the United States: A Survey of Providers in the 200 Most Populous Cities. JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 17:75-92, January 1992. California EMS Authority. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Progress Report. Oc- tober 1, 1991-September 30, 1992. M. McNeil, Project Director. Grant Number MCH- 064002-01-0. Sacramento, Calif.: California EMS Authority, October 1992. California EMS-C Project. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Development and Integration of Pediatric Emergency Care into EMS Systems. Los Angeles, Calif.: Cali- fornia EMS-C Project, 1989. California Highway Patrol. Ambulance Handbook. Sacramento, Calif.: California Highway Patrol, 1990. Canny, G.J., Reisman, J., Healy, R., et al. Acute Asthma: Observations Regarding the Man- agement of a Pediatric Emergency Room. Pediatrics 83:507-512, 1989. Cartland, J.D.C., McManus, M.A., and Flint, S.S. A Decade of Medicaid in Perspective: What Have Been the Effects on Children? Pediatrics 91:287-295, 1993. Cavanagh, S.J. Educational Aspects of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) Training. In- tensive Care Nursing 6:38-44, 1990. CDC (Centers for Disease Control). Division of Injury Control, Center for Environmental Health and Injury Control. Childhood Injuries in the United States. American Journal of Diseases of Children 144:627-646, 1990. CDC. External Cause-of-Injury Coding in Hospital Discharge Data United States, 1992. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 41(15): 249-251, 1992a. CDC. Division of Injury Control. Position Papers from the Third National Injury Control Conference: Setting the National Agenda for Injury Control in the l990s. (Conference held April 22-25, 1992, Denver, Colo.) GPO 1992-634-666. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, April 1992b. Chameides, L. ed. Textbook of Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Dallas, Tex.: American Heart Association, 1990. Champion, H.R., and Mabee, M.S. An American Crisis in Trauma Care Reimbursement. Emergency Care Quarterly 6(2):65-87, 1990. Champion, H.R., Sacco, W.J., Carnazzo, A.J., Copes, W., and Fouty, W.J. The Trauma Score. Critical Care Medicine 9:672-676, 1981.

342 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Champion, H.R., Sacco, W.J., and Hunt, T.K. Trauma Severity Scoring to Predict Mortality. World Journal of Surgery 7:4-11, 1983. Champion, H.R., Sacco, W.J., Copes, W.S., et al. A Revision of the Trauma Score. Journal of Trauma 29:623-629, 1989. Champion, H.R., Copes, W.S., Sacco, W.J., et al. A New Characterization of Injury Severity. Journal of Trauma 30:539-546, 1990a. Champion, H.R., Copes, W.S., Sacco, W.J. et al. The Major Trauma Outcome Study Estab- lishing National Aims ~r Trauma Care. Journal ~ Trauma 30: 1356-13S5~, I g9~36. Champion, H.R., Sacco, W.J., and Copes, W.S. Improvement in Outcome from Trauma Center Care. Archives of Surgery 127:333-338, 1992. Chassin, M.R., Park, R.W., Lohr, K.N., et al. Differences Among Hospitals in Medicare Patient Mortality. Health Services Research 24:1-3 1, 1989. Chessare, J.B. Utilization of Emergency Services Among Patients of a Pediatric Group Prac- tice. Pediatric Emergency Care 2:227-230, 1986. Children's Safety Network. A Data Book of Child and Adolescent Injury. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1991. Children's Safety Network. Injury Prevention Professionals: A National Directory. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1992. Civetta, J.M. Scoring Systems: Do We Need a Different Approach? Critical Care Medicine 19:1460-1461, 1991. Clancy, T.V., Rutherford, E.J., Walker, L.G., Jr., et al. The Road to Trauma Center Designa- tion for the Community Hospital. American College of Surgeons Bulletin 77:17-24, July 1992. Clawson, J.J., and Hauert, S.A. Dispatch Life Support: Establishing Standards That Work. JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 15:82-88, 1990. Clearinghouse on Child Abuse and Neglect Information. Child Abuse and Neglect: A Shared Community Concern. DHHS Pub. No. (ACE) 92-30531. Revised version. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Administration on Children, Youth and Families, National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, March 1992. Clemmer, T.P., Orme, J.F., Thomas, F., and Brooks, K.A. Prospective Evaluation of the CRAMS Scale for Triaging Major Trauma. Journal of Trauma 25:188-191, 1985. Cline, D., Henneman, P., Van Ligten, P., et al. A Model Research Curriculum for Emergency Medicine. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21:184-192,1992 CNMC (Children's National Medical Center), Pediatric Emergency Education Research Cen- ter. Pediatric Emergency Nursing Program. Student Manual. Washington, D.C.: Children's National Medical Center, 1991. CNMC. Pediatric Emergency Nursing Education Program. (Brochure.) Washington, D.C.: Children's National Medical Center, 1992. Cobb, L.A., and Hallstrom, A.P. Community-Based Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: What Have We Learned? Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 382:330-342,1982. Committee on Medical Aspects of Automotive Safety. Rating the Severity of Tissue Damage. I. The Abbreviated Scale. Journal of the American Medical Association 215:277-280, 1971. Commonwealth of Virginia. Virginia Department of Education Standards K-12. Richmond, Va.: Commonwealth of Virginia, 1989. Conlan, T. New Federalism: Intergovernmental Reform from Nixon to Reagan. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1988. Conlan, T. And the Beat Goes On: Intergovernmental Mandates and Preemption in an Era of Deregulation. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 21:43-57, 1991.

REFERENCES 343 Cooper, A., Barlow, B., Davidson, L., et al. Epidemiology of Pediatric Trauma: Importance of Population-Based Statistics. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 27:149-154, 1992. Cooper, A., Barlow, B., DiScala, C., et al. Efficacy of Pediatric Trauma Care: Results of a Population-Based Study. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 28:299-305, 1993. Copes, W.S., Champion, H.R., Sacco, W.J., et al. The Injury Severity Score Revisited. Jour- nal of Trauma 28:69-77, 1988. Cote T.R.. Sacks, J.J.. Lambert-Huber' D.A., et al. Bicycle Helmet Use Among Maryland C},ild=~. Effect of Leg-isI~n and Education. Pediatrics 89~.121~1220, 1992. Coulter, K. Children's Protective Service. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. CPSC (Consumer Product Safety Commission). NEISS: The National Electronic Injury Sur- veillance System. A Description of Its Role in the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Com- mission. (Mimeo.) Washington, D.C.: National Injury Information Clearinghouse, The Commission, April 1986. Cross-National Collaborative Group. The Changing Rate of Major Depression: Cross-Na- tional Comparisons. Journal of the American MedicalAssociation 268:3098-3105, 1992. Cuerdon, T.T., Getson, P.R., and Pollack, M.M. State Distributions of ICU, PICU, and NICU Beds: Are They Equitable? (Abstract.) Critical Care Medicine l9:S79, 1991. Cullen, D.J., Civetta, I.M., Briggs, B.A., and Ferrara, L.C. Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System: A Method for Quantitative Comparison of Patient Care. Critical Care Medicine 2:57-60, 1974. Cushman, R., Down, J., MacMillan, N., and Waclawik, H. Helmet Promotion in the Emer- gency Room Following a Bicycle Injury: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics 88:43-47, 1991a. Cushman, R., James, W., and Waclawik, H. Physicians Promoting Bicycle Helmets for Chil- dren: A Randomized Trial. American Journal of Public Health 81:1044-1046, 1991b. Daley, W.E., Leaning, J., and Braen, G.R. Prehospital Emergency Services and Health Main- tenance Organizations: An HMO Perspective. Journal of Emergency Medicine 6:333- 338, 1988. Davis, D.A., Thomson, M.A., Oxman, A.D., and Haynes, R.B. Evidence for the Effectiveness of CME: A Review of 50 Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of the American Medical Association 268:1111-1117, 1992. Day, S., McCloskey, K., Orr, R., et al. Pediatric Interhospital Critical Care Transport: Con- sensus of a National Leadership Conference. Pediatrics 88:696-704, 1991. Derlet, R.W., and Nishio, D.A. Refusing Care to Patients Who Present to an Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19 :262-267, 1990. Derlet, R.W., Silva, J., Jr., and Holcroft, J. Pedestrian Accidents: Adult and Pediatric Injuries. Journal of Emergency Medicine 7:5-8, 1989. Dershewitz, R.A., and Paichel, W. Patients Who Leave a Pediatric Emergency Department Without Treatment. Annals of Emergency Medicine 15:717-720, 1986. DHHS (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services). Public Health Service. Promoting Health/Preventing Disease: Objectives for the Nation. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, 1980. DHHS. Prevention '89/'90: Federal Programs and Progress. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Gov- ernment Printing Office, 1990. DHHS. Healthy People 2000: National Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Objectives. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 91-50212. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, 1991. Dieckmann, R.A. The EMS-EMSC Continuum. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992a.

344 EMERGENCY MEDICALSERVICES FOR CHILDREN Dieckmann, R.A. Medical Direction. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992b. Dieckmann, R.A. Paramedic Base Hospitals. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Plan- ning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992c. District of Columbia EMS-C Project. EMSC Focus on the Traumatically Brain Injured Child. Final Project Report, 1991. Washington? D.C.: Children's National Medical Center, 1991- Donabedian, A. Evaluating the Quality of Medical Care. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly 44: 166-203, July (part 2) 1966. Donabedian, A. Explorations in Quality Assessment and Monitoring. Arbor, Mich.: Health Administration Press, 1980, 1982, 1985. DOT (U.S. Department of Transportation). DOT Guidelines. Emergency Medical Services 20(12):198-204, December 1991. Downes, J.J. The Historical Evolution, Current Status, and Prospective Development of Pedi- atric Critical Care. Critical Care Clinics 8:1-22, 1992. Dykes, E.H., Spence, L.J., Bohn, D.J., and Wesson, D.E. Evaluation of Pediatric Trauma Care in Ontario. Journal of Trauma 29:724-729, 1989. Ehrenhalt, A. Will the Laboratories of Democracy Ever Reopen? Governing 5(8):9-10, May 1992. Volumes I-III. Ann Eichelberger, M.R. Components of EMS Transport: Personnel and Vehicles. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Hailer, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, May 1989. Eichelberger, M.R., Stossel-Pratsch, G., and Mangubat, E.A. A Pediatric Emergencies Train- ing Program for Emergency Medical Services. Pediatric Emergency Care 1:177-179, 1985. Eichelberger, M.R., Mangubat, E.A., Sacco, W.J., Bowman, L.M., and Lowenstein, A.D. Comparative Outcomes of Children and Adults Suffering Blunt Trauma. Journal of Trauma 28:430- 434, 1988a. Eichelberger, M.R., Mangubat, E.A., Sacco, W.J., Bowman, L.M., and Lowenstein, A.D. Out- come Analysis of Blunt Injury in Children. Journal of Trauma 28:1109-1117, 1988b. Eichelberger, M.R., Bowman, L.M. Sacco, W.J., et al. Trauma Score Versus Revised Trauma Score in TRISS to Predict Outcome in Children with Blunt Trauma. Annals of Emer- gency Medicine 18:939-942, 1989a. Eichelberger, M.R., Gotschall, C.S., Sacco, W.J., et al. A Comparison of the Trauma Score, the Revised Trauma Score, and the Pediatric Trauma Score. Annals of Emergency Medi- cine 18:1053-1058, 1989b. Eichelberger, M.R., Gotschall, C.S., Feely, H.B., Harstad, P., and Bowman, L.M. Parental Attitudes and Knowledge of Child Safety: A National Survey. American Journal of Diseases of Children 144:714-720, 1990. Eichelberger, M.R., Ball, J.W., Pratsch, G.S., and Runion, E. Pediatric Emergencies: A Manual for Prehospital Care Providers. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Brady, Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1992. Eichelberger, M.R., Champion, H.R., Sacco, W.J., et al. Pediatric Coefficients for TRISS Analysis. Journal of Trauma 34:319-322, 1993. Eisen, M., Donald, C.A., Ware, J.E., Jr., et al. Conceptualization and Measurement of Health for Children in the Health Insurance Study. Santa Monica, Calif.: The RAND Corpora- tion, 1980. Eisenberg, M., Bergner, L., and Hallstrom, A. Epidemiology of Cardiac Arrest and Resuscita- tion in Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine 12:672-674, 1983. Eisenberg, M.S., Cummins, R.O., Damon, S., Larsen, M.P., and Hearne, T.R. Survival Rates

REFERENCES 345 From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: Recommendations for Uniform Definitions and Data to Report. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:1249- 1259, 1990. Eitzen, E., Schafermeyer, R.W.; and Strange, G.R. The Role of the Emergency Physician in Providing Pediatric Emergency Care A Membership Survey. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:532-535, 1990. Ellerby, P., and Ward, P.M. Development of a Pediatric Injury Prevention Program for Emer- gency Dep~enn Journal ~ Emergency Nursing 15~224-228, 1989~ Emergency Memos! Services. S~een~h Ar~r~ual EMS State and Province Sumey. Emergency Medical Services 21:196-199, 202-204, 207-218, 220-224, 226, December 1992. Emerman, C.L., Shade, B., and Kubincanek, J. A Comparison of EMT Judgment and Prehospital Trauma Triage Instruments. Journal of Trauma 31:1369- 1375, 1991. Emerman, C.L., Shade, B., and Kubincanek, J. Comparative Performance of the Baxt Trauma Triage Rule. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 10:294-297, 1992. EMS-C National Resource Center. On Call with Public Policy. (Newsletter.) Vol. 1, No. 4, December 1992 ENA (Emergency Nurses Association). Trauma Nursing Core Course Manual. Chicago, Ill.: Emergency Nurses Association, 1988. ENA. Emergency Nurses Association Position Statement: Telephone Advice. Journal of Emergency Nursing 17(5) :52A, 1991. ENA. Emergency Nurses Association Position Statement: Integration of Emergency Nursing Concepts in Nursing Curricula. Journal of Emergency Nursing 18(1):61A, 1992. Ente, B.H., and Lloyd, J.S. Taking Stock of Mortality Data: A Joint Commission Conference. Quality Review Bulletin 15:54-57, 1989. Erder, M.H., Davidson, S.J., and Cheney, R.A. On-Line Medical Command in Theory and Practice. Annals of Emergency Medicine 18:261-268, 1989. Esposito, T.J., Nania, J., and Mater, R.V. State Trauma System Evaluation: A Unique and Comprehensive Approach. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21:351-357, 1992. Etcetera. Pediatric Emergency Nursing Course Nears Debut. Etcetera 16(8):8, October 1992. Fauser, J.J. Accreditation of Allied Health Education: Assessing for Educational Effective- ness. Journal of the American Medical Association 268:1123-1126, 1992. Feely, H.B. Testimony regarding the Traumatic Brain Injury Act of 1992 S. 2949 before the United States Senate Committee on Labor and Human Resources on September 23, 1992. Washington, D.C.: National SAFE KIDS Campaign, 1992. Feely, H.B., and Bhatia, E. National SAFE KIDS Campaign: Cure for the Disease. In: Pediatric Trauma: Prevention, Acute Care, and Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1993. Feinstein, A.R. Clinical Judgment. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1967. Feinstein, A.R. Clinimetrics. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1987. Fifield, G.C., Magnuson, C., Carr, W.P., and Deinard, A.S. Pediatric Emergency Care in a Metropolitan Area. Journal of Emergency Medicine 1:495-507, 1984. Fingerhut, L.A., Ingram, D.D., and Feldman, J.J. Firearm and Nonfirearm Homicide Among Persons 15 Through 19 Years of Age: Differences by Level of Urbanization, United States, 1979 Through 1989. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3048- 3053, 1992a. Fingerhut, L.A., Ingram, D.D., and Feldman, J.J. Firearm Homicide Among Black Teenage Males in Metropolitan Counties. Comparison of Death Rates in Two Periods, 1983 Through 1985 and 1987 Through 1989. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3054-3058, 1992b. Flaherty, D.H. Protecting Privacy in Surveillance Societies. The Federal Republic of Ger- many, Sweden, France, Canada, and the United States. Chapel Hill and London: Uni- versity of North Carolina Press, 1989.

346 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Foltin, G., and Cooper, A. Emergency Medical Services for Children. In: EMS Medical Directors Handbook. 2nd ed. A. Kuehl, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: C.V. Mosby, 1993 (forth- coming). Foltin, G., and Fuchs, S. Advances in Pediatric Emergency Medical Service Systems. Emer- gency Medicine Clinics of North America 9(3):459-474, 1991. Foltin, G., Salomon, M., Tunik, M., Schneiderman, W., and Treiber, M. Developing Prehospital Advanced Life Support for Children The New York City Experience. Pediatric Emery gamy Care 6: 141-144, 1990. Foltin, G.L., Schneiderman, W.J., and Dieckmann, R.A. System Access: 911 and Ambulance Dispatch. In: Pediatric Emergent Care renal .~;;vet~mc P~7nnino Gina ted ~ A - . . _ ~ ~ ~ V _ . . ~ V . A ~ ~ ~^ ~ ~ ~ ~ ^ ~ ~ 1 [ C ~ ~ 1 . 1~ . ~ . Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. Ford, E.G., Jennings, L.M., Gibson, A.E., et al. The Pediatric Trauma Score: Accuracy of Prediction of Injury Severity in a Single Large Urban Pediatric Trauma Experience. Contemporary Orthopaedics 16:35-41,1988. Fortune, J.B., Sanchez, J., Graca, L., et al. A Pediatric Trauma Center without a Pediatric Surgeon: A Four-Year Outcome Analysis. Journal of Trauma 33:120-139,1992. Fosarelli, P.D. The Telephone in Pediatric Medicine. Clinical Pediatrics 22:293-296,1983. Foster, J. Regionalism and Innovation in the American States. Journal of Politics 40:179-187, 1978. Franckowiak, M.J. Life Sessions. Emergency Medical Services 21(9):20-22, September 1992. Fredrickson, J.M. Emergency Nurses. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. Freilich, D.A., and Spiegel, A.D. Aeromedical Emergency Trauma Services and Mortality Reduction in Rural Areas. New York State Journal of Medicine 90:358-365, 1990. Fuchs, S., Jaffe, D.M., and Christoffel, K.K. Pediatric Emergencies in Office Practices: Prevalence and Office Preparedness. Pediatrics 83:931-939, 1989. Funke, A.S. Pediatric Emergencies: The Federal Program. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. Gallagher, S.S., Finison, K., Guyer, B., and Goodenough, S. The Incidence of Injuries Among 87,000 Massachusetts Children and Adolescents: Results of the 1980-81 Statewide Childhood Injury Prevention Program Surveillance System. American Journal of Public Health 74:1340-1347, 1984. Gallery, M.E., Whitley, T.W., Klonis, L.K., Anzinger, R.K., and Revicki, D.A. A Study of Occupational Stress and Depression Among Emergency Physicians. Annals of Emer- gency Medicine 21 :58-64, 1992. GAO (U.S. General Accounting Office). States Assume Leadership Role in Providing Emer- gency Medical Services. GAOIHRD-86-132. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Account- ing Office, September 1986. GAO. Rural Hospitals: Federal Efforts Should Target Areas Where Closures Would Threaten Access to Care. GAO/HRD-91-41. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office February 1991a. GAO. Trauma Care: Lifesaving System Threatened by Unreimbursed Costs and Other Fac- tors. GAO/HRD-91-57. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, May l991b. GAO. District of Columbia: Barriers to Medicaid Enrollment Contribute to Hospital Uncom- pensated Care. GAO/HRD-93-28. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, December 1992. ~AM ~ ^.~,~ ~ GAO. Emergency Departments: Unevenly Affected by Growth and Change in Patient Use. GAO/HRD-93-4. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office, January 1993. Gass, D.A., and Curry, L. Physicians' and Nurses' Retention of Knowledge and Skills After

REFERENCES 347 Training in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Canadian Medical Association Journal 128:550- 551, 1983. Gausche, M., Henderson, D.P., and Seidel, J.S. Vital Signs as Part of the Prehospital Assess- ment of the Pediatric Patient: A Survey of Paramedics. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:173-178, 1990. Gentleman, D., and Jennett, B. Audit of Transfer of Unconscious Head-Injured Patients to a Neurosurgical Unit. faucet 335;330-334, l99Q~ Gina, F.~., Tepas, Hi., Yen, T.S., et al. -cessions Pp. 80-83 Ant Emergency Me~1 Services for Children. J.A. Haller, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 1989. Glotzer, D., Sager, A., Socolar, D., and Weitzman, M. Prior Approval in the Pediatric Emer- gency Room. Pediatrics 88:674-680, 1991. Gofin, R., Patti, H., Adler, B., and Edet, E. Childhood Injuries: A Population-Based Study of Emergency Room Visits in Jerusalem. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology 3:174- 188, 1989. Gold, C.R. Prehospital Advanced Life Support vs `'Scoop and Run" in Trauma Management. Annals of Emergency Medicine 16:797-801, 1987. Gold, S.D. The Federal Role in State Fiscal Stress. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 22:33-47, Summer 1992. Gonnella, J.S., Louis, D.Z., and McCord, J.J. The Staging Concept-An Approach to the Assessment of Outcome of Ambulatory Care. Medical Care 14:13-21, 1976. Gonnella, J.S., Hornbrook, M.C., and Louis, D.Z. Staging of Disease. A Case-Mix Measure- ment. Journal of the American Medical Association 251 :637-644, 1984. Gormican, S.P. CRAMS Scale: Field Triage of Trauma Victims. Annals of Emergency Medicine 11:132-135, 1982. Gray, V. Innovation in the States: A Diffusion Study. American Political Science Review 67:1174-1185, September 1973. Greenfield, S., and Nelson, E.C. Recent Developments and Future Issues in the Use of Health Status Assessment Measures in Clinical Settings. Medical Care 30(May Suppl.):MS23- MS41, 1992. Greitzer, L., Stapelton, B., Wright, L., and Wedgewood, R. Telephone Assessment of Illness by Practicing Pediatricians. Journal of Pediatrics 88:880-882, 1976. Groves, B. McA., Zuckerman, B., Marans, S., and Cohen, DJ. Silent Victims: Children Who Witness Violence. Journal of the American Medical Association 269:262-264, 1993. Guterman, J.J., Franaszek, J.B., Murdy, D., and Gifford, M. The 1980 Patient Urgency Study: Further Analysis of the Data. Annals of Emergency Medicine 14:1191-1198, 1985. Guyer, B., and Ellers, B. Childhood Injuries in the United States: Mortality, Morbidity, and Cost. American Journal of Diseases of Children 144:649-652, 1990. Guyer, B., Lescohier, I., Gallagher, S.S., Hausman, A., and Azzara, C.V. Intentional Injuries Among Children and Adolescents in Massachusetts. New England Journal of Medicine 321:1584-1589, 1989. Haffey, W.J., and Lewis, F.D. Rehabilitation Outcomes Following Traumatic Brain Injury. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 3(1):203-218, 1989. Haller, J.A., Jr. Emergency Medical Services for Children: What Is the Pediatric Surgeon's Role? Pediatrics 79:576-581, 1987. Haller, J.A., Jr. [Discussion] Pp. 15-17 in: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Haller, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, May 1989a. Haller, J.A., Jr., ed. Emergency Medical Services for Children. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 1989b.

348 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Haller, J.A., Jr. Toward a Comprehensive Emergency Medical System for Children. Pediat- rics 86:120-122, 1990. Haller, J.A., Jr. The Pediatric Surgeon's Role in Pediatric Critical Care. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 27:7-9, 1992. Haller, J.A., Jr. Emergency Medical Services for Children: General Considerations. In: Pediatric Trauma: Prevention, Acute Care, and Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louise Mo.: Mosby Year Book, Inc.-. 1993. Hatter, I.~., an<! Beaver, B. ~ Model: Systems Management of L~ Threatening Injures In Children for the State of Maryland, USA. Intensive Care Medicine l5:S53-S56, 1989. Haller, J.A., Shorter, N., Miller, D., et al. Organization and Function of a Regional Pediatric Trauma Center: Does a System of Management Improve Outcome? Journal of Trauma 23:691-696, 1983. Hanft, R.S., Sisk, J.E., and White, C.C., guest eds. Special Section: Measuring Health Care Effectiveness: Use of Large Data Bases for Technology and Quality Assessments. Inter- national Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6:181-352,1990. Harris, B.H. Creating Pediatric Trauma Systems. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24:149-152, 1989. Harris, B.H., Schwaitzberg, S.D., Seman, T.M., and Herrmann, C. The Hidden Morbidity of Pediatric Trauma. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24:103-106,1989. Harris, B.H., Barlow, B.A., Ballantine, T.V., et al. American Pediatric Surgical Association Principles of Pediatric Trauma Care. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 27:423-426,1992. Harvey, B. Toward a National Child Health Policy. Journal of the American Medical Asso- ciation 264:252-253,1990. Heggers, J.P., Mickel, H.S., Olson, J.E., and Spivey, W.H. Is Emergency Medicine Research Viable? Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:1338, 1990. Hemby Pediatric Trauma Institute. Pediatric Trauma Management for Emergency Medical Services. J.P. Hamilton, A. Jacobs, and D. Morton, eds. Charlotte, N.C.: Hemby Pediat- ric Trauma Institute, Charlotte Memorial Hospital & Medical Center, 1989. Henderson' D.P. The Los Angeles Pediatric Emergency Care System. Journal of Emergency Nursing 14:96-100, 1988. Henderson, D.P., and Avery, S. Rural EMSC Development. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. Henderson, D.P., and Brownstein, D., eds. Pediatric Emergency Nursing Curriculum. New York, N.Y.: Springer Publishing Co., 1993 (forthcoming). Henry, M.C., and Stapleton, E.R. EMTs and Medical Control. JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 10:32-34, January 1985. Hoffman, J.R., Luo, J., Schriger, D.L., and Silver, L. Does Paramedic-Base Hospital Contact Result in Beneficial Deviations From Standard Prehospital Protocols? Western Journal of Medicine 153:283-287,1990. Holbrook, P.R. Pediatric Disaster Medicine. Critical Care Clinics 7(2):463-470,1991. Holroyd, B.R., Knopp, R., and Kallsen, G. Medical Control: Quality Assurance in Prehospital Care. Journal of the American Medical Association 256:1027-1031, 1986. Horn, S.D., and Horn, R.A. The Computerized Severity Index. A New Tool for Case-Mix Management. Journal of Medical Systems 10:73-78, 1986. Hossfeld, G., and Ryan, M. HMOs and Utilization of Emergency Services. Annals of Emer- gency Medicine 18:374-377, 1989. HRSA (Health Resources and Services Administration). Office of Maternal and Child Health. EMSC Demonstration Grant Application Guidance to Applicants, Spring 1990. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administration, 1990.

REFERENCES 349 HRSA. Child Health USA '91. DHHS Pub. No. HRS-M-CH 91-1. Rockville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Health Resources and Services Administra- tion, November 1991. Iezzoni, L.I. Using Administrative Diagnostic Data to Assess the Quality of Hospital Care: Pitfalls and Potential of ICD-9-CM. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6:272-281, 1990. Iezz-~. L*I. Seventy S-~ndardi=tion and lIospiml Quality Asse$~- IN lIealth Care Quality Afanc~gement for the 2lst- Century. I.~3. Couch, ed. Tampa, Fla.- American Col- lege of Physician Executives, 1991. Iezzoni, L.I., and Moskowitz, M.A. A Clinical Assessment of MedisGroups. Journal of the American Medical Association 260:3159-3163, 1988. IHPP (Intergovernmental Health Policy Project). Minority Health on Center Stage: States Begin Search for Solutions. State Health Notes. No. 107. Washington, D.C.: The George Washington University, October 1990. IHPP. Survey of 1993 Health Priorities: Access, Costs Continue to Dominate. State Health Notes. Special Issue, December 28, 1992. Interagency Committee to Improve Access to Immunization Services. The Public Health Service Action Plan to Improve Access to Immunization Services. Public Health Reports 107:243-25 1, 1992. IOM (Institute of Medicine). Reliability of Medicare Hospital Discharge Records. Washing- ton, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1977. IOM. Health Planning in the United States: Issues in Guidelines Development. Report of a Study. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1980a. IOM. Reliability of National Hospital Discharge Survey Data. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1980b. IOM. The Future of Public Health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1988. IOM. Allied Health Services: Avoiding Crises. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1989. IOM. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Directions for a New Program. M.J. Field and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990a. IOM. Medicare: A Strategy for Quality Assurance. Vols. I and II. K.N. Lohr, ed. Washing- ton, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1990b. IOM. The Computer-lRased Patient Record: An Essential Technology for Hearth Care. R.S. Dick and E.B. Steen, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991a. IOM. Disability in America: Toward a National Agenda for Prevention. A.M. Pope and A.R. Tarlov, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, l991b. IOM. Kidney Failure and the Federal Government. R.A. Rettig and N.G. Levinsky, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1991c. IOM. Guidelines for Clinical Practice: From Development to Use. M.J. Field and K.N. Lohr, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992. IOM. Access to Health Care in America. M. Millman, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993a. IOM. Assessing Health Care Reform. MA. Field, K.N. Lohr, and K.D. Yordy, eds. Washing- ton, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993b. IOM. Employment and Health Benefits: A Connection at Risk. M.J. Field and H.T. Shapiro, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993c. IOM. Assessing Genetic Risks: Issues and Implications for Health. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993 (forthcoming). Iowa Leadership Consortium on Health Care. Health Care Reform: A Proposal for Discus- sion by Iowans. Des Moines, Iowa: The Consortium, April 1992. Isaacman, D.J., Purvis, K., Gyuro, J., Anderson, Y., and Smith, D. Standardized Instructions:

350 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Do they Improve Communication of Discharge Information from the Emergency Depart- ment? Pediatrics 89:1204-1208, 1 992a. Isaacman, D.J., Verdile, V.P., Kohen, F. P., and Verdile, L.A. Pediatric Telephone Advice in the Emergency Department: Results of a Mock Scenario. Pediatrics 89:35-39, 1992b. Jaimovich, D.G., Blostein, P.A., Rose, W.W., et al. Functional Outcome of Pediatric Trauma Patients Identified as 'Non-Salvageable Survivors.' Journal of Trauma 31:196-199, 1991. JCAHO (Joint Co~issiQu on Accreditation of Heals Organizations). Agenda for Change. Update I:l,b, -~987. JCAHO. Agenda for Change. Update 2: 1,5, 1988. JCAHO. The Joint Commission Accreditation Manualfor Hospitals, 1991. Oakbrook Terrace, Ill.: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, 1990. JCAHO. Trauma, Oncology, and Cardiovascular Indicators: Beta 2 Phase Training Manual and Software Users Guide. Oakbrook Terrace, Ill.: Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations, Department of Outcomes Research and Development, 1991. Jencks, S.F., Williams, D.K., and Kay, T.L. Assessing Hospital-Associated Deaths from Dis- charge Data: The Role of Length of Stay and Comorbidities. Journal of the American Medical Association 260:2240-2246, 1988. Johnston, C. Rural Pediatric Emergency Care. In: [Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Hailer, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Colum- bus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 1989. Johnston, C., and King, W.D. Pediatric Prehospital Care in a Southern Regional Emergency Medical Service System. Southern Medical Journal 81:1473-1476, 1988. Jones, S.L., Jones, P.K., and Katz, I. Health Belief Model Intervention to Increase Compliance with Emergency Department Patients. Medical Care 26:1172-1184, 1988. Joyce, S.M., and Brown, D.E. An Optically Scanned EMS Reporting Form and Analysis System for Statewide Use: Development and Five Years' Experience. Annals of Emer- gency Medicine 20:1325-1330,1991. Jurkiewicz, M.S. Spectrum 1988. The Joint Commission and the Agenda for Change. Ameri- can College of Surgeons Bulletin 73:20-25,1988. Kahn, K.L., Brook, R.H., Draper, D., et al. Interpreting Hospital Mortality Data. How Can We Proceed? Journal of the American Medical Association 260:3625-3638,1988. Kamela, W.C., and Demes, J.C. Mandatory Bike Helmet Legislation: A Growing National Trend. Childhood Injury Prevention Quarterly 2(3):14-22, Winter 1991. Kane, G., Engelhardt, R., Celentano, J., et al. Empirical Development and Evaluation of Prehospital Trauma Triage Instruments. Journal of Trauma 25:482-488,1985. Kanter, R.K., Zimmerman, J.J., Strauss, R.H., and Stoeckel, K.A. Pediatric Emergency Intra- venous Access: Evaluation of a Protocol. American Journal of Diseases of Children 140:132-134,1986. Kaplan, R.M., and Bush, J.W. Health-Related Quality of Life Measurement for Evaluation Research and Policy Analysis. Health Psychology 1 :61-80, 1982. Karlson, T.A., and Eisenberg, D. Using Data from Emergency Departments to Promote Effec- tive Pediatric Emergency Medical Services and Injury Control. Report to Wisconsin Task Force on Pediatric Emergency Medical Services Madison, Wisc.: University of Wisconsin, Center for Health Systems Research and Analysis, 1990. Katz, S., guest ed. The Portugal Conference: Measuring Quality of Life and Functional Status in Clinical and Epidemiological Research. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40:459-650, 1987. Katz, S., Ford, A.B., Moskowitz, R.W., Jackson, B.A., and Jaffe, M.W. Studies of Illness in the Aged: The Index of ADL, A Standardized Measure of Biological and Psychosocial Function. Journal of the American Medical Association 185:914-919, 1963.

REFERENCES 351 Kaufmann, C.R., Maier, R.V., Rivara, F.P., et al. Evaluation of the Pediatric Trauma Score. Journal of the American Medical Association 263:69-72, 1990. Kaufmann, C.R., Maier, R.V., Kaufmann, EJ., et al. Validity of Applying Adult TRISS Analysis to Injured Children. Journal of Trauma 31:691-698, 1991. Kaye, W., and Mancini, M.E. Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skills by Physi- cians, Registered Nurses, and the General Public. Critical Care Medicine 14:620-622, 1 986~ Kane, W., Rallis, S.~., Dancing, M.Ei., et al. We Problem of Poor Retention of C=~opulmo- nary Resuscitation Skills May Lie with the Instructor, Not the Learner or the Curriculum. Resuscitation 21 :67-87, 1991. Kearney, T.E. Role of the Poison Center. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. Keep, N., Gilbert, P., and the 1990-1991 California ENA Government Affairs Committee. California Emergency Nurses Association's Informal Survey of Violence in California Emergency Departments. Journal of Emergency Nursing 18:43 3-437, 1992. Keller, R.A. Prehospital Communications Systems. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. Kellermann, A.L., Hackman, B.B., and Somes, G. Dispatcher-Assisted Cardiopulmonary Re- suscitation: Validation of Efficacy. Circulation 80:1231-1239,1989. Kerr, H.D. Prehospital Emergency Services and Health Maintenance Organizations. Annals of Emergency Medicine 15:727-729,1986. Kerr, H.D. Access to Emergency Departments: Emergency Medicine 18:274-277,1989. A Survey of HMO Policies. Annals of King, W.D., and Palmisano, P.A. Poison Control Centers: Can Their Value Be Measured? Southern Medical Journal 84:722-724,1991. Kissoon, N., and Walia, M.S. The Critically Ill Child in the Pediatric Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 18:30-33,1989. Kitchen, L., and Haubner, L.M. Guidelines for the Triage of Pediatric Trauma Patients. Journal of Emergency Nursing 15 :414-415,1989. Knaus, W.A., Zimmerman, J.E., Wagner, D.P., Draper, E., and Lawrence, D. APACHE- Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation: A Physiologically Based Classifica- tion System. Critical Care Medicine 9:591-597, 1981. Knaus, W.A., Draper, E.Q., Wagner, D.P., and Zimmerman, J.E. APACHE II- A Severity of Disease Classification System. Critical Care Medicine 13:818-829, 1985. Knopp, R.K. Editorial. Impact of HMOs on Emergency Medical Services. Annals of Emer- gency Medicine 15:730, 1986. Knowles, P.J., and Cummins, R.O. ED Medical Advice Telephone Calls: Who Calls and Why? Journal of Emergency Nursing 10:283-286, 1984. Kobernick, M.S. Management of Emergencies in the Medical Office. Journal of Emergency Medicine 4:71-74, 1986. Koehler, J.J., Baer, K.J., Malafa, S.A., et al. Prehospital Index: A Scoring System for Field Triage of Trauma Victims. Annals of Emergency Medicine 15:178-182, 1986. Koop, C.E., and Lundberg, G.D. Violence in America: A Public Health Emergency. Time to Bite the Bullet Back. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3075-3076, 1992. Kosower, E., Inkelis, S.H., and Seidel, J.S. Telephone T.A.L.K.: A Telephone Communication Program. Pediatric Emergency Care 7 :76-79, 1991. Kosower, E., Inkelis, S.H., and Seidel, J.S. Analysis of Pediatric Emergency Department Telephone Calls. Pediatric Emergency Care, 1993 (forthcoming).

352 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Krauss, B.S., Harakal, T., and Fleisher, G.R. The Spectrum and Frequency of Illness Present- ing to a Pediatric Emergency Department. Pediatric Emergency Care 7:67-71, 1991. Krugman, R.D. Kempe Center Programs. Denver, Colo.: C. Henry Kempe National Center for the Prevention and Treatment of Child Abuse and Neglect, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, no date. Leaning, J., Wilkinson, J., and Sansby, S. Clinical Triage at Harvard Community Health Plan. H~Q Practice 5:84-89~ 1991* Lee, P.~. Phys-~c~xn Reimbursement Under Medicaid. Pediatrics 89:778-780, logs;. Lescohier, I., Gallagher, S.S., and Guyer, B. Not by Accident. Issues in Science and Technol- ogy 6(4):35-42, 1990. Lewis, A.J., Ailshie, G., and Criley, J.M. Prehospital Care in a Paramedic Mobile Intensive Care Unit. California Medicine 117: 1 -8, 1972. Light, A. Intergovernmental Sources of Innovation in State Administration. American Politics Quarterly 6(2):147-168, April 1978. Litovitz, T.L., Holm, K.C., Bailey, K.M., and Schmitz, B.F. 1991 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers National Data Collection System. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 10:452-505, 1992. Lohr, K.N., guest ed. Advances in Health Status Assessment: Conference Proceedings. Medi- cal Care 27 (March Suppl.):Sl-S294, 1989. Lohr, K.N. Use of Insurance Claims Data in Measuring Quality of Care. International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 6:263-271, 1990. Lohr, K.N., guest ed. Advances in Health Status Assessment: Proceedings of a Conference. Medical Care 30 (May Suppl.):MSl-MS293, 1992. Lohr, K.N., and Ware, J.E., Jr., eds. Proceedings of the Advances in Health Assessment Conference. Journal of Chronic Diseases 40 (Suppl. l):lS-193S, 1987. Lopez, J.R., and Dion, B. The Americans with Disabilities Act . . . And Its Impact on Emergency Services. APCO Bulletin 57(6): 40-41, June 1991. Lubitz, D.S., Seidel, J.S., Chameides, L., et al. A Rapid Method for Estimating Weight and Resuscitation Drug Dosages from Length in the Pediatric Age Group. Annals of Emer- gency Medicine 17:576-581, 1988. Ludwig, S. A Model EMS System to Include All Children. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Hailer, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 1989. Ludwig, S., and Selbst, S. A Child-Oriented Emergency Medical Services System. Current Problems in Pediatrics 20(3):109-158, 1990. Ludwig, S., Fleisher, G., Henretig, F., and Ruddy, R. Pediatric Training in Emergency Resi- dency Programs. Annals of Emergency Medicine 11:170-173, 1982. Luerssen, T.G. Head Injuries in Children. In: Progress in Pediatric Trauma. B.H. Harris and J.L. Grosfeld, eds. 4th ed. Boston, Mass.: The Kiwanis Pediatric Trauma Institute, 1992. Luerssen, T.G. General Characteristics of Neurologic Injury. In: Pediatric Trauma: Preven- tion, Acute Care, Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, 1993. Luerssen, T.G., Klauber, M.R., and Marshall, L.E. Outcome from Head Injury Related to Patient's Age: A Longitudinal Prospective Study of Adult and Pediatric Head Injury. Journal of Neurosurgery 68 :409-416, 1988. Luten, R.C. Educational Overview. In: Pediatric Resources for Prehospital Care. 2nd ed. AAP. R.C. Luten and G. Foltin. eds. Elk Grove Village 111 Ame.rir.nn Arnd~mv Of Pediatrics, 1990. ~At, A ~ ~ _ ~^ 4 1 . . ~^ ~1 1-~1 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ 1 Luten, R.C. General Information Packet. Jacksonville, Fla.: Year of the Child in Emergency Medical Services, June 18, 1991. MacKenzie, E.J. Techniques of Injury Surveillance: Use of Uniform Hospital-Discharge

REFERENCES 353 Data. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A Halter, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, May 1989. MacKenzie, E.J. Building a Scientific Base for EMS-C. Presentation at "Emergency Medical Services for Children. A Report to the Nation." Conference sponsored by the Depart- ments of Health and Human Services and Transportation, Washington, D.C., June 20, 1991. MacKenzie, Em., Morels, Am., L, G.V., Smith, G., and Fishes', M. Acute Wsp~} Costs of Pediatric Trauma in the United States: How Much and Who Pays? Journal of Pediatric Surgery 25:970-976, 1990a. MacKenzie, E.J., Morris, J.A., Smith, G.S., and Fahey M. Acute Hospital Costs of Trauma in the United States: Implications for Regionalized Systems of Care. Journal of Trauma 30:1096-1101, 1990b. Maine EMS-C Project. Final Report. Emergency Medical Services for Children, MCH-234001- 01-2. October 1, 1987-September 30, 1991. Augusta, Maine: State Board of Emergency Medical Services and Medical Care Development, Inc., 1991. Malek, M., Chang, B., Gallagher, S.S., and Guyer, B. The Cost of Medical Care for Injuries to Children. Annals of Emergency Medicine 20:997-1005, 1991. Marganitt, B., MacKenzie, E.J., Smith, G.S., and Damiano, A.M. Coding External Causes of Injury (E-Codes) in Maryland Hospital Discharges 1979-86: A Statewide Study to Ex- plore the Uncoded Population. American Journal of Public Health 80:1463-1466, 1990. Margolis, L.H., Wagenaar, A.C., and Liu, W. The Effects of a Mandatory Child Restraint Law on Injuries Requiring Hospitalization. American Journal of Diseases of Children 142:1099- 1103, 1988. Margolis, P.A, Cook, R.L., Earp, J.A., et al. Factors Associated with Pediatricians' Participa- tion in Medicaid in North Carolina. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:1942- 1946, 1992. Markle, J., Cayten, C.G., Byrne, D.W., Moy, F., and Murphy, J.G. Comparison Between TRISS and ASCOT Methods in Controlling for Injury Severity. Journal of Trauma 33:326-332, 1992. Maryland EMS-C Project. Close Out Report. Organization for Comprehensive Emergency Medical Services for Children. Baltimore, Md.: Maryland Institute for Emergency Medi- cal Services Systems and the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, January 1992. Matson, T. Ambulatory Care to Drive Hospital Services in 1990s. Health Care Strategic Management 9(3):16-18, March 1991. Mayer, T., Matlak, M.E., Johnson, D.G., and Walker, M.L. The Modified Injury Severity Scale in Pediatric Multiple Trauma Patients. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 15:719-726, 1980. Mayer, T., McHenry, S., and Eroe, E. The Evolution of EMS in Virginia. Emergency Care Q uarterly 6 (1) :49 -57, 1990. Mayol, P.M., and Mora, E. Chief Complaint of 3,545 Pediatric Patients at the Emergency Room of San Pablo Hospital During a Five Months Period. Boletin Asociacion Medica de Puerto Rico 81(11):430-432, 1989. McArdle, M.S., and Cooper, G.F. System Assessment. In Pediatric Trauma: Prevention, Acute Care, Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, 1993. McArdle, M., Cooper, G., Waldron, J., and Murrin, P. Emergency Medical Services Systems: The San Diego Experience. Emergency Care Quarterly 6(1):35-48, 1990. McCarthy, P.L., Sharpe, M.R., Spiesel, S.Z., et al. Observation Scales to Identify Serious Illness in Febrile Children. Pediatrics 70:802-809, 1982.

354 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN McClain, P.W., Sacks, J.J., Froehlke, R.G., and Ewigman, B.G. Estimates of Fatal Child Abuse and Neglect, United States, 1979 Through 1988. Pediatrics 91:338-343,1993. McCloskey, K.A., and Orr, R.A. Pediatric Transport Issues in Emergency Medicine. Emer- gency Medicine Clinics of North America 9(3):475-489,1991. McCloskey, K.A., King, W.D., and Byron, L. Pediatric Critical Care Transport: Is a Physi clan Always Needed on the Team? Annals of Emergency Medicine 18:247-249,1989. McDowell, I., and Newell, C. Measuring Health: A Guide to Rating Scales and Questiar'- naires~ New Yam, N.Y.: Oxfam Un-ivem~ty Press, 1987. McHenry, S.D. Stress in the Prehospital EMS and Disaster Setting. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 6:483-484,1991. McManus, M., Flint, S., and Kelly, R. The Adequacy of Physician Reimbursement for Pediat- ric Care Under Medicaid. Pediatrics 87:909-920,1991. Mellick, L.B., and Dierking, B.H. One Size Doesn't Fit All. Choosing Pediatric Equipment: Part I. JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 16:78-82, June 1991a. Mellick, L.B., and Dierking, B.H. One Size Doesn't Fit All. Choosing Pediatric Equipment: Part II. JEMS: Journal of Emergency Medical Services 16:35-46, July l991b. Mendeloff, J.M., and Cayten, C.G. Trauma Systems and Public Policy. Annual Review of Public Health 12:401-424, 1991. Menzel, D., and Feller, I. Leadership and Interaction Patterns in the Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States. Western Political Quarterly 30 (June):528-536, 1977. Meyer, H.B. Regional Care for Mothers and Their Infants. Clinics in Perinatology 7(1):205- 221, 1980. Meyers, A., Siegel, B., and Vinci, R. Economic Barriers to the Use of Oral Rehydration Therapy. A Case Report. Journal of the American Medical Association 265:1724-1725, 1991. Mickel, H.S. Critical Need for a National Institute of Emergency Medicine. Annals of Emer- gency Medicine 19: 1340-1341, 1990. MIEMSS (Maryland Institute for Emergency Medical Services Systems). MIEMSS Announces Leadership Changes in the EMS System. (Press Release.) Baltimore, Md.: MIEMSS, University of Maryland at Baltimore, August 27,1992. Millstein, S.G., Irwin, C.E., Adler, N.E., et al. Health-Risk Behaviors and Health Concerns Among Young Adolescents. Pediatrics 89:422-428,1992. Mitchell, T.A., and Remmel, R.J. Level of Uncompensated Care Delivered by Emergency Physicians in Florida. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21:1208-1214,1992. Moedinger, H. Do Foreign Languages Thwart Response? NENA News 10(2):24, 26, May 1992. Moloney-Harman, P. Pediatric ATLS for Children. EMSC News 2(2):4,1989. Morris, J.A., Auerbach, P.S., Marshall, G.A., et al. The Trauma Score as a Triage Tool in the Prehospital Setting. Journal of the American Medical Association 256:1319-1325,1986. Moser, D.K., and Coleman, S. Recommendations for Improving Cardiopulmonary Resuscita- tion Skills Retention. Heart and Lung 21 :372-380,1992. Mumma, C.M., ed. Rehabilitation Nursing: Concepts and Practice. A Core Curric~clum. 2nd ed. Skokie, Ill.: Rehabilitation Nursing Foundation, 1987. Murray, M.G., and Templeton, A.R. Legal Considerations. In: Pediatric Trauma: Preven- tion, Acute Care, Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, 1993. NACHRI (National Association of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions). Summary Statistical Profile of Children's Hospitals in the U.S.A. Alexandria, Va.: National Asso- ciation of Children's Hospitals and Related Institutions, November 30, 1992. NAEMT (National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians). Pre-Hospital Trauma

REFERENCES 355 Life Support Committee. Pre-Hospital Trauma Life Support. 2nd ed. N.E. McSwain, ed. Akron, Ohio: Emergency Training (a division of Educational Direction, Inc.), 1990. Nagel, E.L., Hirschman, J.C., Nussenfeld, S.R., Rankin, D., and Lundblad, E. Telemetry- Medical Command in Coronary and Other Mobile Emergency Care Systems. Journal of the American Medical Association 214:332-338, 1970. Nakayama, D.K., Saitz, E.W., Gardner, M.J., et al. Quality Assessment in the Pediatric Trauma Care System. Journal Pediatric Surgery 24.159-162, 1989. N~ayama, D.~., Copes, W.~., and Sacco, W. D~-~rences -in Trauma Care Among Ped~tr~c and Nonpediatric Trauma Centers. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 27:427-431, 1992. Narita, D.S. Hispanic Utilization of a South Providence Emergency Room. Rhode Island Medical Journal 74:424-427, 1991. NAS/NRC (National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council). Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Conference Proceedings. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sci- ences, 1967. NAS/NRC. Training of Ambulance Personnel and Others Responsible for Emergency Care of the Sick and Injured at the Scene and During Transport. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1968. NAS/NRC. Accidental Death and Disability: The Neglected Disease of Modern Society. PHS Pub. No. 1071-A-13. (Sixth printing.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970a. NAS/NRC. Advanced Training Program for Emergency Medical Technicians-Ambulance. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1970b. NASINRC. Medical Requirements for Ambulance Design and Equipment. PHS Pub. No. 1071-C-3. (Third Printing.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1970c. NAS/NRC. Roles and Resources of Federal Agencies in Support of Comprehensive Emer- gency Medical Services. Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences, 1972. NAS/NRC. Emergency Medical Services at Midpassage. Washington, D.C.: National Acad- emy of Sciences, 1978a. NAS/NRC. Regional Emergency Medical Communications Systems. Washington, D.C.: Na- tional Academy of Sciences, 1978b. NAS/NRC. The Emergency Department A Regional Medical Resource. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1980. NASEMSD (National Association of State EMS Directors). The Emergency Medical Services Offices: Structure and Function. Lexington, Ky.: The Council of State Governments, 1991. National Association of Budget Officers. Fiscal Survey of the States. Washington, D.C.: National Association of Budget Officers, 1992. National Asthma Education Program, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Managing Asthma: A Guide for Schools. NIH Pub. No. 91-2650. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, September 1991. National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System. Working Paper 1, 1990 Summary Data Component. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 1992. National Committee for Injury Prevention and Control. Injury Prevention: Meeting the Chal- lenge. Published as a supplement to the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, Vol. 5, No. 3. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1989. National Conference on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiac Care. Stan- dards and Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) and Emergency Cardiac Care (ECC). Journal of the American Medical Association 244:453-509, 1980. NCEMCH (National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health). Violence and Unin

356 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN tensional Injury Prevention: Abstracts of Active Projects FY 1992. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1991. NCEMCH. Emergency Medical Services for Children: Abstracts of Active Projects FY 1992. Arlington, Va.: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1992. NCHS (National Center for Health Statistics). Types of Injuries by Selected Characteristics: United States, 1985-1987. J.G. Collins. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10, No. 173. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS)91-1503. Hyattsville, Md*: II+S. Department of Health and Human Serv-~-es, National Center for Health Is, December 1990. NCHS. Detailed Diagnoses and Procedures, National Hospital Discharge Survey, 1990. Vital and Health Statistics, Series 13, No. 113. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 92-1774. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statis- tics, June 1992a. NCHS. Mortality Files, via CDC WONDER Compressed Mortality File. (Electronic source.) Atlanta, Gal: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Con- trol and Prevention, November 1992b. NCMRR (National Center for Medical Rehabilitation Research). Draft V. Report and Plan for Medical Rehabilitation Research. Washington, D.C.: National Institutes of Health, Na- tional Institute of Child Health and Human Development, no date. NCVHS (National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics). The National Committee on Vital and Health Statistics, 1991. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS) 92-1205. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, 1992a. NCVHS. Subcommittee on Ambulatory and Hospital Care Statistics. Proposed Revision to the Uniform Hospital Discharge Data Set. Hyattsville, Md.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, June 1992b. Neale, A.V. Work Stress in Emergency Medical Technicians. Journal of Occupational Medi- cine 33:991-997, 1991. Nelson, E.W., Van Cleve, S., Swartz, M.K., Kessen, W., and McCarthy, P.L. Improving the Use of Early Follow-up Care after Emergency Department Visits. American Journal of Diseases of Children 145 :440-444, 1991. Nelson, D.S., Walsh, K., and Fleisher, G.R. Spectrum and Frequency of Pediatric Illness Presenting to a General Community Hospital Emergency Department. Pediatrics 90:5- 10, 1992. NENA (National Emergency Number Association). Fact Sheet. Columbus, Ohio: National Emergency Number Association, no date. NENA News 10(2) :35, May 1992. NERA (National EMS-C Resource Alliance). Catalog of EMS-C Products. Torrance, Calif.: National EMS-C Resource Alliance, 1993. Newacheck, P.W., and Taylor, W.R. Childhood Chronic Illness: Prevalence, Severity, and Impact. American Journal of Public Health 82:364-371, 1992. NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration). Emergency Medical Services: 1990 and Beyond. DOT HS 807-639. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transporta- tion, October 1990a. NHTSA. Highway Safety Program Advisories. DOT HS 807 655. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1990b. NHTSA. Summary Report. EMS DEC Planning Meetings, February 6-7, 1991, and March 12, 1991. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1991a. NHTSA. Technical Assistance Program: Statewide Emergency Medical Services Assess- ments. (Mimeo.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, l991b. NHTSA. Interim Results of the Statewide EMS Technical Assessments, November 1987 to December 1991. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, March 1992.

REFERENCES 357 NICHD (National Institute of Child Health and Human Development). Standard Definitions for Childhood Injury Research. Report of NICHD Conference, March 20-21, 1989. NIH Pub. No. 92-1586. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, 1992. Noah, Z.L., Hahn, Y.S., Rubenstein, J.S., and Aronyk, K. Management of the Child with Severe Brain Injury. Critical Care Clinics 8(1):59-77, 1992. Nordberg, M. Supertele 9-1-1. Emergency Medical Services 14(4):14-17, April 1985. NoMberg, M. ED Nu - ~s Take ~ Stud. Emergency Me~lical Services I7~9~-20~23, September 1988. NPTR (National Pediatric Trauma Registry). Report #12. Boston, Mass.: Tufts University School of Medicine, National Pediatric Trauma Registry, October 3, 1992. NRC (National Research Council). Medical Control in Emergency Medical Services Systems: Report of the Subcommittee on Medical Control in EMS Systems. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1981. NRC. Making Policies for Children: A Study of the Federal Process. C.D. Hayes, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1982. NRC. Computers at Risk. Safe Computing in the Information Age. Washington, D.C.: Na- tional Academy Press, 1991a. NRC. In the Mind's Eye: Enhancing Human Performance. D. Druckman and R.A. Bjork, eds. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, l991b. NRC. Understanding Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1993 (forthcoming). NRC/IOM (National Research Council/Institute of Medicine). Injury in America: A Continu- ing Public Health Problem. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1985. NRC/TOM. Including Children and Pregnant Women in Health Care Reform. Summary of Two Workshops. S.S. Brown, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992a. NRC/TOM. Toward a National Health Care Survey. A Data System for the 21st Century. G.S. Wunderlich, ed. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 1992b. (See especially Chapter 2.) O'Brien, R.P., and Miller, T.L. Urgent Care Center Pediatric Telephone Advice. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 8 :496-497, 1990. O'Connor, R.J. Digital Network May Offer Information Breakthrough but a More Divided Society. The San Diego Union-Tribune. November 2, 1992, pp. E1-E2. OJJDP (Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention). Information sheet. Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, no date. O'Leary, D.S. Commentary: Accreditation in the Quality Improvement Mold A Vision for Tomorrow. ORB (Quality Review Bulletin) 17:72-77, 1991. O'Neill, J.A., Jr. Training for EMS-C Surgeons: Components and Format. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Hailer, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 1989. Orr, R.A., and Kennedy, K.J. Pediatric Transport. Emergency Care Quarterly 4(4):33-46, 1991. Orr, R.A., McCloskey, K.A., and Britten, A.G. Transportation of Critically Ill Children. In: Textbook of Pediatric Intensive Care. M.C. Rogers, ed. Vol. 2, 2nd ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. Osberg, J.S., DiScala, C., and Gans, B.M. Utilization of Inpatient Rehabilitation Services Among Traumatically Injured Children Discharged from Pediatric Trauma Centers. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 69:67-72, 1990. Osborne, D., and Gaebler, T. Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1992. OTA (Office of Technology Assessment). Federal Government Information Technology: Electronic

358 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Record Systems and Individual Privacy. NTIS Report No. PB-87-100335. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Information Service, 1986. OTA. Technology-Dependent Children: Hospital v. Home Care A Technical Memorandum. OTA-TM-H-38. Washington D C: - IJ ~ l~nn~re~c 1027 ~ - 7 ~ ~ ~ OTA. Rural Emergency Medical Services~pecial Report. OTA-H-445. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Congress, 1989. Ott, J.L., Bellaire, J. Machotka, P., and Moon. J.B. Patient Management by Telephone by Child Health Associates and Pediatric lIou~e Officers. Journal ~ Medal Education 49:596-600,1974. Paneth, N., Bell, D., and Stein, R.E.K. Emergency Room Utilization in the First 15 Months of Life: A Randomized Study. Pediatrics 63:486-490,1979. Pantridge, J.F., and Geddes, J.S. A Mobile Intensive Care Unit in the Management of Myocar- dial Infarction. Lancet ii(5 10):271 -273,1967. Patrick, D.L., and Bergner, M. Measurement of Health Status in the 1990s. Annual Review of Public Health 1 1:165- 183,1990. Patrick, D.L., Bush, J.W., and Chen, M.M. Methods for Measuring Levels of Well-Being for a Health Status Index. Health Services Research 8:228-245,1973. Patsey, T., Messick, J., Rutledge, R., et al. A Population-Based, Multivariate Analysis of the Association Between 911 Access and Per-Capita County Trauma Death Rates. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21: 1173- 1178,1992. Peclet, M.H., Newman, K.D., Eichelberger, M.R., et al. Patterns of Injury in Children. Jour- nal of Pediatric Surgery 25:85-91, 1990a. Peclet, M.H., Newman, K.D., Eichelberger, M.R., et al. Thoracic Trauma in Children: An Indicator of Increased Mortality. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 25:961-968, 1990b. Pediatric Emergency Medical Services Advisory Board. Appendix. In: A Plan for Regionalization: Emergency Medical Services for Children in Oregon and Southwest Washington. Port- land, Ore.: Health Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources, 1988. Pendergrast, R.A., Ashworth, C.W., DuRant, R.H., and Litaker, M. Correlates of Children's Bicycle Helmet Use and Short-Term Failure of School-level Interventions. Pediatrics 90:354-358, 1992. Pensabene, P.A. Postal Service Offers Help, Advice in Rural Addressing Projects. APCO Bulletin 57(6): 12, 14, June l 991. Pepe, P.E., Stewart, R.D., and Copass, M.K. Prehospital Management of Trauma: A Tale of Three Cities. Annals of Emergency Medicine 15: 1484-1490, 1986. Perrin, E.C., and Goodman, H.C. Telephone Management of Acute Pediatric Illnesses. New England Journal of Medicine 298:130-135, 1978. Perrin, J.M., Homer, C.J., Berwick, D.M., et al. Variations in Rates of Hospitalizations of Children in Three Urban Communities. New England Journal of Medicine 320:1183- 1187, 1989. Petersdorf, R.G. The Place of Emergency Medicine in the Academic Community. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21: 193-200, 1992. Peterson, M.B. Training of the EMS-C Pediatrician. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Hailer, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 1989. Peterson, P.E., Rabe B.G., and Wong, K.K. When Federalism Works. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1986. Petricca, M.G. The Evolution of a Typical Rural Iowa E9-1-1 System. NENA News 10(2):12, 14, May 1992. Pettigrew, A.H. Pediatric Intensive-Care Systems in Northern and Central California. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Hailer, Jr. ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 1989.

REFERENCES 359 Pettigrew, A.H., Singer, J.M., Falade, E., and Friedman, H. The Pediatric Intensive Care Network of Northern and Central California: A Regional Approach. Santa Cruz, Calif.: Pediatric Intensive Care Network of Northern and Central California, 1986. Phoenix Fire Department. Community Services Division. Just a Few Seconds. (brochure) Phoenix, Ariz.: Phoenix Fire Department, 1990. PICN (Pediatric Intensive Care Networks). Standards for Pediatric Critical Care Centers and Pediatric Trauma Centers. Santa Cruz, Calif.: Pediatric Intensive Care Networks of No-~m and Cen~! Cali~a, 1990. Pilotte, J.C. EMS-C Reduces Risks for Injured Children. NACHRI News 23(3):3, 7, August 1992. Pollack, M.M. Performance Evaluation of Pediatric Intensive Care Units. In Pediatric Trauma: Prevention, Acute Care, Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby- Year Book, 1993. Pollack, M.M., Katz, R.W., Ruttimann, U.E., and Getson, P.R. Improving the Outcome and Efficiency of Intensive Care: The Impact of An Intensivist. Critical Care Medicine 16:11-17, 1988a. Pollack, M.M., Ruttimann, U.E., and Getson, P.R. The Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) Score. Critical Care Medicine 16:1 110-1116, 1988b. Pollack, M.M., Alexander, S.R., Clarke, N., et al. Improved Outcomes from Tertiary Center Pediatric Intensive Care: A Statewide Comparison of Tertiary and Nontertiary Care Fa- cilities. Critical Care Medicine 19: 150-159, 1991. Pollock, D.A., and McClain, P.W. Trauma Registries: Current Status and Future Prospects. Journal of the American Medical Association 262:2280-2283,1989. Pon, S., Foltin, G., Tunik, M., et al. Utilization of Prehospital Care by Pediatric Patients in New York City. (Abstract.) Pediatric Emergency Care 5:286,1989. Pories, S.E., Gamelli, R.L., Pilcher, D.B., et al. Practical Evaluation of Trauma Deaths. Journal of Trauma 29: 1607- 1610,1989. Porter, R.S. Efficacy of Computer-Assisted Instruction in the Continuing Education of Para- medics. Annals of Emergency Medicine 20:380-384,1991. Powers, M. Legal Protections of Confidential Medical Information and the Need for Antidis- crimination Laws. In: AIDS, Women and the Next Generation. R. Faden, G. Geller, and M. Powers, eds. New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1991. Privacy Protection Study Commission. Personal Privacy in an Information Society. Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977. Public Health Foundation. 1991 Prevention Block Grant Chartbook. Washington, D.C.: Pub- lic Health Foundation, December 1991. Quan, L., Wentz, K.R., Gore, E.J., and Copass, M.K. Outcome and Predictors of Outcome in Pediatric Submersion Victims Receiving Prehospital Care in King County, Washington. Pediatrics 86:586-593, 1990. Quint, R.D. Rehabilitation Services. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams & Wilkins, 1992. Rabe, B. Fragmentation and Integration in State Environmental Management. Washington, D.C.: Conservation Foundation, 1986. Ramenofsky, M.L. Emergency Medical Services for Children and Pediatric Trauma System Components. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24:153-155, 1989a. Ramenofsky, M.L. How Can We Address the Differences in Trauma versus Illness Systems? In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Haller, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, May 1989b. Ramenofsky, M.L., Luterman, A., Curreri, P.W., Talley, M.A. EMS or Pediatrics: Optimum Treatment or Unnecessary Delay? Journal of Pediatric Surgery 18:498-504, 1983.

360 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Ramenofsky, M.L., Luterman, A., Quindlen, E., Riddick, L., and Curreri' P.W. Maximum Survival in Pediatric Trauma: The Ideal System. Journal of Trauma 24:818-823, 1984. Ramenofsky, M.L., Ramenofsky, M.B., Jurkovich, G.J., et al. The Predictive Validity of the Pediatric Trauma Score. Journal of Trauma 28:1038-1042, 1988. Ramzy, A.I. Maryland's EMS System. Emergency Care Quarterly 6(1):65-71, 1990. Rea, R.E., Bourg, P.W., Parker, J.G., and Rushing, D. Emergency Nursing Core Curriculum. 3rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa.: W.B. Saunders, 1987. Reder, S. In collaboration with l. Being, D. Brownstone, and O. Macho. Immoral Pediatric Emergent Care Systems: A Planning Guide and Instruction Materials. Olympia' Wash.: Washington Emergency Medical Services for Children, 1991. Reece, R.M. Fatal Child Abuse and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Critical Diagnostic Decision. Pediatrics 91 :423-429, 1993. Reilly, P.L., Simpson, D.A., Sprod, R., and Thomas, L. Assessing the Consciousness Level in Infants and Young Children: A Paediatric Version of the Glasgow Coma Scale. Child's Nervous System 4(30):30-33, 1988. Reynolds, E.A. Trauma Scoring and Pediatric Patients: Issues and Controversies. Journal of Emergency Nursing 18:205-210, 1992. Rhodes, K.H., Brennan, S.R., and Peterson, H.A. Machines and Microbes: Still Serious Hazards to Youths on the Farm. American Journal of Diseases of Children 144:707-709, 1990. Ribbeck, B.M., Runge, J.W., Thomason, M.H., and Baker, J.W. Injury Surveillance: A Method for Recording E Codes for Injured Emergency Department Patients. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21 :37-40, 1992. Rice, D.P., MacKenzie, E.J., and Associates. Cost of Injury in the United States: A Report to Congress. San Francisco, Calif.: Institute for Health and Aging, University of California and Injury Prevention Center, The Johns Hopkins University, 1989. Rivara, F.P., Wall, H.P., Worley, P., and James, K.D. Pediatric Nurse Triage: Its Efficacy, Safety, and Implications for Care. American Journal of Diseases of Children 140:205- 210, 1986. Rivara, F.P., Calonge, N., and Thompson, R.S. Population-Based Study of Unintentional Injury Incidence and Impact During Childhood. American Journal of Public Health 79:990-994, 1989. Rivara, F.P., Morgan, P., Bergman, A.B., and Mater, R.V. Cost Estimates for Statewide Reporting of Injuries by E Coding Hospital Discharge Abstract Data Base Systems. Pub- lic Health Reports 105:635-638, 1990. Rivara, F.P., Thompson, R.S., Thompson, D.C., and Calonge, N. Injuries to Children and Adolescents: Impact on Physical Health. Pediatrics 88:783-788, 1991. Robinson, P. Standard Guide for Establishing and/or Operating Emergency Medical Services Management Information Systems (Draft). ASTM Task Group F30.03.03. Philadelphia, Pa.: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1992. Ropp, L., Visintainer, P., Uman, J., and Treloar, D. Death in the City: An American Child- hood Tragedy. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:2905-2910, 1992. Rose, D. National and Local Forces in State Politics: The Implications of Multi-Level Policy Analysis. American Political Science Review 67: 1162- 1173, September 1973. Rosenberg, M.L., O'Carroll, P.W., and Powell, K.E. Let's Be Clear. Violence is a Public Health Problem. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:3071-3072, 1992. Rosenthal, A. Governors and Legislators. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly, 1990. Rothfeder, J. Privacy for Sale. New York, N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1992. Rule, J., McAdam, D., Stearns, L., and Uglow, D. The Politics of Privacy. Planning for Personal Data Systems as Powerful Technologies. New York, N.Y.: Elsevier, 1980. Runyan, C.W., and Runyan, D.K. How Can Physicians Get Kids to Wear Bicycle Helmets? A

REFERENCES 361 Prototypic Challenge in Injury Prevention. American Journal of Public Health 81:972- 973, 1991. Runyan, C.W., Kotch, J.B., Margolis, L.H., and Buescher, P.A. Childhood Injuries in North Carolina: A Statewide Analysis of Hospitalizations and Deaths. American Journal of Public Health 75: 1429- 1432, 1985. Ruttimann, U.E., and Pollack, M.M. Objective Assessment of Changing Mortality Risks in Pedal Intensive Care Unit Patients. (critical Care Medicine 19:474-483. 1991. Rott~mann, U.E., Alert, A., Pa, Marl., ~ al. Dynamite Assessments of Seventy of I11~s in pediatric Intensive Care. Critical Care Medicine 14:215-221, 1986. Ryan, S.D. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Liaison Report. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the National Association of State EMS Directors, Bozeman, Montana, October 26, 1992. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, National High- way Traffic Safety Administration, 1992. Sacco, W.J., Jameson, J.W., Copes, W.S., and Champion, H.R. Partition: A Quantitative Method for Evaluating Prehospital Services for Trauma Patients. Computers in Biology and Medicine 18:221-227, 1988. Sacco, W.J., Copes, W.S., and Gotschall, C.S. Measurement and Assessment of Outcomes. In Pediatric Trauma: Prevention, Acute Care, Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, 1993. San Diego County Division of Emergency Medical Services. 9-1-1 Guidelines for Schools. (brochure) San Diego, Calif.: San Diego County Division of Emergency Medical Ser- vices, 1991. Sanders, A.B. Care of the Elderly in Emergency Departments: Conclusions and Recommen- dations. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21:830-834, 1992. Savage, R. Policy Innovativeness as a Trait of American States. Journal of Politics 40:212- 224, 1978. SCCM (Society for Critical Care Medicine). Guidelines for Pediatric Intensive Care Units. Critical Care Medicine 11:753-760, 1983. Schmitt, B.D. Pediatric Telephone Advice. Boston, Mass.: Little, Brown and Co., 1980. Schweich, P.J., DeAngelis, C., and Duggan, A.K. Preparedness of Practicing Pediatricians to Manage Emergencies. Pediatrics 88 :223-229, 1991. Scotter, M.S., Fiser, D.H., and Foster, D. Emergency Departments Approved for Pediatrics (EDAP). (Mimeo.) Little Rock, Ark.: Demonstration Project: EMS for Children, State of Arkansas, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, November 1990. Seidel, J.S. Emergency Medical Services and the Pediatric Patient: Are the Needs Being Met? II. Training and Equipping Emergency Medical Services Providers for Pediatric Emer- gencies. Pediatrics 78 :808-812, 1986a. Seidel, J.S. A Needs Assessment of Advanced Life Support and Emergency Medical Services in the Pediatric Patient: State of the Art. Circulation 74(Suppl. IV):IV-129 - IV-133, 1986b. Seidel, J.S. EMS-C in Urban and Rural Areas: The California Experience. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Hailer, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, May 1989. Seidel, J.S. Emergency Medical Services and the Adolescent Patient. Journal of Adolescent Health 12:95-100, 1991. Seidel, J.S., and Burkett, D.L., eds. Instructor's Manualfor Pediatric Advanced Life Support. Dallas, Tex.: American Heart Association, 1988. Seidel, J.S., and Henderson, D.P, eds. Prehospztal Care of Pediatric Emergencies. Los Angeles, Calif.: Los Angeles Pediatric Society, 1987. Seidel, J.S., and Henderson, D.P., eds. Emergency Medical Services for Children. A Report to

362 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN the Nation. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1991. Seidel, J.S., and Henderson, D.P. Approach to the Pediatric Patient in the Emergency Depart- ment. In: Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. R.M. Barkin, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1992. Seidel, J.S., Hornbein, M., Yoshiyama, K., et al. Emergency Medical Services and the Pediat- ric Patient: Are the Needs Being Met? Pediatrics 73 769-772' 19`84 Strudel, J.S., lIenderson, D.P., and Lewis, I.B. Emergency Medico! Se - -aces and-the Pediatric Patient III: Resources of Ambulatory Care Centers. Pediatrics 88:230-235, 1991a. Seidel, J.S., Henderson, D.P., Ward, P., Wayland, B.W., and Ness, B. Pediatric Prehospital Care in Urban and Rural Areas. Pediatrics 88:681-690, l991b. Selbst, S.M., and Korin, J. The Telephone in Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Pediatric Emergency Care 1: 108-1 10, 1985. Seraj, M.A., and Naguib, M. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skills of Medical Professionals. Resuscitation 20:31-39, 1990. Shackford, S.R., Hollingworth-Fridlund, P., Cooper, G.F., and Eastman, A.B. The Effect of Regionalization upon the Quality of Trauma Care as Assessed by Concurrent Audit Be- fore and After Institution of a Trauma System: A Preliminary Report. Journal of Trauma 26:812-820, 1986. Shah, C.P., Egan, T.J., and Bain, H.W. An Expanded Emergency Service: Role of Telephone Services in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 9:617-623, 1980. Shaperman, J., and Backer, T.E. Emergency Medical Services for Children Innovation Bank. 3rd ed. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education in Maternal and Child Health, 1991. Shaw, K.N., Selbst, S.M., and Gill, F.M. Indigent Children Who Are Denied Care in the Emergency Department. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19:59-62,1990. Shugars, D.A., O 'Neil, E.H., and Bader, J.D., eds. Healthy America: Practitioners for 2005. Durham, N.C.: Pew Health Professions Commission, 1991. Sia, C.C.J., and Peter, M.I. The Medical Home Comes of Age. Hawaii Medical Journal 47:409-410,1988. Sia, C.C.J., and Stewart, J.L. The Medical Home and PL 99-457 in Hawaii. Hawaii Medical Journal 48:529-535,1989. Sierra-Sacramento Valley Emergency Medical Services Agency and the Pediatric Intensive Care Network of Northern and Central California. Pediatric/Emergency Critical Care System Development Project. Final Three-Year Project Report, 1988-1991. Sacramento, Calif.: Sierra-Sacramento Valley Emergency Medical Services Agency, 1992. Simon, J., and Goldberg, A.T., eds. Pediatric Prehospital Care Text. St. Louis, Mo.: C.V. Mosby, 1988. Sinclair, L.M., and Baker, M.D. Police Involvement in Pediatric Prehospital Care. Pediatrics 87:636-64 1, 1 99 1. Sloan, J.H., Rivara, F.P., Reay, D.T., Ferris, J.A.J., and Kellermann, A.L. Firearm Regulations and Rates of Suicide. A Comparison of Two Metropolitan Areas. New England Journal of Medicine 322:369-373, 1990. Smith, J.E. Financial Considerations in Emergency Medical Services Systems. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 8: 155- 161, 1990. Smith, R.D., and McNamara, J.J. Why Not Your Pediatrician's Office? A Study of Weekday Pediatric Emergency Department Use for Minor Illness Care in a Community Hospital. Pediatric Emergency Care 4:107-111, 1988. Sniezek, J.E., Finklea, J.F., and Graitcer, P.L. Injury Coding and Hospital Discharge Data. Journal of the American Medical Association 262:2270-2272, 1989.

REFERENCES 363 Snyder, J.A. How We Do It. Emergency Department Use of Facsimile and Automatic Teller Machines. Journal of Emergency Nursing 18:348-349, 1992. Sosin, D.M., and Sacks, J.J. Motorcycle Helmet-Use Laws and Head Injury Prevention. Jour- nal of the American Medical Association 267: 1649- 1651, 1992. Speigel, C.N., and Lindaman, F.C. Children Can't Fly: A Program to Prevent Childhood Morbidity and Mortality from Window Falls. American Journal of Public Health 67:1143- 1147? 1977. Sp~lker, B., Mollusk, Em., 3~., Jo-, K.~., Soon, R.L., Jr., and Tile, lI.H. Quality Life Bibliography and Indexes. Medical Care 28 (Dec. Suppl.):DS3-DS77, 1990. Steele, R. Development of a Minimum Data Set for Emergency Medical Services Patient Record Keeping. NTIS Pub. No. PB243822. Springfield, Va.: National Technical Infor- mation Service, July 1974. Stein, R.K., Gortmaker, S.L., Perrin, E.C., et al. Severity of Illness: Concepts and Measure- ments. Lancet ii(8574): 1506- 1509, 1987. Stevens, C.D. Injury Prevention and Epidemiology. In: Pediatric Emergency Medicine: Con- cepts and Clinical Practice. R.M. Barkin, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, 1992. Stewart, A.L., and Ware, J.E., Jr., eds. Measuring Functioning and Well-Being: The Medical Outcomes Study Approach. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992. Stiles, A.D., Metzger, K., O'Hale, A., and Defalo, R.C. Characteristics of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Patients in North Carolina: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Pediatrics 87:904-908, 1991. Stoy, W.A., McCabe, J.L., Platt, T.E., Margolis, G.S., and Helter, M.B. The Effectiveness of an Interactive Videodisc System for Instruction of Paramedic and Fourth-Year Medical Students in Cognitive and Psychomotor Skills Required for Advanced Airway Manage- ment. (Abstract.) Annals of Emergency Medicine 21:613, 1992. Stratton, S.J., Kane, G., Gunter, C.S., et al. Prospective Study of Manikin-Only Versus Mani- kin and Human Subject Endotracheal Intubation Training of Paramedics. Annals of Emergency Medicine 20:1314-1318, 1991. Stringer, K. All's Fair: A Unique Fair Helps Children Learn What to Do in an Emergency. Emergency Medical Services 21(6):50-51. June 1992. Suchat, B. 9-1-1 Takes Off at Orlando International! NENA News 10(2):8, May 1992. SysteMetrics. Disease Staging Q-Scale. Santa Barbara, Calif.: SysteMetrics/McGraw-Hill, l9g8. Tanz, R.R. Review of Epidemiology of Child and Adolescent Gun Injuries and Deaths. In: Report of a Forum on Firearms and Children. Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Acad- emy of Pediatrics, August 30 to September 1, 1989. Taylor, M., and Soud, T. Florida Pediatric Emergency Nursing Education Project. Journal of Emergency Nursing 17: 152-155, 1991. Teasdale, G., and Jennett, B. Assessment of Coma and Impaired Consciousness: A Practical Scale. Lancet ii:81 -84, July 13, 1974. Tepas, J.J. Update on Pediatric Trauma-Severity Scores. In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Halter, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, 1989. Tepas, J.J. Prehospital Trauma Scoring and Triage. In: Pediatric Emergency Care Systems: Planning and Management. R.A. Dieckmann, ed. Baltimore, Md.: Williams and Wilkins, 1992. Tepas, J.J., Mollitt, D.L., Talbert, J.L., and Bryant, M. The Pediatric Trauma Score as a Predictor of Injury Severity in the Injured Child. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 22:14-18, 1987. Tepas, J.J., Ramenofsky, M.L., Mollitt, D.L., et al. The Pediatric Trauma Score as a Predictor of Injury Severity: An Objective Assessment. Journal of Trauma 28:425-429, 1988.

364 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Tepas, J.J., Ramenofsky, M.L., Barlow, B., et al. National Pediatric Trauma Registry. Journal of Pediatric Surgery 24:156-158, 1989. Tepas, J.J., DiScala, C., Ramenofsky, M.L., and Barlow, B. Mortality and Head Injury: The Pediatric Perspective. Journal of Pediatric Surcerv 25:92-96 199() Thomas, D.O. Commentary. Journal of Emergency Nursing 17:155, 1991a. Thomas, D.O. The Pediatric Committee: Our Dream is Finally a Reality. Journal of Emer- gency Nursing 17:358-359, 199 lb. Thompson, I.E*, Bonner' B., and Lower, O.~. PerI~c Cardiopulmonary Arrests ~n Rura;] Populations. Pediatrics 86:302-306, 1990. Trott, A.T., and Blackwell, T.H. Academic Emergency Medicine in United States Medical Schools. Annals of Emergency Medicine 21:952-955, 1992. Troutman, J.L., Wright, J.A., and Shifrin, D.L. Pediatric Telephone Advice: Seattle Hotline _J ~ a, ~__ ., ~, ~ ~ ~ ~ v . ~. ~ . . 7 Experience. Pediatrics 88:814-816, 1991. Tsai, A. Development of Minimum Emergency Medical Services (EMS) Equipment Standards for the Pediatric Population. In: Pediatric Resources for Prehospital Care. 2nd ed. AAP. R. Luten and G. Foltin, eds. Elk Grove Village, Ill.: American Academy of Pediatrics, 1990. Tsai, A., and Kallsen, G. Epidemiology of Pediatric Prehospital Care. Annals of Emergency Medicine 16:284-292, 1987. U.S. Advisory Board on Child Abuse and Neglect. Creating Caring Communities: Blueprint for an Effective Federal Policy on Child Abuse and Neglect. Washington, D.C.: Govern- ment Printing Office, September 1991. U.S. Fire Administration and NHTSA. "Make the Right Call" Program Announcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Fire Administration, no date. U.S. House of Representatives. Committee on Education and Labor. Compilation of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 and Related Provisions of Law as Amended Through December 31, 1989. Committee Print. Serial No. 101-Q. Wash- ington, D.C.: U.S. House of Representatives, June 21, 1990. Vane, D.W. Pediatric Trauma Center: Essential Criteria and Organization. In: Pediatric Trauma: Prevention, Acute Care, and Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1993. Verdile, V.P., Paris, P.M., Stewart, R.D., and Verdile, L.A. Emergency Department Telephone Advice. Annals of Emergency Medicine 18 :278-282,1989. Walker, J. The Diffusion of Innovations Among the American States. American Political Science Review 63:880-899, June 1969. Walker, M.L., Storrs, B.B., and Mayer, T. Factors Affecting Outcome in the Pediatric Patient with Multiple Trauma. Childs Brain 11:387-397,1984. Wailer, A.E., Baker, S.P., and Szocka, A. Childhood Injury Deaths: National Analysis and Geographic Variations. American Journal of Public Health 79:310-315,1989. Walsh, T. Psychosocial Aspects of Care. In: Pediatric Trauma: Prevention, Acute Care, and Rehabilitation. M.R. Eichelberger, ed. St. Louis, Mo.: Mosby Year Book, Inc., 1993. Walton, W.W. An Evaluation of the Poison Prevention Packaging Act. Pediatrics 69:363- 370, 1982. Washington EMS-C Project. Final Report. Washington Emergency Medical Services for Children. Seattle, Wash.: Children's Hospital & Medical Center, and Olympia, Wash.: Washington State Department of Health, March 1991. WEDI (Workgroup for Electronic Data Interchange). Report to the Secretary of U.S. Depart- ment of Health and Human Services. J.T. Brophy and B.R. Tresnowski, co-chairs. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, July 1992. Weesner, C.L., Aprahamian, C., and Hargarten, S.W. Fatal Childhood Injury Patterns in an

REFERENCES 365 Urban Setting: The Case for Primary Prevention. (Abstract.) Annals of Emergency Medi- cine 21:608, 1992. Weinberg, J.A. Trauma and Severe Illness in Children: How Are They Alike and Different? In: Emergency Medical Services for Children. J.A. Hailer, Jr., ed. Report of the 97th Ross Conference on Pediatric Research. Columbus, Ohio: Ross Laboratories, May 1989. Weiss, K.B., Gergen, P.J., and Hodgson, T.A. An Economic Evaluation of Asthma in the United Stated +~, England Carnal ~ Medtic'ne 326;862-866~ 1999~ We~ert, C.~. Medicaid in the I99C)~: Trends, Innovations, and the Future of the Pan of State Budgets. Publius: The Journal of Federalism 22:93-109, Summer 1992. Wenger, N., Mattson, M., Furberg, C., and Elinson, J., eds. Assessment of Quality of Life in Clinical Trials of Cardiovascular Therapies. New York, N.Y.: LeJacq Publishing, Inc., 1984. Wesson, D.E., Williams, J.I., Salmi, L.R., et al. Evaluating a Pediatric Trauma Program: Effectiveness versus Preventable Death Rate. Journal of Trauma 28:1226-1231, 1988. Wesson, D.E., Williams, J.I., Spence, Lo., et al. Functional Outcome in Pediatric Trauma. Journal of Trauma 29:589-592, 1989. West, J.G., Trunkey, D.D., and Lim, R.C. Systems of Trauma Care: A Tale of Two Counties. Archives of Surgery 1 14:455-460, 1979. Westin, A.F., and Baker, M.A. Databanks in a Free Society. Computers, Record-Keeping, and Privacy. New York, N.Y.: Quadrangle Books, Inc., 1972. Whitehead, C.T. National Policy for Emergency Telephone Number "911." Bulletin No. 73-1, Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President, Office of Telecommunications Policy, March 21, 1973. Wiebe, R.A., and Rosen, L.M. Triage in the Emergency Department. Emergency Medicine Clinics of North America 9(3):491 -505,1991. Wilkinson, J.M., Sansby, S., and Leaning, J. After-Hours Telephone Triage: Recruitment, Training and Retention of Personnel. HMO Practice 5:90-94,1991. Willinger, M., James, L.S., and Catz, C. Defining Suddent Infant Death Syndrome: Delibera- tions of an Expert Panel Convened by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Pediatric Pathology 11:677-684,1991. Wilson, J.Q. Bureaucracy: What Government Agencies Do and Why They Do It. New York, N.Y.: Basic Books, 1989. Wilson, E., Brooks, B., and Tweed, W.A. CPR Skills Retention of Lay Basic Rescuers. Annals of Emergency Medicine 12:482-484,1983. Winn, D.G., Agran, P.F., and Castillo, D.N. Pedestrian Injuries to Children Younger than 5 Years of Age. Pediatrics 88:776-782,1991. Wintemute, G.J. Childhood Drowning and Near-Drowning in the United States. American Journal of Diseases of Children 144:663-669,1990. Wisconsin EMS-C Project. Saving Little Lives for Big Futures: Improving Emergency Medi- cal Services for Children in Wisconsin. Project Comprehensive Report. Madison, Wisc.: Wisconsin Department of Health and Social Services, Division of Health, Bureau of Environmental Health, Section of Emergency Medical Services, September 1990. Woods, D.R., and Mason, D.D. Six Areas Lead National Early Immunization Drive. Public Health Reports 107:252-256, 1992. Worley, J., and Simmons, T. Just a Few Seconds . . . Rescue 3(4):15-18, July/August, 1990. Wright, C.J. Pediatric Head Injury: Nursing Guidelines to Facilitate Hospital Transfer for Rehabilitation. Washington, D.C.: Children's National Medical Center, 1990. Yakel, M.E. Retention of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Skills Among Nursing Personnel: What Makes the Difference? Heart and Lung 18:520-525, 1989. Yamamoto, L.G. Standardizing CT Scan Image Transmission by Modem. In: Progress in

366 EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES FOR CHILDREN Pediatric Trauma. 4th ed. B.H. Harris and J.L. Grosfeld, eds. Boston, Mass.: The Kiwanis Pediatric Trauma Institute, 1992. Yamamoto, L.G., and Wiebe, R.A. Improving Medical Communication with Facsimile (Fax) Transmission. American Journal of Emergency Medicine 7:203-208, 1989. Yamamoto, L.G., Wiebe, R.A., Maiava, D.M., and Merry, C.J. A One-Year Series of Pediatric Prehospital Care: I. Ambulance Runs; II. Prehospital Communication; III. Interhospital Transport Services lFe.d.~at.ri.c Emergency Care 7~2Q-f~214~ 1991~. Yanks, L.~., Wield, R.A., and Matthews, War. A One-Year Prospective ED Cohort of Pediatric Trauma. Pediatric Emergency Care 7:267-274, l991b. Yanovski, S.Z., Yanovski, J.A., Malley, J.D., Brown, R.L., and Balaban, D.J. Telephone Triage by Primary Care Physicians. Pediatrics 89:701-706, 1992. Yarboro, T.L. Emergency Room Use by Patients from the Family Practice of a Black Physi- cian. Journal of the National Medical Association 82:93-97, 1990. Yeh, T., Pollack, M., Holbrook, P., Fields, A., and Ruttiman, U. Assessment of Pediatric Intensive Care Application of the Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System. Critical Care Medicine 10:497-500, 1982. Yeh, T., Pollack, M., Ruttiman, U., Holbrook, P., and Fields, A. Validation of a Physiologic Stability Index for Use in Critically Ill Infants and Children. Pediatric Research 18:445- 451, 1984. Young, W.W. Incorporating Severity of Illness and Comorbidity in Case-Mix Measurement. Health Care Financing Review Annual Supplement, pp. 23-31, 1984. Young, W.W., Swinkola, R.B., and Zorn, D.M. The Measurement of Hospital Case Mix. Medical Care 20:501 -512, 1982. Yudkowsky, B.K., Cartland, J.D., and Flint, S.S. Pediatric Participation in Medicaid: 1978 to 1989. Pediatrics 85 :567-577, 1990. Yunginger, J.W. Lethal Food Allergy in Children. New England Journal of Medicine 327:421- 422, 1992. Zimmerman, J.F. Federal Preemption: The Silent Revolution. Ames, Iowa: Iowa State University Press, 1991. Zylke, J.W. Medicine Seeks to Prevent More 'Lost Generations' of Low-Income Children with Avoidable Problems. Medical News and Perspectives. Journal of the American Medical Association 267:2856, 1992.

Next: APPENDIXES »
Emergency Medical Services for Children Get This Book
×
Buy Hardback | $75.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

How can we meet the special needs of children for emergency medical services (EMS) when today's EMS systems are often unprepared for the challenge? This comprehensive overview of EMS for children (EMS-C) provides an answer by presenting a vision for tomorrow's EMS-C system and practical recommendations for attaining it.

Drawing on many studies and examples, the volume explores why emergency care for children—from infants through adolescents—must differ from that for adults and describes what seriously ill or injured children generally experience in today's EMS systems.

The book points the way to integrating EMS-C into current emergency programs and into broader aspects of health care for children. It gives recommendations for ensuring access to emergency care through the 9-1-1 system; training health professionals, from paramedics to physicians; educating the public; providing proper equipment, protocols, and referral systems; improving communications among EMS-C providers; enhancing data resources and expanding research efforts; and stimulating and supporting leadership in EMS-C at the federal and state levels.

For those already deeply involved in EMS efforts, this volume is a convenient, up-to-date, and comprehensive source of information and ideas. More importantly, for anyone interested in improving the emergency services available to children—emergency care professionals from emergency medical technicians to nurses to physicians, hospital and EMS administrators, public officials, health educators, children's advocacy groups, concerned parents and other responsible adults—this timely volume provides a realistic plan for action to link EMS-C system components into a workable structure that will better serve all of the nation's children.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!