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Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary (2015)

Chapter: Front Matter

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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MESOSCALE
CHEMISTRY

A WORKSHOP SUMMARY

Kathryn Hughes, Camly Tran, and Joe Alper, Rapporteurs

Chemical Sciences Roundtable

Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology

Division on Earth and Life Sciences

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL
                         OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS

Washington, D.C.

www.nap.edu

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS    500 Fifth Street, NW.    Washington, DC 20001

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

This study was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-07ER15872, the National Institutes of Health under Contract No. HHSN26300024, and the National Science Foundation under Grant No. CHE-1232613. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-309-37328-9
International Standard Book Number-10: 0-309-37328-X

Additional copies of this report are available for sale from the National Academies Press, 500 Fifth Street, NW, Keck 360, Washington, DC 20001; (800) 624-6242 or (202) 334-3313; http://www.nap.edu.

Copyright 2015 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

Suggested citation: NRC (National Research Council). 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry (A Workshop Summary). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.

Cover image adopted from Gregory Voth, University of Chicago. Representation of a hydroxide anion diffusion in a mesoscale anion exchange membrane.

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES

Advisers to the Nation on Science, Engineering, and Medicine

The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone is president of the National Academy of Sciences.

The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., is president of the National Academy of Engineering.

The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Victor J. Dzau is president of the Institute of Medicine.

The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Ralph J. Cicerone and Dr. C. D. Mote, Jr., are chair and vice chair, respectively, of the National Research Council.

www.national-academies.org

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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CHEMICAL SCIENCES ROUNDTABLE

CO-CHAIRS

WILLIAM F. CARROLL, JR., Occidental Chemical Corporation

JENNIFER S. CURTIS, University of Florida

MEMBERS

TINA BAHADORI, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

MICHAEL R. BERMAN, Air Force Office of Scientific Research

STEVEN BERNASEK, National Science Foundation

CAROLE BEWLEY, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases

DONNA G. BLACKMOND, Scripps Research Institute

EMILIO BUNEL, Argonne National Laboratory

ALLISON CAMPBELL, WR Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory

A.WELFORD CASTLEMAN, JR., Pennsylvania State University

RICHARD R. CAVANAGH, National Institute of Standards and Technology

JULIO DE PAULA, Lewis & Clark College

MIGUEL GARCIA-GARIBAY, University of California, Los Angeles

SEAN JONES, Office of Science and Technology Policy

JACK KAYE, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

JOANN S. LIGHTY, National Science Foundation

KENNETH G. MOLOY, DuPont Central Research and Development

ROBERT PEOPLES, American Chemical Society

TANJA PIETRASS, U.S. Department of Energy

MICHAEL E. ROGERS, National Institute of General Medical Sciences

KATHLEEN J. STEBE, University of Pennsylvania

PATRICIA A. THIEL, Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University

ORGANIZING COMMITTEE ON MESOSCALE CHEMISTRY

MIGUEL GARCIA-GARIBAY (co-chair), University of California, Los Angeles

PATRICIA A. THIEL (co-chair), Ames Laboratory and Iowa State University

VERNON ANDERSON, National Institutes of Health

BRUCE GARRETT, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

JENNIFER SINCLAIR CURTIS, University of Florida

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

TERESA FRYBERGER, Director

KATHRYN HUGHES, Senior Program Officer

DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Senior Program Officer

CARL-GUSTAV ANDERSON, Research Associate

ELIZABETH FINKELMAN, Program Coordinator

CAMLY TRAN, Postdoctoral Fellow

NAWINA MATSHONA, Senior Program Assistant

COTILYA BROWN, Senior Program Assistant

JOE ALPER, Consulting Writer

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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BOARD ON CHEMICAL SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY

CO-CHAIRS

TIMOTHY SWAGER, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

DAVID R. WALT, Tufts University

MEMBERS

HÉCTOR D. ABRUÑA, Cornell University

JOEL C. BARRISH, Bristol-Myers Squibb

MARK A. BARTEAU, University of Michigan

DAVID BEM, The Dow Chemical Company

ROBERT G. BERGMAN, University of California, Berkeley

JOAN BRENNECKE, University of Notre Dame

HENRY E. BRYNDZA, E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Company

MICHELLE V. BUCHANAN, Oak Ridge National Laboratory

DAVID W. CHRISTIANSON, University of Pennsylvania

RICHARD EISENBERG, University of Rochester

JILL HRUBY, Sandia National Laboratories

FRANCES S. LIGLER, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University

SANDER G. MILLS, Merck Research Laboratories (retired)

JOSEPH B. POWELL, Shell

ROBERT E. ROBERTS, Institute for Defense Analyses

PETER J. ROSSKY, Rice University

NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL STAFF

TERESA FRYBERGER, Director

KATHRYN HUGHES, Senior Program Officer

DOUGLAS FRIEDMAN, Senior Program Officer

CARL-GUSTAV ANDERSON, Research Associate

ELIZABETH FINKELMAN, Program Coordinator

CAMLY TRAN, Postdoctoral Fellow

NAWINA MATSHONA, Senior Program Assistant

COTILYA BROWN, Senior Program Assistant

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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Acknowledgment of Reviewers

This workshop summary has been reviewed in draft form by persons chosen for their diverse perspectives and technical expertise in accordance with procedures approved by the National Research Council’s Report Review Committee. The purpose of this independent review is to provide candid and critical comments that will assist the institution in making the published report as sound as possible and to ensure that it meets institutional standards of objectivity, evidence, and responsiveness to the study charge. The review comments and draft manuscript remain confidential to protect the integrity of the deliberative process. We wish to thank the following individuals for their review of this report:

Julio de Paula, Lewis & Clark College

Chris Mundy, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

Eric Lin, National Institute of Standards and Technology

Paul Weiss, University of California, Los Angeles

Although the reviewers listed above provided many constructive comments and suggestions, they were not asked to endorse the conclusions or recommendations nor did they see the final draft of the report before its release. The review of this report was overseen by the National Research Council, which is responsible for making certain that an independent examination of this report was carried out in accordance with institutional procedures and that all review comments were carefully considered. Responsibility for the final content of this report rests entirely with the authoring committee and the institution.

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Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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Contents

ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS

1 INTRODUCTION AND OVERVIEW

Organization of the Summary

2 GROWING (UP) FROM THE NANOSCALE TO THE MESOSCALE

Discussion

3 CATALYSIS

Architectural Complexity at the Molecular Level

Bringing Mesoscale Properties to Molecular Catalysts by Attaching an Outer Coordination Sphere

Elucidating Key Features of Mesoscale Biocatalytic Systems and Employing Them in Designing Functional Artificial Enzymes with High Activity

Mesoscale Concepts for Design and Behavior in Heterogeneous Catalysis

Strategies for the Synthesis of Mesoscale Catalyst Designs

Discussion

4 MEMBRANE BEHAVIOR AND MICROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

Asymmetric Lipid Vesicles Formation and Properties

Digital Microfluidics: Not Just for Liquids Anymore

Engineering at the Mesoscale: Microreactors and Membranes

Discussion

5 BIOMINERALIZATION AND GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES

Formation Pathways in Biominerals Revealed by Their Structure

Nucleation Events, Mineral Assembly, and Crystal Modifications Performed by Disordered Proteins

The Dynamics of Macromolecular Assembly and Subsequent Mineral Formation: Understanding the Emergence of Order

Small Compositional Signals with a Big Impact: From Submicron Geochemical Heterogeneity to Climate Records

Mesoscale Geochemistry Research Opportunities On, Within, and Beyond Earth

Discussion

6 COMPUTATIONAL/CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN SELF-ASSEMBLY

Designing Novel Self-Assembling Protein Materials: Recent Successes and Future Prospects

Bottom-Up Multiscale Approaches for Mesoscale Phenomena: Progress and

Suggested Citation:"Front Matter." National Research Council. 2015. Mesoscale Chemistry: A Workshop Summary. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/21733.
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Acronyms and Abbreviations

ATP adenosine triphosphate
   
BCST Board on Chemical Sciences and Technology
BESAC Basic Energy Sciences Advisory Committee
   
CSR Chemical Sciences Roundtable
   
DOE U.S. Department of Energy
DOPC 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
   
GDP guanosine diphosphate
GTP guanosine triphosphate
   
HIV human immunodeficiency virus
   
mV millivolt
   
NIH National Institutes of Health
NRC National Research Council
NSF National Science Foundation
   
PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
   
STM scanning tunneling microscopy
   
TEM transmission electron microscopy
TOF-SIMS time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry
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In the last few decades great strides have been made in chemistry at the nanoscale, where the atomic granularity of matter and the exact positions of individual atoms are key determinants of structure and dynamics. Less attention, however, has been paid to the mesoscale--it is at this scale, in the range extending from large molecules (10 nm) through viruses to eukaryotic cells (10 microns), where interesting ensemble effects and the functionality that is critical to macroscopic phenomenon begins to manifest itself and cannot be described by laws on the scale of atoms and molecules alone.

To further explore how knowledge about mesoscale phenomena can impact chemical research and development activities and vice versa, the Chemical Sciences Roundtable of the National Research Council convened a workshop on mesoscale chemistry in November 2014. With a focus on the research on chemical phenomena at the mesoscale, participants examined the opportunities that utilizing those behaviors can have for developing new catalysts, adding new functionality to materials, and increasing our understanding of biological and interfacial systems. The workshop also highlighted some of the challenges for analysis and description of mesoscale structures. This report summarizes the presentations and discussion of the workshop.

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