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Abu, K. 1983 The separateness of spouses: Conjugal resources in an Ashanti town. Pp. 156-168 in C. Oppong, ea., Female and Male in West Africa. London: George Allen and Unwin. Adegbola, O., H.J. Page, and R. Lesthaeghe 1981 Child-spacing and fertility in Lagos. Pp. 147-180 in H.J. Page and R. Lesthaeghe, eds., Child-Spacing in Tropical Africa - Traditions and Change. London: Aca- demic Press. Adegbola, O., G. Jinadu, M. Montgomery, and F. Oyekanmi 1991 The effects of structural adjustment on fertility and child schooling in Nigeria. Unpublished manuscript. Department of Economics, State University of New York at Stony Brook. Ainsworth, M. 1990 Socioeconomic determinants of fertility in Cote d'Ivoire. Unpublished paper. Africa Technical Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. 1991 Economic aspects of child fostering in Cote d'Ivoire. Unpublished manuscript. Africa Technical Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C. Allen, S., J. Tice, P. Van de Perre, A. Serufilira, E. Hudes, F. Nsengumuremyi, J. Bogaerts, C. Lindan, and S. Hulley 1992 Effect of serotesting with counselling on condom use and seroconversion among HIV discordant couples in Africa. British Medical Journal 304:1605-1609. References Arhin, K. 1983 The political and military roles of Akan women. Pp. 91-98 in C. Oppong, ea., Female and Male in West Africa. London: George Allen and Unwin. Armar, A.A. 1975 Ghana. Pp. 283-286 in W.B. Watson and R.J. Lapham, eds., Family Planning Programs: World Review 1974. Studies in Family Planning 6:283-286. 233

234 FACTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE Asante-Darko, N., and S. van der Geest 1983 Male chauvinism: Men and women in Ghanaian highlife songs. Pp. 242-255 in C. Oppong, ea., Female and Male in West Africa. London: George Allen and Unwin. Baird, V., G. O'Sullivan, and F. Yao 1990 Togo Assessment: March 19-April 6, 1990. Contract No. USAID/DPE-3051-Z- 00-8034-00. The Futures Group/SOMARC, Washington D.C. Baker, J., and S. Khasiani 1992 Induced abortion in Kenya: Case histories. Studies in Family Planning 23(1):34- 44. Baum, S., K. Dopkowski, W.G. Duncan, and P. Gardiner 1974 The World Fertility Survey inventory: Major fertility and related surveys con- ducted in Africa, 1960-73. WFS Occasional Paper, No. 4. Voorburg, Netherlands: International Statistical Institute. Becker, G., and H. Lewis 1973 On the interaction between the quantity and quality of children. Journal of Politi- cal Economy 81(2)Part II:S279-288. Benneh, G., J.S. Nabila, and J.B. Gyepi-Garbrah 1989 Twenty Years of Population Policy in Ghana. Accra: Population Impact Program. Bertrand, J.T., and J.E. Brown 1992 Family planning success in two cities in Zaire. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. World Bank Working Paper. Bertrand, J.T., N. Mangani, and M. Mansilu 1984 The acceptability of household distribution of contraceptives in Zaire. Interna- tional Family Planning Perspectives 10(1) :21 -26. Bertrand, J.T., N. Mangani, M. Mansilu, and E. Landry 1985 Factors influencing the use of traditional versus modern family planning methods in Bas Zaire. Studies in Family Planning 16(6): 332-342. Bertrand, J., N. Mathu, J. Dwyer, M. Thuo, and G. Wambwa 1989 Attitudes toward voluntary surgical contraception in four districts of Kenya. Stud- ies in Family Planning 20(5):281-288. Bertrand, J.T., M.E. McBride, N. Mangani, N.C. Bacghman, and K. Mombela 1993 Community-based distribution in Zaire: The PRODEF experience. International Family Planning Perspectives, in press. Black, T.R., and P.D. Harvey 1976 A report on a contraceptive social marketing experiment in rural Kenya. Studies in Family Planning 7(4): 101-107. Blanc, A., and C. Lloyd 1990 Women's childrearing strategies in relation to fertility and employment in Ghana. Working Paper No. 16. New York: The Population Council. Bledsoe, C. 1989 The cultural meaning of AIDS and condoms for stable heterosexual relations in Africa: Recent evidence from local print media. Paper presented at the Seminar on Population Policy in Sub-Saharan Africa: Drawing on International Experi- ence, sponsored by the IUSSP, Committee on Population and Policy, with the collaboration of Dept. of Demographie de l'Universite de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Zaire, Feb 27-March 2. 1990a The politics of AIDS, condoms, and heterosexual relations in Africa: Recent evidence from the local print media. Pp. 197-224 in W.P. Handwerker, ea., Births and Power: Social Change and the Politics of Reproduction. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.

REFERENCES 235 1990b Transformations in sub-Saharan African marriage and fertility. Annals, AAPSS 510:1 15-125. In The politics of polygyny in Mende education and child fosterage transactions. In press B. Miller, ea., Sex and Gender Hierarchies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Bledsoe, C., and U. Isiugo-Abanihe 1989 Strategies of child-fosterage among Mende grannies in Sierra Leone. Pp. 442-474 in R. Lesthaeghe, ea., Reproduction and Social Organization in Sub-Saharan Af rica. Berkeley: University of California Press. Bleek, W. 1987 Family and family planning in southern Ghana. Pc. 138-153 in C. Onions. ed. - - - ~ }: - --=~ 7 - -- 7 Sex Roles, Population and Development in West Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann. Boissiere, M., J. Knight, and R. Sabot 1985 Earnings, schooling, ability and cognitive skills. American Economic Review 75(5):1016 1030. Bongaarts, J. 1978 A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review 4(1):105-132. 1981 The impact on fertility of traditional and changing child-spacing practices. In H.J. Page and R. Lesthaeghe, eds., Child Spacing in Tropical Africa: Traditions and Change. London: Academic Press. 1991 Do reproductive intentions matter? Pp. 223-248 in Demographic and Health Surveys World Conference, Proceedings, Vol. 1. Columbia, Md.: Institute for Resource Development/Macro International, Inc. Bongaarts, J., and R. Potter 1983 Fertility, Biology, and Behavior: An Analysis of the Proximate Determinants. New York: Academic Press. Bongaarts, J., O. Frank, and R. Lesthaeghe 1984 The proximate determinants of fertility in Sub-Saharan Africa. Population and Development Review 10(3):511-537. Bongaarts, J., W.P. Mauldin, and J.F. Phillips 1990 The demographic impact of family planning programs. Studies in Family Plan ning 21(6):299-310. Boserup, E. 1970 Women's Role in Economic Development. London: George Allen and Unwin. 1985 Economic and demographic interrelationships in sub-Saharan Africa. Population and Development Review 11(3):383-397. Botswana 1989 Demographic and Health Survey. (L. Lesetedi, G. Mompati, P. Khulumani, G. Lesetedi, and N. Rutenberg, eds.) Gaborone: Central Statistics Office and Family Health Division; and Columbia, Md.: Institute for Resource Development/Macro Systems, Inc. Brain, J. 1976 Less than second-class: Women in rural settlement schemes in Tanzania. Pp. 265-282 in N. Hafkin and E. Bay, eds., Women in Africa: Studies in Social and Economic Change. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Brydon, L. 1983 Avatime women and men, 1900-80. Pp. 320-329 in C. Oppong, ea., Female and Male in West Africa. London: George Allen and Unwin. Bulatao, R., and R. Lee, eds. 1983 Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries. New York: Academic Press.

236 FA CTORS AFFECTING CONTRACEPTIVE USE Caldwell, J.C. 1976 The Socio-economic Explanation of High Fertility. Canberra: Australian National University. 1980 Mass education as a determinant of the timing of fertility decline. Population and Development Review 6(2):225-255. 1982 Mass education as a determinant of fertility decline. Chapter 10 in J. Caldwell, Theory of Fertility Decline. London: Academic Press. Population trends and determinants: Is Africa different? Unpublished paper. Health Transition Centre, Australian National University, Canberra. Caldwell, J.C., and P. Caldwell 1977 The role of marital sexual abstinence in determining fertility: A case study of the Yoruba in Nigeria. Population Studies 31(2):193-217. 1981 The function of child-spacing in traditional societies and the direction of change. Pp. 73-92 in H. Page and R. Lesthaeghe, eds., Child-Spacing in Tropical Africa: Traditions and Change. London: Academic Press. 1987 The cultural context of high fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. Population and De velopmentReview 13(3):409-437. 1988 Is the Asian family planning program model suited to Africa? Studies in Family Planning 19(1):19-28. 1990 Cultural forces tending to sustain high fertility. Pp. 199-214 in G. Acsadi, G. Johnson-Acsadi, and R. Bulatao, eds., Population Growth and Reproduction in Sub-Saharan Africa. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Caldwell, J., P. Caldwell, and P. Quiggan 1989 The social context of AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. Population and Development Review 15(2):185-234. Caldwell, J., I. Orubuloye, and P. Caldwell 1991 The destabilization of the traditional Yoruba sexual system. Population and De- velopment Review 17(2):229-262. 1992 Africa's new kind of fertility transition. Health Transition Working Paper, No. 13. Canberra, Australia: Health Transition Centre, Australian National Univer- sity. Castadot, R.G., I. Sivin, P. Reyes, J.O. Alers, M. Chapple, and J. Russel 1975 The international postpartum program: Eight years of experience. Reports on Population/Family Planning 18:1-53. Center for Population and Family Health 1989 Lagos Market-Based Family Planning Projects: Final Report. New York: School of Public Health, Columbia University. 1990a Accra Market Operations Research Project: Final Report. New York: School of Public Health, Columbia University. 1990b Ibadan Market-Based Health and Family Planning Project: Final Report. New York: School of Public Health, Columbia University. 1990c Ilorin Market-Based Distribution Project:, Final Report. New York: School of Public Health, Columbia University. Chibalonza, K., C. Chirhamolekwa, and J. Bertrand 1989 Attitudes toward tubal ligation among acceptors, potential candidates, and hus- bands in Zaire. Studies in Family Planning 20(5):273-280. Cochrane, S.H. 1979 Fertilzty and Education: What Do We Really Know? Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1983 Effects of education and urbanization on fertility. Pp. 587-625 in R.A. Bulatao and R.D. Lee, eds., Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press.

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238 FA CTORS AFFECTING CONTRA CEPTIVE USE Maradi and Zinder. Niamey, Niger: Ministere de la Sante Publique et Affaires Sociales; Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University. DK-Tyagi International 1992 1991 Contraceptive Social Marketing Statistics. Washington, D.C. Donaldson, P.J., and A.O. Tsui 1990 The international family planning movement. Population Bulletin 45(3):1-45. Eades, J. 1980 The Yoruba Today. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Easterlin, R.A. 1983 Modernization and fertility A critical essay. Pp. 562-586 in R.A. Bulatao and R.D. Lee, eds., Determinants of Fertility in Developing Countries, Vol. 2. New York: Academic Press. 1986 Economic preconceptions and demographic research. Population and Develop ment Review 12(3) :517-528. Easterlin, R., and E. Crimmins 1985 The Fertility Revolution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Economic Commission for Africa 1984 Kilimanjaro Plan of Action. Second African Population Conference, Arusha, Tan- zania, January 9-13. Emmanuel, S. 1988 Politiques et programmes de population dans le monde et au Rwanda. Pp. 5-11 in Famille, Sante', De~veloppement. Kigali, Rwanda: Office National de la Popula- tion. Etienne, M. 1983 Gender relations and conjugality among the Baule. Pp. 303-319 in C. Oppong, ea., Female and Male in West Africa. London: George Allen and Unwin. Evans-Pritchard, E.E 1940 The Nuer: A Description of the Modes of Livelihood and Political Institutions of a Nilotic People. Oxford: Clarendon. Fapohunda, E.R. 1987 Urban women's roles and Nigerian government development strategies. Pp. 203 212 in C. Oppong, ea., Sex Roles, Population and Development in West Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann. 1988 The nonpooling household: A challenge to theory. Pp. 143-154 in D. Dwyer and J. Bruce, eds., A Home Divided: Women and Income in the Third World. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. Fapohunda, E., and M. Todaro 1988 Family structure, implicit contracts, and the demand for children in Southern Ni- geria. Population and Development Review 14(4):571-594. Farah, A.A., and D. Lauro 1988 Final Report: Sudan Community Based Distribution Family Health Project. New York: Columbia University Center for Population and Family Health. Faruqee, R., and R. Gulhati 1983 Rapid population growth in sub-Saharan Africa: Issues and policies. World Bank Staff Working Papers, No. 559. Washington, D.C.: The World Bank. Ferry, B. 1981 Breastieeding. World Fertility Survey Comparative Study No. 13. Voorburg, Neth erlands: International Statistical Institute. Finkle, J., and B. Crane 1975 The politics of Bucharest: Population, development, and the new international order. Population and Development Review 1 (1): 87-114.

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This book discusses current trends in contraceptive use, socioeconomic and program variables that affect the demand for and supply of children, and the relationship of increased contraceptive use to recent fertility declines.

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