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OCR for page 123
Append& A: GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Actin: a protein characteristic of muscle but also found in other types
of cells. Actin may exist in a monomeric, globular form that
polymerizes to form filaments.
Ampullate gland: the silk-producing gland of spiders.
Aragonite: a form of the mineral CaCO3 with an orthorhombic crystal
structure.
Articular cartilage: the tissue that covers bones within freely moving
joints (hip, knee, shoulder, etc.~.
Axon: a long, thin process of a nerve cell that extends away from the
cell body (which contains the nucleus and most of the other
organelles) and terminates in numerous small branches.
Cancellous bone: the bone of sponge-like loading within the hard
cortical bones.
Carpus bone: a bone of the wrist or part of an animal fore-limb.
Catch connective tissue: the ligaments that attach the calcite spines of
sea urchins to muscle.
Cellulose: a fibrous substance that makes up plant cell walls.
Chitin: a structural polysaccharide found in the shell of crustaceans
and insects and in the cell walls of fungi. Chitin is a linear
polymer of N-acetylglucosamine.
123
OCR for page 124
124
Hierarchical Structures in Biology as a Guide for New Materials Technology
Collagen: a family of filamentous proteins that are organized in a
triple helix conformation and that provide tensile stiffness and
strength to biological entities.
Cytoskeleton: a submicroscopic intracellular complex of protein,
which is believed to account for the mechanical properties of
cytoplasm. Actin and tubulin are examples of cytoskeletal
proteins.
Diarthrodial joint: a freely moving joint of the body (hip, knee,
shoulder, etc.~.
Donnan osmotic pressure: the osmotic pressure in a solution of
electrolytes that are freely permeable across a semipermeable
membrane but are distributed unequally because of the pressure
of a nondiffusible charged substance on one side of the
membrane.
Epitaxy: oriented growth of one crystalline substance on a different
crystalline substrate.
Fibril: an elemental unit of a collagen composed of a number of triple
helical collagen molecules; a microscopic fiber.
Ganglion: an aggregation of nerve cell bodies.
Hyaluronic acid: a copolymer composed of glucuronic acid and
M-acetylglucosamine and glucuronic units with a molecular
weight in excess of 105.
Haversian bone: the concentric arrangement of bone cells and
inorganic material around a central, blood vessel~arrying canal.
Canaculi connect with the central canal, with each other, and
with bone cell-containing spaces.
Hemicellulose: a polysaccharide similar to cellulose in that it is
insoluble in water and hydrolyzable in acid. Hemicelluloses are
probably of smaller molecular dimensions than celluloses and
contain, in addition to glucose, xylose, galactose, uranic acid,
and other sugars.
Hydroxyspatite: a calcium phosphate that crystallizes into hexagonal
platelets and that can be approximated by the formula
3Ca3(PA4~2 Ca(OH)2.
OCR for page 125
Appendix A
125
Integrin protein: a protein component of a lipid bilayer membrane
that is so intimately associated with the membrane that it can
only be removed by using detergents.
Lignin: an organic polymer component in wood.
Living polymer: a mixture of polymer molecules that contain active
sites at which polymerization can continue when monomer is
added to the mixture.
Lumen: the internal cavity of a hollow organ or organelle.
Mesoglea: the collagenous connective tissue in the body walls of sea
anemones.
Metathesis: a reaction in which chemical groups attached to carbon-
carbon double bonds are exchanged.
Microfibril: the substructure of a collagen fibril that is composed of
associated tropocollagen units.
Nacre: iridescent inner layer of various mollusk shells that consists
chiefly of calcium carbonate deposited in thin overlapping
sheets with some organic matter.
Organelle: a specialized part of a cell, which performs functions
analogous to those of the organs of many-celled animals.
Proteoglycan: a "core" protein linked to many glycosaminoglycan
chains, which composes a macromolecule exceeding 1 o6 daltons.
Proteoglycan aggregates: proteoglycans linked to hyaluronate chains
via a like protein. The molecular weight of this molecule often
exceeds 107. Its high density of charge groups (carboxyl and
sulfate) enable it to provide valuable function in biological
tissues.
1
OCR for page 126
Representative terms from entire chapter:
glucuronic units
