National Academies Press: OpenBook

A Biological Survey for the Nation (1994)

Chapter: INDEX

« Previous: APPENDIX B: EXCERPTS FROM FY 1994 BUDGET JUSTIFICATION
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

INDEX

A

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 38

American Museum of Natural History, 38

American Type Culture Collection, 71

Army Corps of Engineers, 36, 78, 148

Arthropods, 70, 71

Audubon Societies, 42

Australia

biodiversity organizations, 65

Environmental Resources Information Network, 97

B

Bacteria, 69, 71

Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39

Biological assessment

development of protocols, 79

Biological data and information, 54, 121

access for researchers, 95

benefits, 53

dispersed locations, 57, 115, 161

needs, 94

online access, 161

organization, 97

public needs, 95

sources, 106

use by decision-makers, 93, 95, 97

use by public/private organizations, 55, 95

Biological diversity

data management, 104

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

decline, 65

development of a data model, 105

difficulties in minimizing threats, 44

inventories of rich areas, 158

maintenance and enhancement, 61

prospecting, 47, 48

Biological indicators

ecological trends, 87

importance, 87

monitoring and assessment, 87

standards, 87

Biological resources, 31, 59, 61

anticipation of conflicts, 56

assessment, 28

challenging issues, 56

decision-making, 31, 54

definition, 26

detecting trends, 80

distribution, 57

dynamics, 52

effects of climate change, 85

effects of suburbanization, 65

esthetic experiences, 46

evaluation, 61

identifying changes, 80

improved management of, 54

information base for decisions, 57

information needs, 84

information flow, 111

inventorying and monitoring, 55

management, 29, 49, 50, 52, 54, 72, 90

management and preservation, 133

national and international networks, 39

objectives for assessment, 64

products of practical value, 121

programs directed at understanding, 28

regional management systems, 124

scientific basis for management, 31, 55

stewardship, 26, 129

sustainable use, 44, 54, 59

synergistic focus, 51

understanding, 29, 50

values and services, 26

Biomonitoring of Environmental Status and Trends, 112

Biota

documentation and assessment, 31

lack of basic knowledge, 27

preservation, 59

specimen and data collections, 67

Biotechnology, 25, 48, 71

Birds of North America, 65

Bishop Museum, 38

Botanical Society of America, 42

Breeding Bird Survey, 106, 112, 120

British Columbia

regional management system, 125

Bureau of Land Management, 32, 139

inclusion in NBS, 28

organization, 133

Bureau of Mines

inclusion in NBS, 28

Bureau of Reclamation

inclusion in NBS, 28

C

California, 158

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

example of regional cooperation, 125

regional management system, 125

California Academy of Sciences, 38

Canada

biological survey, 51

biological surveys, 42

Carbon dioxide, 47, 73

atmospheric concentration, 47

buffering by natural processes, 45

Caribbean

biological surveys, 51

Caribbean Coastal Marine Productivity program (CARICOMP), 40

decline in reef corals, 73

scientific expertise, 42

Carnegie Commission on Science and Technology, 148

Census Bureau

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding and Referencing, 107

Center for Biological Conservation, 39

Center for Plant Conservation, 40, 72

Central America

biological surveys, 51

scientific expertise, 42

Climate change, 47

preparations for dealing with, 54

Classification systems, 74, 111

development, 158, 159

limitations, 76

predictive, 64

uses, 75, 76

Collections, 38, 64, 67, 69-72, 84, 96, 103, 107, 109, 144, 147, 157

inventory of specimens and data, 69

Committee on the National Institute for the Environment, 148

Communities and ecosystems, 60

effects of alien species, 86

effects of climate change, 47

effects of human settlement, 65

evaluation, 157

functional integrity, 87

inventorying threatened, 158

management, 76, 125

rate of change, 86

types, 64

understanding, 74, 77

Conservation

information needs, 96

Cooperative programs

role in NPBS, 39

Costa Rica

National Biodiversity Institute (INBio), 65, 97

D

Data and information

ability to provide, 52

challenges in computerization, 96

coordination and management, 106

custodianship, 109

dissemination, 117

ensuring scientific quality, 119

examples of necessary products, 121

formal review, 119

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

historical information needs, 85

horizontal integration, 111

inherent incompleteness, 56

judicious use, 50

local application, 133

management, 112

management office, 160

management in NBS, 112

methods of exchange, 117

national network, 161

needs, 94

NPBS management programs, 162

organization, 51

policies and programs, 93

preparing manuals and guides, 159

problem-specific nature, 53

products, 117, 120

quality assurance, 117

range, 50

scale of application, 50

sharing, 108-120

software tools, 118

standards, 106

supplied by the NPBS, 117

technical reports, 117

usability, 106

vertical integration, 111

Data management, 51

functional requirements, 110

NPBS objective, 108

Databases

assessment of exiting, 157

biological, 84, 106

Center for Plant Conservation, 40

computerized, 160

conservation, 106

coordination, 106, 115

custodianship, 109

damage from interruptions, 52

development, 103

distributed queries, 111

environmental and socioeconomic, 107

flexible system design, 112

Flora of North America, 39

functional requirements, 110

Human Genome Project, 108

impediments to integration, 106

learning from others, 108

national and international, 75

NBS goals, 116

network interfaces, 110

NPBS development and organization, 31

queries on different scales and levels of organization, 111

regional and statewide efforts, 161

requirements for NPBS, 94

specimen-based, 38

state level, 37

taxonomic, 106

The Nature Conservancy, 39

transformation, 109

use in ecosystem classification, 75

Decision-making, 59

available information, 54

communication of research findings, 94

information needs, 97

need for reliable information, 49, 93

role of NBS, 139

value and economic influences, 57

Delaware River basin, 39

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

Department of Agriculture, 117, 133, 140

Agricultural Research Service, 35

Forest Service and Soil Conservation Service, 35

research programs, 73, 144

systematics research laboratories, 70

Department of Commerce

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 35

Department of Defense, 36, 70

Department of Energy, 70

Department of the Interior (DOI), 5, 40, 70, 105, 124, 127, 128, 133, 140, 141, 160

cooperative research units, 144

diverse bureau mandates, 125

formation of NBS, 28

FY 1995 budget, 153, 154

internal reorganization, 151

land management bureaus, 125, 141

National Biological Survey, 123

proposed National Biological Status and Trends Program, 112

role in NPBS, 32

Development

effect on natural resources, 124

Diversification, 51

E

Ecological diversity

esthetic experiences, 47

Ecological productivity

effects of climate change, 47

Ecological services

decline due to pollution, 45

maintenance, 45

management and conservation, 45

replacement by technology, 45

Ecological Society of America, 42

Ecology, 51

Ecosystems

alteration and degradation, 27

availability of short-term information, 47

determining highest priority, 157

documentation and assessment, 31, 53

environmental services, 25, 45

impact of changes, 79

interactions, 79, 80

inventorying, 158

location and size, 53

maintenance, 59

management, 71

modification from exotic species, 48

reducing undesirable effects, 45

research, 50

sensitivity to change, 54

structure and dynamics, 53

terrestrial and aquatic, 77

understanding location, 76

Endangered Species Act, 125, 139, 145

backlog of listing candidates, 26

embodiment of national policy, 43

recovery programs, 26

Environmental impact statements, 56, 77

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

Environmental Protection Agency, 36, 78, 79, 133, 140, 149, 154

Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39

Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program, 107

research programs, 144

Environmental research, 70

interdisciplinary, 60

needs, 149

problems facing, 149

species inventories and classification, 70

Evolutionary biology, 51

Exotic species, 48, 79, 86

F

Federal Coordinating Council on Biological Survey, 142, 144, 148, 153, 155

Federal Geographic Data Committee, 107

Fertilizers, 45

Field Museum of Natural History, 38

Fish and Wildlife Conservation Act, 154

Flora of North America, 65, 106, 113

information available from, 39

Florida Everglades, 158

Florida Museum of Natural History, 38

Freshwater Imperative, 40, 107

Functional integrity

communities and ecosystems, 87

definition, 27

Fungi, 44, 46, 59, 69-71, 81, 83, 87

G

Gap analysis

database, 106

program, 112, 120

program completion, 159

Gene sequences, 44

Gene splicing, 48

Geographic Information Systems, 104, 155

Global Change Research Program, 112

Great Lakes Fisheries Assessment, 112

Great Lakes Fisheries Councils, 139

Great Smoky Mountains National Park, 73

Greenhouse gases, 47

H

Habitats

management and preservation, 25, 46, 47

variation in data needs, 53

Hawaii, 158

extinctions due to alien species, 86

native forests, 73

Human activities

biological impact, 44

contribution to decline in natural resources, 27

effects on climate change, 47

effects on species, 65

environmental effects, 45, 48, 159

most affected geographic locations, 161

Human Genome Project, 108, 109

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

I

Insects, 70, 71, 73

insectaria, 72

Interagency Task Force on Water Quality Monitoring, 107

Interagency Working Group and Data Management for Global Change, 107

Interior Geographic Data Commit tee, 105, 107

International Joint Commission on the Great Lakes databases, 39

Internet, 108, 110, 161

Invisible present, 86

Izaak Walton League, 42

K

Keystone linkages, 76, 77

Keystone species, 76, 77

L

Land use decisions, 53

economic and biological effects, 57

Lichens, 71

Living collections, 72

M

Maps and mapping, 104

deficiencies, 104

Marine environments

degradation, 45, 49

lack of knowledge, 71

Massachusetts Audubon Society, 39

Medicines, 48

Metadata, 104, 107

Metropolitan areas

expansion, 27, 44, 46, 51, 156

ecological impacts of expansion, 95

low density land use, 45

percent of population, 51

Mexico

biological survey, 42, 51

Microbial diversity, 44

Migratory Bird Treaty Act, 139

Migratory birds, 45

Minerals Management Service, 28, 139

Missouri Botanical Garden, 38

Montana

regional management system, 125

Moths of North America, 65

Museums, 144

Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 38

American Museum of Natural History, 38

Bishop Museum, 38

California Academy of Sciences, 38

efficient use of resources, 55

existing relevant programs, 30

Field Museum of Natural History, 38

Florida Museum of Natural History, 38

integration with NBS, 29

Missouri Botanical Garden, 38

National Museum of Natural History, 38

New York Botanical Garden, 38

role in NPBS, 38

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

N

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

EOSDIS, 36, 107, 109

National Audubon Society, 39

National biological information system, 97

National Biological Status and Trends program, 112, 116, 162

National Biological Survey

as information facilitator, 53

cooperative agreements, 144

cooperative research units, 144

coordination, 144

coordination within DOI, 138

critical role of state agencies, 133

data and information policies, 93

field and state coordination, 139

focus of information management, 160

formation, 28

FY 1994 budget justification, 28

FY 1995 budget, 154

leadership role, 49, 125

mandate, 128

mission, 5, 28, 127, 128

mix of scientific disciplines, 155

National Partnership for Biological Survey, 60, 61, 103

need for extramural research, 143

need for objective science, 128

personnel transfers, 142, 154

publication and electronic communication capabilities, 162

purpose, 129

recommended organizational structure, 134

relationship with management experts, 127

requirements for director, 129

research on ecological requirements, 73

research priorities, 156

role in NPBS, 29, 32, 152

role and function of, 125

scientific focus, 133

scientific work, 129

separation from the political process, 129

staff capabilities, 142

staff needs, 142

strategic implementation plan, 152

National Biotic Resource Information System

development of, 103

National Center for Atmospheric Research, 108, 109

National Commission on the Environment, 148

National Environmental Council, 149

National Environmental Protection Act, 43

National Heritage database, 106

National Institute for the Environment, 149

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 112

National Institutes of Health, 70

National Marine Fisheries Service, 148

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

Biological Survey Unit, 38

National Marine Sanctuaries, 133

National Museum of Natural History, 38

National Ocean Service, 148

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), 35, 105, 107, 140, 154

agency responsibilities, 43

research programs, 70, 73, 144

National Park Service, 32

agency responsibilities, 43

cooperative research units, 144

impact of personnel transfers, 154

inclusion in NBS, 28

National Partnership for Biological Survey, 63

abilities of, 31

ability to communicate information, 52

accountability among participants, 152

benefits, 53

benefits to biodiversity prospecting, 48

biota analysis, 67

budgetary considerations, 140, 141, 145, 146

cataloguing of information, 54

comprehensive structure, 57

computerized databases, 160

contributions to information development and use, 54

coordinating role, 80

coordination, 132

data and information policies, 93

data and information supply, 117

data standards, 106

description of, 29

desired characteristics, 49

development of credible information base, 56

elements of, 32

federal level coordination, 55

federal programs, 155

framework for information assessment, 56

framework for multidisciplinary research, 50

funding stability, 155

identifying target areas, 78

implementation, 123

information from, 50

information management plan, 160

information products, 53

institutional components, 32

leadership role of the NBS, 32

limits to, 56

long-term effect, 133

management of institutional relationships, 123

means for effective organization, 49

need to set information priorities, 55

needs for scientific credibility, 49

online data dictionaries, 120

pilot projects, 90

print products, 121

priorities, 52, 61, 62

product communication, 121

product communication goals, 121

purpose, 31, 55, 57

research program, 50, 77

responsibilities toward selected taxa, 69

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

risk of label, 57

role of cooperative programs, 39

role of DOI, 32

role of federal agencies, 32, 35

role of foreign biological entities, 42

role of museums, 38

role of native american groups, 40

role of NBS, 32

role of nongovernment organizations, 39

role of private interests, 40

role of Puerto Rico and other U.S. territories and lands, 40

role of scientists, 42

role of Smithsonian Institution, 37

role of states, 36, 145

role of the National Science Foundation, 143

role of the Smithsonian Institution, 37

scientific credibility, 49

scientific focus, 133

scientific information standards, 119

species distribution assessment, 69

stimulation of research, 50, 76

strategic implementation plan, 152

strategy for development, 52

strengths, 51

taxonomic research, 65

timely and accessible information, 94

use of information, 52

users and participants, 32, 65

uses of information gathered, 93

vegetation characterization, 75

National Research Council

Committee on Environmental Research, 148

National Science Board

recommendations, 146

National Science Foundation, 36, 143, 146

FY 1995 budget, 154

peer review, 147

research programs, 154

role in biodiversity research, 146

National Spatial Data Infrastructure, 104

building blocks of, 107

involvement of NPBS, 105

National Water Quality Information System (NWIS), 107

National Wetlands Inventory, 112

National Wildlife Refuges, 133

Native Americans

role in NPBS, 40

Nematodes, 44, 69, 71, 73

New York Botanical Garden, 38

Nongovernment organizations

relevant programs, 30

role in NPBS, 39

Nonrenewable resources, 44, 46, 51

Nutrient cycling, 71

Nutritional sources, 48

O

Office of Environmental Quality, 149

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement inclusion in NBS, 28

P

Pacific Northwest forests, 125

Park Service Inventory and Monitoring Program, 112

Partners In Flight, 40, 124

Pesticides, 45

Pilot projects, 78, 89, 90

data model systems, 161

goals, 90

regional collaboration, 70, 157

scope, 91

study of key species, 74

Pittman-Robertson Act, 145

Pollution, 79, 83

assessment, 49, 79

assimilating of pollutants, 25, 61

biological impacts, 95

biological indicators, 79

negative effects, 45

nonpoint, 79

of wetlands, 45

recognizing warning signs, 79

sensitivity of organisms to, 86

Population biology, 74

Population genetics, 51

Populations

distribution and abundance, 60

Private landholders

role in NPBS, 40

Private sector

conservation efforts, 26

existing relevant programs, 30

Public lands

acquisition, 26

Puerto Rico, 42

biological resources, 40

role in NPBS, 40

R

Regional Collaborative Projects, 90

Regional management system

complications in achieving, 125

Renewable resources, 46, 51

Research, 60

biological resources, 60, 63

broadening programs, 159

comparative, 51

communication of results, 118

coordination, 140

different perspectives, 104

domestic and international, 51

ecosystems, 73

environmental indicators, 158

federal spending, 146

human settlement patterns, 51

interdisciplinary, 60

restoration methods, 77

selected species, 73

short-term plan, 157

species diversity, 50

stability and financial support, 52

stimulating and coordinating, 50

stimulation of appropriate, 50

taxonomic, 65

type and scope, 50

Resources

human and financial, 61

Restoration, 48, 77

identification of target areas, 78

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

inventorying, 158

marine environments, 49

of rivers, 78

pilot project, 78

potential candidate areas, 158

priorities, 78

research efforts, 159

research on methods, 77

Restoration biology, 77

Rivers

need for national inventory, 78

Russia

relevant expertise, 42, 51

S

Setting priorities, 59-61

data management, 160-162

for implementation, 151

general considerations, 62

multiple criteria, 61

personnel and administrative management, 153, 155, 156

research and inventory programs, 156, 158, 159

Smithsonian Institution, 154

National Biodiversity Center, 37

research programs, 144

role in NPBS, 37

specimen-based databases, 38

Standard Methods for Measuring Biological Diversity, 113

Social sciences, 51

Society for Conservation Biology, 42

Soils

contamination and erosion, 48

decontamination, 48

South Pacific

relevant expertise, 42, 51

Spatial analysis

new opportunities, 104

Spatial data, 103

collection and documentation of, 105

fuller use, 105

production, 104

Spatial interactions, 97

Species

changes in distribution and abundance, 87

criteria for study, 72

international distribution, 51

knowledge of natural history, 72

population biology, 64

relevance to environmental issues, 73

understanding ecological requirements, 72

where they occur, 72

Species distributions, 96

Species diversity, 57

Species viability, 44

State biological surveys, 36, 65, 106, 107

integration with NBS, 29

State Heritage Programs, 37, 39, 119

Statistical design and evaluation, 51

Status and trends, 50-53, 61

information, 55

measurement, 57

monitoring, 86

need for information, 44

objectives, 31, 83

predictive models, 159

Strategic implementation plan, 152

Systematics, 51

Systematics Agenda 2000, 107

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
×

T

Taxa

appropriate for immediate study, 69

classification, 70

determining highest priority, 157

discovery and classification, 69

establishment of collections and information, 70

field guides, 159

need for U.S. specialists, 71

Taxonomists

register of specialists, 157

The Nature Conservancy, 37, 39, 74

Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39

Heritage Program, 113

Toxicology, 51

Trends

mapping and monitoring, 74

U

United States

species, 65

taxonomic research, 65

Universities, 144

Cornell University, 38

existing relevant programs, 30

integration with NBS, 29

Ohio State University, 38

role in NPBS, 38

University of California, 38

University of Kansas, 38

University of Michigan, 38

University of Texas, 38

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, 32, 78, 139

agency responsibilities, 43

Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39

Biological Survey Unit, 38

cooperative research units, 144

impact of personnel transfers, 154

inclusion in NBS, 28

Standard Methods for Measuring Biological Diversity, 113

U.S. Forest Service, 78, 140, 148, 154

agency responsibilities, 43

Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39

U.S. Geological Survey, 128, 139

Biodiversity Research Consortium, 39

inclusion in NBS, 28

leadership role, 73

National Mapping Division (NMD), 107

Water Resource Division, 133

U.S. Global Change Data and Information System (GCDIS), 107

V

Virgin Islands, 42

W

Wallop-Breaux Act, 145

Waterfowl Inventory, 112

Wetlands, 36, 45, 79

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." National Research Council. 1994. A Biological Survey for the Nation. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2243.
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A Biological Survey for the Nation Get This Book
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Our country has long recognized the importance of its biological resources but we often lack sufficient scientific knowledge to make wise decisions. This realization has led to calls for new ways of providing this information, including the formation of a national biological survey. This volume discusses key issues and problems for which an improved assessment of the nation's biological resources is needed; the kinds of efforts in research and information management needed to create that assessment; and how government, private organizations, and individuals can work together to meet the needs identified. Policymakers, resource managers, public interest groups, and researchers will find this book useful as they participate in the national dialogue on this topic and take actions to implement the needed survey activities.

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