NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the panel responsible for this report were chosen for their special expertise and with regard for appropriate balance between government, industry, and academia.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. On the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of the appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an advisor to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
SPONSORS: The U.S. Department of the Interior, the U.S. Geological Survey, under Agreement No. 1434-92-A-1091, provided support to the National Research Council for this project. The National Science Foundation, Federal Emergency Management Agency, and National Institute of Standards and Technology provided support for the symposium through the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 94-66357
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05030-8
B-275
Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE FOR THE SYMPOSIUM ON PRACTICAL LESSONS FROM THE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE
MEMBERS
LLOYD S. CLUFF, Chair,
Pacific Gas and Electric Company, San Francisco, California
CLARENCE R. ALLEN,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
THOMAS R. BECKHAM,
South Carolina Emergency Preparedness Division, Columbia
IAN G. BUCKLE,
State University of New York, Buffalo
WILFRED D. IWAN,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
SHIRLEY MATTINGLY,
City of Los Angeles, California
ROBIN K. MCGUIRE,
Risk Engineering, Inc., Golden, Colorado
CHRIS D. POLAND,
H.J. Degenkolb Associates, San Francisco, California
DENNIS E. WENGER,
Texas A&M University, College Station
T. LESLIE YOUD,
Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
LIAISON REPRESENTATIVES
Geotechnical Board
JAMES K. MITCHELL, Chair,
University of California, Berkeley
Earthquake Engineering Research Institute
PAUL SOMERVILLE,
Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Pasadena, California
SUPPORTING AGENCIES
WILLIAM ANDERSON,
National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C.
WILLIAM BAKUN,
U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, California
GARY JOHNSON,
Federal Emergency Management Agency, Washington, D.C.
RANDALL G. UPDIKE,
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
ROBERT WESSON,
U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia
RICHARD WRIGHT,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland
GEOTECHNICAL BOARD
MEMBERS
JAMES K. MITCHELL, Chair,
University of California, Berkeley
CLARENCE R. ALLEN,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
JOAN Z. BERNSTEIN,
Waste Management, Inc., Oak Brook, Illinois
DAVID E. DANIEL,
University of Texas, Austin
WILLIAM S. GARDNER,
W.S. Gardner and Associates, Blue Bell, Pennsylvania
JAMES P. GOULD,
Mueser Rutledge Consulting Engineers, New York, New York
FRANÇOIS E. HEUZE,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California
CHARLES C. LADD,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
JAMES D. MURFF,
Exxon Production Research Company, Houston, Texas
SHLOMO P. NEUMAN,
The University of Arizona, Tucson
THOMAS D. O'ROURKE,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
REUBEN SAMUELS,
Parsons Brinckerhoff, New York, New York
ROBERT L. SCHUSTER,
U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colorado
DON W. STEEPLES,
The University of Kansas, Lawrence
STAFF
MAHADEVAN MANI, Director,
Division on Infrastructure, Energy and Environmental Engineering
PETER H. SMEALLIE, Director,
Geotechnical Board (1990 through 1993)
JENNIFER T. ESTEP, Administrative Assistant
AMELIA B. MATHIS, Senior Secretary/Project Assistant
BROOK WILLIAMS, Assistant to Project (through January 1993)
BOARD ON NATURAL DISASTERS
MEMBERS
WALTER LYNN, Chair,
Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
MARY B. ANDERSON,
Collaborative for Development Action, Cambridge, Massachusetts
ALAN G. DAVENPORT,
University of Western Ontario, London
RICHARD FISKE,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
ROBERT D. HANSON,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
WILFRED D. IWAN,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena
LUCILE M. JONES,
U.S. Geological Survey, Pasadena, California
LESTER B. LAVE,
Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
SHIRLEY MATTINGLY,
City of Los Angeles, California
ROBERT L. ODMAN,
State Farm Fire and Casualty Company, Bloomington, Illinois
E.L. QUARANTELLI,
University of Delaware, Newark
LACY E. SUITER,
Tennessee Emergency Management Association, Nashville
STAFF
CAROLINE CLARKE GUARNIZO, Director
ROBIN L. ALLEN, Senior Project Assistant
Preface
The Loma Prieta earthquake struck the San Francisco area on October 17, 1989, causing the loss of 63 lives and $10 billion of damage. As the results of the research, conducted in response to the earthquake, became known over the following three years, the U.S. Geological Survey, the sponsor of much of the research, approached the National Research Council (NRC) about how the results of the Loma Prieta earthquake research could be applied to other earthquake-prone areas of the country.
The NRC's Geotechnical Board and Board on Natural Disasters formed a committee, under the auspices of the NRC, to plan a major symposium on lessons learned from research and related activities conducted on the Loma Prieta earthquake. The Committee on Practical Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake, chaired by Lloyd Cluff, accepted the responsibility to develop the symposium agenda, invite the speakers, review the keynote papers, and coordinate activities with the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, which was responsible for managing the symposium and inviting symposium participants. The Symposium on Practical Lessons from the Loma Prieta Earthquake took place in San Francisco on March 22-23, 1993, and was attended by over 400 individuals.
The committee also agreed to develop these proceedings, which consist of six keynote papers solicited by the committee for the major sessions of the symposium: Geotechnical; Buildings; Emergency Preparedness and Response; Lifelines; Highway Bridges; and Recovery, Mitigation, and Planning. Selected remarks by panels of discussants on the applicability to other areas of the country of each keynoter's lessons are included following each keynote paper. The
report also contains the opening keynote presentation by L. Thomas Tobin, the Executive Director of the California Seismic Safety Commission.
Drawing on the keynote papers and discussions at the symposium, an overview chapter has been written by the committee to present its summary of the principal lessons learned from the Loma Prieta earthquake. The overview contains, in addition, recommendations the committee believes are appropriate to improve seismic safety and earthquake awareness in areas of the country vulnerable to earthquakes but not as well-prepared as California.
The Geotechnical Board and the Board on Natural Disasters wish to thank the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute for its cooperation in planning and conducting the symposium. The boards also acknowledge the generous contributions of time and thought donated by all the speakers, discussants, and participants at the symposium.
Contents
|
||||
LEGACY OF THE LOMA PRIETA EARTHQUAKE: CHALLENGES TO OTHER COMMUNITIES |
||||
THE GEOTECHNICAL ASPECTS |
||||
Waterfront Containment Structures, Piers, and Lateral Retaining Structures |
||||
Lessons Learned from the Geotechnical Aspects of the Loma Prieta Earthquake |
||||
Discussants' Comments: Geotechnical Issues |
||||
BUILDINGS |
||||
Discussants' Comments: Buildings Session |
||||
EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE |
||||
How the Public Responded in Loma Prieta: Individual and Household Responses |
||||
Response of Groups, Organizations, and Interorganizational Networks |
||||
Discussants' Comments: Emergency Preparedness and Response |
LIFELINE PERSPECTIVE |
||||
Lifeline System Performance during the 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake |
||||
Discussants' Comments: Lifelines |
||||
HIGHWAY BRIDGES |
||||
Discussants' Comments: Bridges |
||||
RECOVERY, MITIGATION, AND PLANNING |
||||
Discussants' Comments: Recovery, Mitigation, and Planning |