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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
METABOLIC MODIFIERS
Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
Subcommittee on Effects of Metabolic Modifiers on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
Committee on Animal Nutrition
Board on Agriculture
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1994
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
2101 Constitution Avenue, NWWashington, D.C.20418
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competencies and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy’s purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce M. Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice-chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
This study was supported by the Agricultural Research Service of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, under Agreement No. 59-32U4-5-6, and by the Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, under Cooperative Agreement No. FD-U-000006-10. Additional support was provided by the American Feed Industry Association, Monsanto Company, American Cyanamid Company, and Pitman-Moore, Inc. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authoring subcommittee and do not necessarily reflect the views of the sponsors.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Metabolic modifiers: effects on the nutrient requirements of food -producing animals / Subcommittee on Effects of Metabolic Modifiers on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture, National Research Council
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references (p. ) and index.
ISBN 0-309-04997-0
1. Somatotropin in animal nutrition. 2. Adrenergic beta agonists in animal nutrition. 3. Anabolic steroids in animal nutrition. 4. Livestock—Metabolism. 5. Feed utilization efficiency. 6. Livestock—Nutrition—Requirements. I. National Research Council (U.S.). Subcommittee on Effects of Metabolic Modifiers on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals.
SF98.S65M47 1994
636.08'52—dc20 94-13922
CIP
©1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
SUBCOMMITTEE ON EFFECTS OF METABOLICMODIFIERS ON THE NUTRIENTREQUIREMENTS OFFOOD-PRODUCING ANIMALS
TERRY D. ETHERTON, Chair,
The Pennsylvania State University
DALE E. BAUMAN,
Cornell University
DONALD H. BEERMANN,
Cornell University
R. DEAN BOYD,
Pig Improvement Company, Franklin, Kentucky
PETER J. BUTTERY,
University of Nottingham, United Kingdom
ROGER B. CAMPBELL,
Bunge Meat Industries, Ltd., Corowa, Australia
WILLIAM V. CHALUPA,
University of Pennsylvania
KIRK KLASING,
University of California, Davis
GERALD T. SCHELLING,
University of Idaho
NORMAN C. STEELE,
Nonruminant Animal Nutrition Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland
COMMITTEE ON ANIMAL NUTRITION
HAROLD F. HINTZ, Chair,
Cornell University
DONALD C. BEITZ,
Iowa State University
GARY L. CROMWELL,
University of Kentucky
DANNY G. FOX,
Cornell University
ROGER W. HEMKEN,
University of Kentucky
LAURIE M. LAWRENCE,
University of Kentucky
LARRY P. MILLIGAN,
University of Guelph, Canada
OLAV T. OFTEDAL,
National Zoological Park, Washington, D.C.
JERRY L. SELL,
Iowa State University
ROBERT P. WILSON,
Mississippi State University
Staff
MARY I. POOS, Project Director
JANET OVERTON, Editor
DENNIS BLACKWELL, Senior Project Assistant
KAMAR PATEL, Senior Project Assistant through February, 1992
BOARD ON AGRICULTURE
DALE E. BAUMAN, Chair,
Cornell University
PHILIP H. ABELSON,
American Association for the Advancement of Science
JOHN M. ANTLE,
Montana State University
WILLIAM B. DELAUDER,
Delaware State University
SUSAN K. HARLANDER,
Land O'Lakes, Inc., Minneapolis, Minnesota
RICHARD R. HARWOOD,
Michigan State University
T. KENT KIRK,
U.S. Department of Agriculture, Madison, Wisconsin
JAMES R. MOSELEY,
Jim Moseley Farms, Inc., Clarks Hill, Indiana, and Purdue University
NORMAN R. SCOTT,
Cornell University
GEORGE E. SEIDEL, JR.,
Colorado State University
CHRISTOPHER R. SOMERVILLE,
Carnegie Institute of Washington
PATRICIA B. SWAN,
Iowa State University
JOHN WELSER,
The Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan
Staff
SUSAN E. OFFUTT, Executive Director
JAMES TAVARES, Associate Executive Director
CARLA CARLSON, Director of Communications
JANET OVERTON, Editor
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
Preface
Animal scientists have long sought economical ways to improve the productivity of commercially important domestic animals, to enhance their productive efficiency, and, in the case of meat animals, increase muscle mass and concurrently decrease carcass fat. Remarkable scientific advances during the past 10 years have led to the discovery of two new technologies that achieve these goals—the administration of (1) recombinantly derived somatotropin (ST) (growth hormone) and (2) β-adrenergic agonists (synthetic catecholamine-like analogs). Administration of ST to cows increases both milk production and productive efficiency (milk/unit feed). In meat animals, administration of ST or β-adrenergic agonists improves productive efficiency and carcass leanness. Administration of anabolic steroids enhances growth performance in sheep and beef cattle.
In 1989, under the auspices of the Board on Agriculture's Committee on Animal Nutrition, the Subcommittee on Metabolic Modifiers was appointed to summarize our present understanding of the mechanisms by which ST and β-adrenergic agonists act and to determine, where possible, what effects administration of these metabolic modifiers have on nutrient requirements of domestic livestock.
In this report, we have discussed the current understanding of the mechanisms by which metabolic modifiers alter nutrient partitioning and productive efficiency and what is known about their effects on the nutrient requirements of food-producing animals. In Chapter 1, the subcommittee underscores the role agricultural scientists play to provide optimal nutrition and productive efficiency for food-producing animals to meet the changing needs of consumers and the increasing demands of a growing world population. Chapter 2 addresses our growing knowledge of biology, chemistry, and mechanisms of action of metabolic modifiers that make it possible to alter carcass composition, improve feed efficiency, and enhance growth rate in poultry, sheep, pigs, and cattle, and increase milk yield in dairy cattle. Chapter 3 examines the nutrient requirements and production responses of dairy cattle supplemented with bovine ST (bST) with respect to the yield and composition of milk in relation to breed and genotype, parity, management, environment, and feed intake. Chapter 4 addresses nutritional implications in swine, including constraints to lean growth, and nutrient requirements with respect to intake, digestion, maintenance, and efficiency of nutrient use. Discussion includes estimates of amino acid, mineral, and vitamin requirements in growing swine. In Chapter 5, strategies for administering metabolic modifiers to poultry are discussed, including exogenous ST administration and in ovo manipulations. Nutrient intake recommendations are given along with modeling approaches and empirical predictions. Chapter 6 discusses the effects of metabolic modifiers on growing cattle and growing lambs.
In summary, the subcommittee believes that the full spectrum of advantages available from these technologies can only be realized by increasing our understanding of the effects these metabolic modifiers have and the biological mechanisms and nutritional requirements that account for the changes in performance and productive efficiency.
TERRY D. ETHERTON, Chair
Subcommittee on Effects of Metabolic Modifiers on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
Acknowledgments
The Subcommittee on Metabolic Modifiers is particularly grateful to Harry Mersmann, Children's Nutrition Center of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Houston, Texas. We also acknowledge the contributions of Gary Hartnell, Monsanto Company and Mary Beth Rymph, Alice Pell and Mark McGuire, Cornell University for their review of Chapter 3. We are also indebted to Sandy Gunsallus, at The Pennsylvania State University, for her secretarial support during the preparation of this report. The subcommittee also appreciates the ideas and contributions of a number of individuals throughout the course of the study. We acknowledge the assistance of Board on Agriculture staff members Sharon Giduck, who served as our first staff officer; James Tavares, who on an interim basis assumed her responsibilities; Mary Poos, our most recent staff officer, who helped guide this report to its completion; Janet Overton, editor, who guided this report throughout the editorial and production stages; Kamar Patel, the senior project assistant, through February 1992; and Dennis Blackwell, our most recent project assistant.
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
1
Dairy Cattle
1
Growing Ruminants
1
Swine
2
Poultry
2
Summary
2
1
INTRODUCTION
3
2
MECHANISMS OF ACTION OF METABOLIC MODIFIERS
5
Somatotropin
5
β-Adrenergic Agonists
13
Anabolic Steroids
19
3
EFFECT OF SOMATOTROPIN ON NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF DAIRY CATTLE
23
Production Response
23
Nutrient Requirements
25
Summary
29
4
EFFECT OF METABOLIC MODIFIERS ON NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING RUMINANTS
30
Effects of Somatotropin or Growth-Hormone Releasing Factor
30
Effects of β-Adrenergic Agonists
35
Effects of Anabolic Steroids
36
5
EFFECT OF METABOLIC MODIFIERS ON NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF GROWING SWINE
38
Nutritional Implications of Metabolic Modifiers
38
Nutritional Constraints to Lean Growth
39
Effect of Metabolic Modifiers on Nutrient Requirements
41
Estimates of the Lysine and Energy Requirements for ST-Treated Growing Swine
43
Estimates of Amino Acid and Energy Requirements for Swine Administered β-Adrenergic Agonists
49
Effect of Metabolic Modifiers on Mineral and Vitamin Requirements
50
Summary
51
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
6
EFFECT OF METABOLIC MODIFIERS ON NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF POULTRY
52
Strategies
52
Nutrient Intake Recommendations
55
Summary
58
REFERENCES
59
AUTHORS
74
INDEX
75
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
Tables and Figures
TABLES
2-1
Effects of Porcine Somatotropin (pST) on Pig Growth Performance
7
2-2
Effects of Chicken Somatotropin (cST) on Chicken Growth Performance
8
2-3
Increase in Milk Yield (kg milk/day above controls) in Response to Bovine Somatotropin (bST)
8
2-4
Effects of Somatotropin on Animal Tissue and Systems during Growth or Lactation
9
2-5
Representative Responses in Farm Animal Species to Dietary Administration of β-Adrenergic Agonists
15
3-1
Comparison of Bovine Somatotropin (bST)-Treated to Genetically Superior Cows Producing the Same Quantity of Milk
26
4-1
Representative Data of the Effects of Somatotropin (ST) on Growth Performance and Composition of Cattle and Lambs
32
5-1
Responses of Swine Administered Porcine Somatotropin (pST) during Two Phases of Growth
39
5-2
Factorial Estimation of Dietary Protein and Lysine Requirement in Control and Porcine Somatotropin (pST)-Treated Pigs (50-100 kg) Exhibiting Different Protein Accretion Rates
42
5-3
Expected Field Responses to Porcine Somatotropin (pST) and the β-Agonist Ractopamine
48
6-1
Regression Equations Used to Predict Nutrient Requirements (mg/kcal) for Broilers at Accelerated Growth Rates
56
6-2
Theoretical Percent of Nutrient Levels for Broiler Chicks, by Age (weeks), Growing at Normal and Augmented Rates
57
6-3
Formulation of a Practical Reference Diet for Broiler Chicks Growing at 120 Percent of Normal Rates
57
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Metabolic Modifiers: Effects on the Nutrient Requirements of Food-Producing Animals
FIGURES
1-1
Accretion rates for protein and fat in pigs over the body weight range from 45 kg to 100 kg (market weight)
4
1-2
Effects of a maximally effective dose of pST on nutrient partitioning in growing pigs
4
1-3
The effect of bST on the quantity of energy used for milk production and maintenance in lactating cows
4
2-1
Comparison of amino acid sequences for somatotropin from different species
6
2-2
The dose-response relationship between pST and different parameters of pig growth performance
7
2-3
Chemical structures of the endogenous catecholamines dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine and of select synthetic β-adrenergic agonists
13
2-4
Chemical structures of the endogenous steroids estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone and of synthetic anabolic steroids
20
5-1
Interrelationship between protein deposition and protein (amino acid) intake in swine
40
5-2
Hypothetical model showing the relationship between dietary energy intake and deposition of muscle and fat tissues
41
5-3
Differential response of female and intact male pigs to pST treatment and dietary energy intake
41
5-4
Theoretical protein (amino acid) dose-response curves for metabolic modifiers
43
5-5
Dose-response curve for control and pST-treated castrate male and female pigs
44
5-6
Dose-response curve for control and pST-treated intact male pigs
45
5-7
Carcass protein deposition response of castrate male pigs
47
5-8
Effect of digestible energy intake on total energy retained as protein and maintenance energy required for control and pST-treated pigs
47
5-9
Temporal pattern of the growth response of pigs administered the β-adrenergic agonist L-644,969 for 7 weeks
49
5-10
Protein deposition response of castrate pigs
50
5-11
Relationship between empty-body protein deposition and dietary protein intake in restrictively fed female pigs
50
