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Page 526
Airline Travel Information System (cont'd) language understanding methods, 258, 268
N-best filtering in, 227
and Online Airline Guide, 219
order in problem solving, 229
overview of, 46
recognition errors, 261, 262
spontaneous input, 234
template-based approach, 259
understanding errors, 262
Algorithms
ambiguity-handling, 56
assessment of, 391-392, 405, 409-412
Baum-Welch training (forward-backward), 178-179, 199, 202-207, 489
beam search, 202, 210, 212, 214
compression, 83, 381
databases, 405-409
inside/outside, 263-264, 489-490, 491
intonation contours, 45
large vocabularies, 307
learning, 249, 250, 263-264
nonlinear interpolation, 97
part-of-speech assignment, 143
probabilistic parsing, 56
prosodic phrase generation, 146, 147, 151
reference resolution, 57
robustness, 391, 392, 405, 412-416
search, 180-181, 189, 199, 202, 208, 209, 264-265
speech processing, 21, 393
speech recognition, 28, 409-411, 412, 417-418, 431, 468, 469
speech synthesis, 468
Stack, 202, 208
standardization, 7
text-to-speech, 25
Viterbi, 173, 180, 199, 202, 208-209, 210, 213
voice coding, 7
wordspotting, 404, 431
Allophone models, 182
American Automobile Association, 354
Ameritech, 291, 292, 293, 302
Analog-to-digital converter, 22-23, 189, 350
Analysis-by-synthesis systems
articulatory data, 125
and automatic learning, 127
bit-rate reduction and, 23
and "break index "data, 148-149
defined, 118
linear predictive coding, 24, 26-27, 119
PSOLA methods 119-120
source-filter technique, 119
in speech analysis, 26-27
in speech recognition, 30
text-to-speech conversion as, 136
Apple Macintosh, 52
Applications of voice communications. See Assistive technology for disabled persons
Deployment of applications
Military and government applications
Telecommunications
Telephony
air travel information systems, 46, 85-86, 162
aircraft pilots, 40, 41, 44, 45, 359, 365, 509
assessment criteria, 409-410
automatic teller machines, 86
computer-aided instruction, 151
databases for, 406-408
baggage handlers, 40
consumer electronics
programming, 43, 353
development environment, 400-401
driving instructions, 354
economic impact of, 280
expectations for, 505-506
force feedback glove, 98, 101
foreign language learning, 44
