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APPENDIX C
Glossary
Administrators
Persons who provide academic or operational leadership beyond the class-
room in any educational institution from kindergarten to grade 12 and at colleges
and universities.
Curriculum
A set of experiences designed to help students to learn a body of concepts
and supporting skills and knowledge; usually includes consideration of learners'
experiences and understanding, current level of awareness, and factors likely to
enhance their learning. Emphasis depends on context.
In the context of a school district or set of districts, such as a state, curricu-
lum can be the body of learning that the schools provide for students. The
conceptual framework and program themes are identified using suggestions for
connecting the curriculum at various grade levels and in various subject contexts.
In the context of a teacher in an individual classroom, curriculum refers to
specific concepts to be taught. In addition to concepts to be learned, the class-
room curriculum will offer specific experiences to illustrate these concepts, op-
portunities for data collection to verify them, student-assessment materials and
activities, and suggested experiences to augment conceptual understanding. A
complete curriculum guide includes resource lists of laboratory and instructional
technology, materials, and local field trips.
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186
Educator
PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE TEACHERS
A person involved in assisting others to learn at any level of the educational
system. Science educators are persons whose educational endeavors are concen-
trated on the teaching of the natural sciences. Teacher educators are persons who
assist college and university students in academic or pedagogic preparation for a
career in teaching.
Individual-Based Programs
Professional-development programs whose first goal is to enhance the abili-
ties of individual teachers. In contrast, the goal of systemic programs (defined in
Chapter 6) is to extend exemplary teaching and learning to larger groups, such as
a department, a school, a school system, a district, a state, or an entire educational
system.
Pedagogy
Includes the complexities of educational theories and teaching strategies that
facilitate the process of communicating subject matter, concepts, and skills from
teacher to student through learning experiences.
Professional Development
Term chosen by the committee to encompass the commonly used terms
inservice, staff development, and teacher enhancement. Refers to the broad range
of teacher involvement in out-of-school activities that are designed for profes-
sional growth. Includes the continuing process of professional development of
teachers and long-term commitment on the part of scientists and teachers.
Science Supervisor
An employee of a school district or regional or state education agency who
coordinates professional development or curriculum development and imple-
mentation activities for science teachers.
Scientist
A scientist is anyone whose higher education was concentrated in the natural
sciences, usually including preparation and experience in research. A research
scientist is one who is specifically actively engaged in research.
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GLOSSARY
Systemwide or Systemic Reform
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Reform activities that involve all stakeholders in improving education sys-
tems (students, teachers, administrators, community members, and parent). The
goal of systemwide reform is to target the entire system, rather than individual
aspects of schooling. Issues can include teaching and learning; the culture of
schools; professional development, curricular structure, assessments, and articu-
lation between K-12 schools and universities; partnerships with other institu-
tions; boards of education; and reward structures for faculty.
Teacher-Education Professor (Science)
University faculty members whose graduate work focused on the study of
teaching and learning to prepare upper-division undergraduates or graduate stu-
dents for teaching positions. Courses on such topics as curriculum and instruc-
tion (also known as science methods) are usually taught by a professor who holds
a baccalaureate or master's degree in science and has public-school science-
teaching experience. A science-teacher educator might also supervise science
student teachers.
Teacher Preparation
Prospective teachers' formal course work and teaching practice before certi-
fication or employment in teaching at the undergraduate or graduate level. (Also
called preservice.)
Teachers
In this document, the term teacher refers specifically to persons who teach
students in K-12.
K-6 Teachers of Science teach all subjects to about 20-40 students in a self-
contained classroom.
K-6 Science Specialists are elementary teachers with extra background in
science who teach science to elementary students. They might work in regular
classrooms or have specially equipped laboratories.
Middle- and ,Iunior-High-School Science Teachers usually teach science
only to 12- to 14-year-olds in a departmentalized school setting.
High-School Science Teachers might teach classes in one or more of the
sciences such as biology, chemistry and physics and possibly in general sci
ence.
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PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE TEACHERS
Two- to Four-Year College/University Science Instructors/Professors
Persons who teach science, usually in courses defined by a specialty, such as
biology, botany, or zoology. Might also teach science to students in general
education and conscience majors, including prospective elementary teachers.
Depending on the state and college/university systems, can work as professors at
colleges or universities who teach science to prospective elementary and second-
ary teachers, as community-college instructors who teach science to conscience
majors and core courses for science majors, or as science professors at colleges or
universities who teach graduate or upper-division undergraduate courses for sci-
ence mayors.
Representative terms from entire chapter:
professional development
