National Academies Press: OpenBook

Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup (1994)

Chapter: A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study

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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

Appendixes

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in this Study

Site

Contaminants

A [service station, location confidential]E

Gasoline

Advanced Micro Devices (Monolithic Mere.) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

Ethylbenzene; 1,2-DCE; PCE

Advanced Micro Devices (Bldg. 915) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

TCE; 1,2-DCE; TCA

Advanced Micro Devices (Bldgs. 901 & 902) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

TCE; 1,2-DCE

Ampex [Sunnyvale, CA]A

TCE; 1,2-DCE

Amphenol Corp. [Sidney, NY]B,C

Chloroform; TCE; PCE

Anacomp, Inc. (XIDEX) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

2-Methoxy ethanol; 1-methoxy 2-propanol; methylene chloride

Anacomp (Dysan Corp.) [Santa Clara, CA]A

MEK; isopropyl alcohol

Applied Materials (Bldg. 1) [Santa Clara, CA]A

TCA; 1,1-DCE; 1,1-DCA

Avantek [Santa Clara, CA]A

VC; TCE; 1,2-DCA

B [service station, location confidential]E

Unleaded gasoline

Black & Decker [Brockport, NY]B

VC; TCA; 1,2-DCE; TCE

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

 

Results

 

Site

Rank1

Flow Rate2 (liters/min)

Year Initiated

Containment Achieved

Cleanup Goals Achieved

A [service station, location confidential]E

2

140

1988

Uncertain

Yes

Advanced Micro Devices (Monolithic Mere.) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

4

160

1985

Yes

No

Advanced Micro Devices (Bldg. 915) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

4

270

1983

Yes

Partial4

Advanced Micro Devices (Bldgs. 901 & 902) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

4

76

1983

Yes

No

Ampex [Sunnyvale, CA]A

3

27

1985

Yes

No

Amphenol Corp. [Sidney, NY]B,C

2

980

1987

Yes

No

Anacomp, Inc. (XIDEX) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

2

11

1987

Yes

No

Anacomp (Dysan Corp.) [Santa Clara, CA]A

2

NP

1986

Yes3

Yes5

Applied Materials (Bldg. 1) [Santa Clara, CA]A

4

80

1985

Uncertain

No

Avantek [Santa Clara, CA]A

3 or 4

19

1985

Uncertain

No

B [service station, location confidential]E

3

23

1987

No

Yes

Black & Decker [Brockport, NY]B

4

38-57

1988

No

No

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

Site

Contaminants

C [service station, location confidential]E

Unleaded gasoline

CTS Printex, Inc. [Mountain View, CA]A

TCE; TCA

D [service station, location confidential]E

Unleaded gasoline

Des Moines TCE [Des Moines, IA]B,C

VC; t-1,2-DCE; TCE

DuPont-Mobile [Axis, AL]B

VOCs; pesticides

E [service station, location confidential]E

Gasoline

Emerson Electric [Altamonte Springs, FL]B

VOCs; MEK; MIBK; toluene

F [service station, location confidential]E

Gasoline

Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. (NSC; Miranda Ave.) [Palo Alto, CA]A

1,2-DCE; TCE; PCE

Fairchild Semiconductor [San Jose, CA]A,B

TCA; 1,1-DCE; Freon; acetone

FEI Microwave, Inc. (TRW Microwave, Inc.) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

VC; 1,2-DCE; TCE

Firestone Tire and Rubber [Salinas, CA]D

TCA; 1,1-DCE; other VOCs

G [service station, location confidential]E

Gasoline

General Mills [Minneapolis, MN]B,C

TCA; TCE; PCE

GenRad Corp. (E. plume) [Bolton, MA]B,C

TCE; other VOCs

Great Western/Stinnes-Western Chemical Corp. [Milpitas, CA]A

TCE; TCA; PCE

H [service station, location confidential]E

Gasoline

Harris Corp. [Palm Bay, FL]B,C

VOCs

Hewlett-Packard (3500 Deer Creek Rd.) [Palo Alto, CA]A

1,2-DCE; TCE

Hewlett-Packard (East Arques) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

1,2-DCE; TCE

I [service station, location confidential]E

Unleaded gasoline

IBM-Dayton [Dayton, NJ]B,C

1,1-DCA; TCA; 1,1-DCE; TCE; PCE

IBM-San Jose [San Jose, CA]A,B,C

TCA; 1,1-DCE; TCE; Freon 113; oil

INTEL Corp. (Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman plume) [Mountain View, CA]A

VC; TCE; xylene

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

 

Results

 

Site

Rank1

Flow Rate2 (liters/rain)

Year Initiated

Containment Achieved

Cleanup Goals Achieved

C [service station, location confidential]E

2

19

1986

No

No

CTS Printex, Inc. [Mountain View, CA]A

4

210

1987

Yes

Partial4

D [service station, location confidential]E

1

27

1986

Uncertain

No

Des Moines TCE [Des Moines, IA]B,C

3

4,900

1987

Yes

No

DuPont-Mobile [Axis, AL]B

4

680

1985

No

NCG

E [service station, location confidential]E

3

38

1985

Uncertain

NA

Emerson Electric [Altamonte Springs, FL]B

2

110

1984

Yes

Yes6

F [service station, location confidential]E

1

95

1986

Yes

Yes

Fairchild Semiconductor Corp. (NSC; Miranda Ave.) [Palo Alto, CA]A

4

1

1985

Uncertain

No

Fairchild Semiconductor [San Jose, CA]A,B

4

36,000B

1982

Yes

Partial4

FEI Microwave, Inc. (TRW Microwave, Inc.) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

4

80

1985

Yes

No

Firestone Tire and Rubber [Salinas, CA]D

2 or 3

2,800

1986

Yes

Partial7

G [service station, location confidential]E

3

120

1986

Yes

Yes

General Mills [Minneapolis, MN]B,C

4

1,400

1985

No

No

GenRad Corp. (E. plume) [Bolton, MA]B,C

2

150

1987

Yes

No

Great Western/Stinnes-Western Chemical Corp. [Milpitas, CA]A

4

110

1986

Yes

No

H [service station, location confidential]E

3

53

1992

Uncertain

Yes

Harris Corp. [Palm Bay, FL]B,C

2

1,200

1984

No

No

Hewlett-Packard (3500 Deer Creek Rd.) [Palo Alto, CA]A

4

42

1985

Yes

No

Hewlett-Packard (East Arques) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

4

30

1986

Uncertain

No

I [service station, location confidential]E

3

76

1986

Yes

No

IBM-Dayton [Dayton, NJ]B,C

3

3,800

1978

NA

No

IBM-San Jose [San Jose, CA]A,B,C

4

23,000B

1982

Yes

No

INTEL Corp. (Middlefield-Ellis-Whisman plume) [Mountain View, CA]A

4

2

1982

Yes8

No

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

 

Contaminants

INTEL Corp. (Facility III) [Santa Clara, CA]A

TCA; TCE; Freon 113

Intersil/Siemens (Tantau Ave.) [Cupertino,CA]A

TCA; TCE; Freon 113

J [pipeline leak, location confidential]E

Gasoline; diesel; fuel oil

Jones Chemical [Milpitas, CA]A

TCA; TCE; PCE

K [oil field brine site, location confidential]E

Brine (8% chloride)

KTI Chemicals, Inc. [Sunnyvale, CA]A

Odorless mineral spirits

L [refinery, location confidential]E

Refined products

M [refinery, location confidential]E

Refined products; lube oils; asphalt

Magnetics Peripherals, Inc. [Santa Clara, CA]A

TCE; Freon

Memorex [Santa Clara, CA]A

MEK; xylene; isopropyl alcohol

Micrel Wafer Fab, Inc./Litronix, Inc. [Sunnyvale, CA]A

TCE

Micro Storage/INTEL Magnetics[Santa Clara, CA]A

TCA; TCE

Mid-South Wood Products [Mana, AR]B

PCP; PAHs; Cr; Cu

National Semiconductor [Santa Clara, CA]A

1,1-DCE; TCA; TCE

Nichols Eng. [Hillsborough Township, NJ]B,C

VOCs; CS2

Occidental Chemical [Lathtop, CA]B

EDB; DBCP; other pesticides

Olin Corp. [Brandenburg, KY]B

DCEE; DCIPE

Ponders Comer [Tacoma, WA]B,C

t-1,2-DCE; TCE; PCE

Precision Monolithic Inc. [Santa Clara, CA]A

1,2-DCE; TCE; Freon

River Park/Lincoln Prop. [San Jose, CA]A

1,2-DCE; TCE; PCE

Signetics (811 E. Arques) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

DCE; TCA; TCE

Savannah River Plant [Aiken, SC]B,C

TCA; TCE; PCE

Sharpe Army Depot [Lathtop, CA]C

TCE

Site A [cleaning compound manufacturing facility, south Florida; location confidential]B

VC; t-1,2-DCE; benzene; 1,4-DCB; chlorobenzene

Solvent Service, Inc. [San Jose, CA]A

1,2-DCE; TCE; acetone

Sylvester/Gilson Rd. [Nashua, NH]B,C

Metals; VOCs; semivolatiles

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

 

Results

 

Site

Rank1

Flow Rate2 (liters/min)

Year Initiated

Containment Achieved

Cleanup Goals Achieved

INTEL Corp. (Facility III) [Santa Clara, CA]A

3 or 4

38

1985

Yes

Partial4

Intersil/Siemens (Tantau Ave.) [Cupertino,CA]A

4

190

1987

Yes

No

J [pipeline leak, location confidential]E

3

1,300

1988

No

No

Jones Chemical [Milpitas, CA]A

4

420

1987

Uncertain

No

K [oil field brine site, location confidential]E

2

83

1989

Yes

No

KTI Chemicals, Inc. [Sunnyvale, CA]A

3

34

1985

Yes

No

L [refinery, location confidential]E

3

6,100

1988

Uncertain

NA

M [refinery, location confidential]E

3

4,500

1984

Uncertain

NA

Magnetics Peripherals, Inc. [Santa Clara, CA]A

3 or 4

19

1985

Yes

Partial4

Memorex [Santa Clara, CA]A

3

110

1986

Yes

Partial4

Micrel Wafer Fab, Inc./Litronix, Inc. [Sunnyvale, CA]A

4

110

1986

Yes

No

Micro Storage/INTEL Magnetics[Santa Clara, CA]A

3 or 4

30

1984

Yes

No

Mid-South Wood Products [Mana, AR]B

4

160

1985

No

Partial4

National Semiconductor [Santa Clara, CA]A

4

580

1985

Uncertain

No

Nichols Eng. [Hillsborough Township, NJ]B,C

3

250

1988

NA

No

Occidental Chemical [Lathtop, CA]B

3

2,300

1982

No

No

Olin Corp. [Brandenburg, KY]B

3

24,000

1974

Yes

NCG

Ponders Comer [Tacoma, WA]B,C

2

7,600

1984

No

No

Precision Monolithic Inc. [Santa Clara, CA]A

3 or 4

310

1985

No

Partial4

River Park/Lincoln Prop. [San Jose, CA]A

3 or 4

1,200

1988

Yes

No

Signetics (811 E. Arques) [Sunnyvale, CA]A

4

340

1982

Yes

No

Savannah River Plant [Aiken, SC]B,C

4

2,100

1985

No

NCG

Sharpe Army Depot [Lathtop, CA]C

3

760

1988(?)9

Yes

No

Site A [cleaning compound manufacturing facility, south Florida; location confidential]B

2

190

1988

NA

Partial4

Solvent Service, Inc. [San Jose, CA]A

4

4

1985

Yes

No

Sylvester/Gilson Rd. [Nashua, NH]B,C

4

1,100

1981

No

No

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

Site

Contaminants

Synertek Bldg. 1 (Honeywell) [Santa Clara, CA]A

1,1-DCE; TCA; TCE

Synertek Bldg. 3 (Honeywell) [Santa Clara, CA]A

Acetone; xylenes; TCA

Technical Coatings [Santa Clara, CA]A

Toluene; xylene; MIBK

Teledyne Semiconductor/Spectra Physics

TCE

[Mountain View, CA]A

 

Twin Cities AAP [New Brighton, MN]C

TCE

Tyson's Dump [King of Prussia, PA]B

Trichloropropane; other VOCs; ethyl benzene; toluene; xylene

United Chrome [Corvallis, OR]C

Cr(VI)

Utah Power & Light [Idaho Falls, ID]B

Creosote

Van Waters & Rogers, Inc. [San Jose, CA]A

TCA; PCE; 1,2-DCE

Varian Associates (Palo Alto) [Palo Alto, CA]A

1,2-DCE; TCA; TCE

Varian Associates (Santa Clara) [Santa Clara, CA]A

TCA

Verona Well Field [Battle Creek, MI]B,C

VOCs

Ville Mercier [Quebec, Canada]B

Organics

Western Processing [Kent, WA]B

Metals; organics

Wurtsmith AFB [Wurtsmith, MI]C

TCE; t-1,2-DCE

NOTES AND ABBREVIATIONS

1.  

Rank is based on the criteria presented in Table 3-2.

2.  

Flow rates are based on first-quarter 1992 monitoring data for A sites and on maximum pumping rates for B, C, D, and E sites.

3.  

Not pumping; pumps shut off in February 1991. Containment was achieved when pumping.

4.  

Selected contaminants have been cleaned up; other contaminants remain above cleanup levels.

5.  

Pending final review by the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board.

6.  

Site has been dosed by the state regulatory agency, but no new monitoring data exist to verify cleanup.

7.  

Cleanup goals reached everywhere except in a small off-site area.

8.  

On-site area only; plume is commingled off site.

9.  

A ''?'' indicates that the "year initiated" has been estimated.

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

 

Results

 

Site

Rank1

Flow Rate2 (liters/min)

Year Initiated

Containment Achieved

Cleanup Goals Achieved

Synertek Bldg. 1 (Honeywell) [Santa Clara, CA]A

3 or 4

45

1987

Yes

No

Synertek Bldg. 3 (Honeywell) [Santa Clara, CA]A

2

4

1987

Yes

Yes

Technical Coatings [Santa Clara, CA]A

3

8

1987

Uncertain

No

Teledyne Semiconductor/Spectra Physics

4

810

1986

Yes

No

[Mountain View, CA]A

4

10,000

1988(?)9

Yes

No

Twin Cities AAP [New Brighton, MN]C

4

450

1988

No

NCG

Tyson's Dump [King of Prussia, PA]B

3

64

1988(?)9

NA

No

United Chrome [Corvallis, OR]C

4

760

1985

No

NCG

Utah Power & Light [Idaho Falls, ID]B

4

42

1986

No

No

Van Waters & Rogers, Inc. [San Jose, CA]A

4

95

1987

Yes

No

Varian Associates (Palo Alto) [Palo Alto, CA]A

3 or 4

61

1985

Yes

Partial4

Varian Associates (Santa Clara) [Santa Clara, CA]A

4

9,100

1984

No

No

Verona Well Field [Battle Creek, MI]B,C

4

2,800

1983

NA

NA

Ville Mercier [Quebec, Canada]B

4

830

1988

No

NA

Western Processing [Kent, WA]B

2 or 3

1,100

1978

NA

No

Wurtsmith AFB [Wurtsmith, MI]C

 

5,500

1982

 

 

NA - data not available

NCG - plume containment was the remedial goal.

NP - not pumping

Uncertain - may indicate either a poorly designed monitoring well network or a lack of water level data.

Site References

  1. Sites reviewed in the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board's study.

  2. Sites reviewed in the EPA's 24-site study.

  3. Sites reviewed in the University of Tennessee's study.

  4. Site not reviewed in any formal study.

  5. Sites reviewed in the American Petroleum Institute's study.

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

Chemical Names

Cr

chromium

CS2

carbon disulfide

Cu

copper

DBCP

dibromochloropropane

1,1-DCA

1,1-dichloroethane

1,4-DCB

1,4-dichlorobenzene

DCE

dichloroethene (unspecified isomer)

1,1-DCE

1,1-dichloroethene

1,2-DCE

1,2-dichloroethene

t-1,2-DCE

trans-1,2-dichloroethene

DCEE

dichloroethyl ether

DCIPE

dichloroisopropyl ether

EDB

ethylene dibromide

Freon 113

1,1,2-trichlorotrifluoroethane

MEK

methyl ethyl ketone

MIBK

methyl isobutyl ketone

PAH

polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon

PCE

tetrachloroethene

PCP

pentachlorophenol

TCA

1,1,1-trichloroethane

TCE

trichloroethene

VC

vinyl chloride

VOC

volatile organic chemical

Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
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Suggested Citation:"A Summary of Pump-and-Treat Systems Reviewed in This Study." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×
Page 284
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There may be nearly 300,000 waste sites in the United States where ground water and soil are contaminated. Yet recent studies question whether existing technologies can restore contaminated ground water to drinking water standards, which is the goal for most sites and the result expected by the public.

How can the nation balance public health, technological realities, and cost when addressing ground water cleanup? This new volume offers specific conclusions, outlines research needs, and recommends policies that are technologically sound while still protecting health and the environment.

Authored by the top experts from industry and academia, this volume:

  • Examines how the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the subsurface environment, as well as the properties of contaminants, complicate the cleanup task.
  • Reviews the limitations of widely used conventional pump-and-treat cleanup systems, including detailed case studies.
  • Evaluates a range of innovative cleanup technologies and the barriers to their full implementation.
  • Presents specific recommendations for policies and practices in evaluating contamination sites, in choosing remediation technologies, and in setting appropriate cleanup goals.
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