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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
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Index

A

Abiotic processes, 66, 285

Advection, 55, 57, 285

Advisory panels. See Expert and advisory panels

Aerobic biodegradation, 44, 285

Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), 232

Air pollution, 21

Air sparging, 7, 9, 143-148, 166, 169, 170, 183, 185, 285

Alkyl benzene sulfonate, 23

Alternate concentration limits (ACL), 219

Alternative technologies, 7, 10, 11, 158

containment systems, 10, 160-162, 184, 186

energy requirements, 7, 185

limitations of, 10, 11, 186

see also In situ reactive barriers;

Intrinsic bioremediation

Alternative water supplies, 225

American Water Works Association, 23

Anaerobic biodegradation, 44, 46, 138-139, 286

Animal studies, 13, 232-233

Applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs), 215, 219, 222

Aqueous-phase transport, 48, 53-57

Aquifers, 35-36, 286

Arsenic, 26, 47, 48, 216

B

Background concentrations (cleanup goal), 13, 222

Bacteria, 44, 46, 65, 237

Barium, 26, 47

Barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 168, 172, 185, 186

development phase, 172-174, 187

economic, 174, 176, 178, 180-181

implementation and procurement, 177-178

institutional, 173, 175-176, 177-178, 180

selection phase, 175-176

technical, 172-173, 175, 177, 179-180

Batch flushing model, 107-108

Benzene, 26, 50, 216.

See also BTEX

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

Biodegradation, 64, 65, 90, 91-92, 286

aerobic, 44, 285

anaerobic, 44, 46, 138-139, 286

and pump-and-treat systems, 119

Biological characteristics, 44, 46

Bioremediation, 286.

See also In situ bioremediation

Biotransformation, 44, 64-66, 76, 182, 286

Bioventing, 8, 134-136, 166, 170, 187, 286

BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes), 91, 286

C

Cadmium, 26, 47, 48, 216

Canada, 173, 238

Capillary force, 63, 286

Capitalization, 11, 173, 174

Carcinogens, 215, 220, 231, 232

Categorization. See Site characterization

CERCLA. See Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980

Characterization. See Site characterization

Chemical properties, heterogeneity, 69, 71.

See also Contaminant chemistry;

Geochemical characteristics

Chlorinated solvents, 48-49, 50, 287

in situ bioremediation, 8, 132, 134, 137-141, 167, 169, 170

Chloroform, 26

Cholera, 22

Chromium, 22-23, 26, 47, 48, 216

Cleanup goals, 18, 31-32, 213-214

alternatives, 13, 219-227

and CERCLA, 214, 215-218, 219

containment, 4, 6, 13, 224-225

and costs, 31-32, 116-118, 241, 242, 243, 250

interim objectives, 13-14, 16, 248-249, 250, 268

partially restricted use, 13, 223

and RCRA, 214, 218-219

technology-based, 13, 223-224, 250

unrestricted use, 220-223

Cleanup times, 77

calculation of, 6, 104-105, 107-112, 118, 120-122

DNAPL sites, 259

pump-and-treat systems, 6, 15, 104-113, 119, 120

and site conditions, 15, 87-89, 104-107, 119, 120

sorption effects, 61-63

and system design, 6, 168, 169, 170-171

in technical impracticability determinations, 6, 15, 104, 112-113

Clean Water Act, 249

Commercialization, 11, 173, 174

Community relations

and Superfund program, 18, 271

technical issues, 18, 173, 176, 271

Complete restoration (cleanup goal), 13, 220

Complexation, 45, 287

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), 12, 22, 214, 215-218, 219, 255, 256-257, 287.

See also Superfund program

Conductivity, 38, 40, 90, 119, 290

Consolidated aquifers, 35, 36, 39

Consultants, 11, 175, 185

Containment, 15, 20, 250, 287

alternative technologies for, 10, 160-162, 184, 186

as cleanup goal, 4, 6, 13, 224-225

pump-and-treat systems used in, 98-99, 119-120

and restoration potential, 211

Contaminant chemistry, 46-47, 76-77

degradation reactions, 63-66

and ease of site cleanup, 4, 5, 6, 84-87, 262

and innovative technology effectiveness, 165-168, 186

inorganic compounds, 47, 48

migration mechanics, 49, 52-60

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

organic compounds, 47-49, 50-51

retention mechanisms, 60-63

see also Dissolution;

DNAPLs;

LNAPLs;

NAPLs;

Sorption

Contingent valuation method (CVM), 245 -247

Continuous flushing model, 107-108

Contracts and contractors, 11, 175-176, 177, 180-181

Conventional pump-and-treat systems. See Pump-and-treat systems

Cooperative agreements, 179, 180, 187

Copper, 26, 47

Corrective Action Rule, 256, 272

Cosolvents, 148-149, 287

Costs. See Economic barriers to innovation;

Economics of cleanup

Cuyahoga River, 21

D

Darcy's Law, 39-40, 288

Data collection and needs, 75, 115-116, 198-200, 211, 257

extent of contamination, 115, 201-202, 212

hydrogeology, 73, 206

restoration potential, 206-208

site characterization, 15, 175, 198-208, 211-212, 269-270

site info repository, 15, 269-270

source area location, 202-206

toxicity, 229-230, 233, 235

Dayton, N.J., 96-97

DDT, 216

Degradation reactions, 63-64, 66, 90.

See also Biodegradation

Denitrification, 46, 288

Density, 58, 288

Department of Defense (DOD), 11, 27, 172, 181

Department of Energy (DOE), 11, 26, 28, 172, 181, 187

Desorption, 7, 45, 288

thermal, 9, 167, 171

Detection limits (cleanup goal), 13, 222

Development of innovative technologies, 172-174, 181-184, 187, 196

and infeasibility fee, 263-264, 270-271

Dissolution, 7, 45, 119, 288

of inorganics, 47, 48

DNAPLs (denser-than-water nonaqueous-phase liquids), 2-3, 49, 86, 118, 288

EPA policies, 256, 258-259

in heterogenous settings, 96-97, 98-99, 100, 102

migration of, 49, 52-53, 59, 103, 204-205

plumes, 53, 258

pool formation, 53, 111, 112, 203-204

Dose-response evaluation, 233-234

Drinking water standards, 12-13, 19, 32, 215, 216, 219, 250

E

Early action policies, 16, 257-258, 271-272

Ecological risks, 236-239, 250

Economic barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 180-181, 186

development phase, 174

implementation and procurement, 178

selection phase, 176

Economics of cleanup, 2, 239, 250

benefits estimation, 13, 245-248, 250-251

innovative technologies, 7, 11, 185

national costs, 2, 28-29, 239-241, 250-251

and nonattainment of cleanup goals, 18, 19-20

and site characterization, 2, 11-12, 73, 250, 269

site-level costs, 28, 33n:3, 116-118, 241-245, 250

see also Economic barriers to innovation

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
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Education and training

of public, 18, 173, 176, 271

of scientists, 23-24

of technical personnel, 184-185

Electro-osmotic purging, 184

Elkhart, Ind., 225, 226

Enhanced pump-and-treat systems, 7, 8-9, 126-127, 185

limitations of, 7, 8-9, 185

see also Air sparging;

Bioventing;

In situ bioremediation;

In situ chemical treatment;

In situ thermal technologies;

Pulsed pumping;

Soil flushing;

Soil vapor extraction

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 22, 256, 257

community relations activities, 18, 271

DNAPL policies, 256, 258-259

early action policies, 16, 257-258, 271-272

evaluation of cleanup activities, 14-15, 266, 270

expert panels use, 17, 266-267

and innovative technologies, 11, 172, 187

long-term exposure prevention strategies, 16, 272

site data repository, 15, 269-270

site-level guidance, 17-18, 265-266

SITE program, 179, 187

technical impracticability policy, 15, 259, 260-263, 268-269

Technology Innovation Office (TIO), 180, 187

Epidemiological studies, 13, 228-232

limitations of, 13, 228-230, 236

Ethylbenzene, 26, 216.

See also BTEX

Expenditures. See Economics of cleanup

Expert and advisory panels

innovative technology approval, 17, 264, 271

for site and remedy evaluation, 17, 266-267, 269

Exposure identification, 234, 235

F

Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., San Jose, Calif., 98-99

Feasibility studies, 132, 174, 269, 289

Federal government, 27, 173

and innovative technology, 177-178, 187

technical expertise of regulatory staff, 17, 269

see also Department of Defense;

Department of Energy;

Environmental Protection Agency

Fick's law, 120-121

Field tests, 181-182

Firestone Tire and Rubber Co., Salinas, Calif., 94-95

Flow nets, 41

Flow of ground water, 39-40, 115

effects of pumping, 31, 40, 41

see also Migration pathways

Fractured media, 39, 100, 119, 289

G

Gasoline, 2, 4, 47, 51, 93, 165

biodegradability of, 4, 93, 119

Geochemical characteristics, 40, 44, 45

hydrogeochemical cycle, 42-44

and reaction rates and pathways, 75-76

Goals. See Cleanup goals

Gradients. See Hydraulic properties, gradients

Guidance documents, 256, 257, 269

on DNAPLs, 258, 259

on technical impracticability waivers, 260

H

Hardeman County, Tenn., 230-231

Hazard identification, 233, 235

Health-based cleanup goals, 7, 13, 215, 222-223

and attainment feasibility categories, 14, 15-16, 261-263, 268

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

pump-and-treat systems capabilities, 15, 103, 119

waivers, 219, 260

Health risks, 1-2, 250

animal studies, 13, 232-233

assessment and evaluation, 13, 227, 233-236, 250

epidemiological studies, 13, 228-232

see also Health-based cleanup goals

Henry's Law constant, 50-51, 57, 90, 289-290

Heterogeneity, 2, 67-69, 76, 206, 290

chemical, 69, 71

and cleanup times, 106, 109-110, 119, 120

and contaminant fate and transport, 73-75

Horizontal wells, 145-146, 185, 290

Hydraulic barriers, 120, 290

Hydraulic containment. See Containment

Hydraulic properties, 37-39

conductivity, 38, 40, 90, 119, 290

gradients, 38, 290

Hydrocarbons, in situ bioremediation, 7, 8, 131-134.

See also Petroleum

products and derivatives;

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Hydrodynamic dispersion, 55, 56

Hydrogeochemical cycle, 42-44

Hydrogeology, 12, 206

and ease of site cleanup, 4, 5, 6, 84-87, 262

see also Heterogeneity

Hyporheic zones, 237

I

IBM Corp., 96-97, 102

Implementation phases, 177-178

Indemnification, 177-178

Innovative technologies, 7, 11, 16, 125-126

combinations of processes, 164, 165, 186

costs, 7, 11, 185

development, 172-174, 181-184, 186, 187, 263-264

evaluation and monitoring, 186

failure of, 11, 175-176, 186, 264, 271

implementation and procurement, 177-178, 186

selection, 174-176

and site conditions, 164-168, 169, 170-171, 186

testing, 11, 17, 186

see also Alternative technologies;

Barriers to innovation;

Enhanced pump-and-treat systems

Inorganic compounds, 47, 48, 184.

See also Metals

In situ bioremediation, 182-183, 185

of chlorinated solvents, 8, 132, 134, 137-141, 167, 169, 170

of hydrocarbons, 7, 8, 131-134, 165, 166, 169, 170

intrinsic, 10, 158-160, 167, 169, 171, 182, 186

of metals, 9, 141-143, 167, 169, 171

In situ chemical treatment, 9, 76, 151-152, 185

oxidation, 167, 171

In situ reactive barriers, 10, 162-164, 167, 169, 186

In situ thermal technologies, 185

desorption, 9, 167, 171

radio frequency heating, 9, 153, 157-158

steam-enhanced extraction, 9, 153, 154-156

vitrification, 153, 160, 290

Institutional barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 180, 186

development phase, 173

implementation and procurement, 177-178

selection phase, 175-176

Institutional structures, long-term exposure prevention, 16, 267, 272

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

Insurance coverage, 176

Interdisciplinary educational programs, 184-185

Interfacial tension, 59-60, 290

Interim cleanup objectives, 13-14, 16, 248-249, 250, 268

for technical impracticability waivers, 260, 261, 268

Intrinsic bioremediation, 10, 158-160, 167, 169, 171, 182, 186

Ion exchange, 45, 60, 291

Iron reduction, 46

K

Karst systems, 237

King of Prussia, Pa., 100

L

Landfills, 24, 47, 238

Latency periods (diseases), 228

Leachates, 48, 107, 291

Lead, 26, 47, 48

Leaking storage containers, 24, 26, 28, 33, 47, 48

Lenses (geologic deposits), 69, 119, 291

and cleanup times, 109-110, 120-121

Liability issues, 11, 175-176

LNAPLs (less-dense-than-water nonaqueous-phase liquids), 2, 49, 53 , 54, 86, 291

Long Island, N.Y., 165

Long-term site management, 16, 267, 272

Love Canal incident, 21, 22, 227

M

Management options, 197-198

Manganese, 26, 47

Maps, 73

Maxiumum contaminant levels (MCLs), 32, 215, 216, 218, 292

Melting points, 49, 50-51

Mercury, 66

Metals, 48, 184

in situ bioremediation of, 9, 141-143, 167, 169, 171

Methanogenesis, 46, 292

Methanotrophic bacteria, 137-138, 292

Methylene chloride, 26

Micelles, 149-150, 292

Microbes, 44, 46, 64, 66, 182

in ground water, 236-237

growth stimulating materials, 44, 182, 183

see also Biodegradation;

Biotransformation;

In situ bioremediation

Migration pathways, 2, 12, 46-47, 49, 52-54

aqueous-phase transport, 48, 53-57

NAPL transport, 48, 49, 52-54, 58-60, 69, 73, 76-77

vapor-phase transport, 57-58

Models and modeling, 75, 286, 292, 293

air flows, 183

cleanup times, 107-109

transport and fate, 76

Moffett Air Force Base, Calif., 173

Molecular diffusion, 3, 55, 57, 288

Monitoring of cleanup, 114, 115-116, 186, 272

and treatment system modification, 116-118, 120

Monitoring wells, 119, 292

N

NAPLs (nonaqueous-phase liquids), 2-3, 8, 48-49, 76-77, 86, 111, 118, 185, 203, 292

and cleanup times, 107, 111, 119, 120, 121

entrapment, 63, 73, 119

residual, 111

transport, 48, 49, 52-54, 58-60, 69, 73, 76-77

see also DNAPLs;

LNAPLs

National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

Contingency Plan (NCP), 215, 235, 256, 292-293

Niagara Falls, N.Y., 21, 22, 238

Nickel, 26, 47

Nonaqueous-phase liquids. See DNAPLs;

LNAPLs;

NAPLs

Nondegradation. See Background concentrations

O

Organic compounds, 47-49, 50-51

biodegradation of, 55, 64, 65

Oxidation reactions, 45, 293

inorganics, 47, 48

P

PAHs. See Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Partially restricted use standards, 13, 223

Partitioning, 118, 293

PCBs. See Polychlorinated biphenyls

Permits, 256

Pesticides, 24, 46, 51

Petroleum products and derivatives, 48, 49, 51

bioventing, 8, 134

in situ bioremediation, 7, 8, 10, 132

see also Gasoline

Phenol, 26, 50, 132

Phthalates, 46

Physical characteristics, 35-40, 73

ground water flow, 39-40

hydraulic properties, 37-39

see also Heterogeneity;

Hydrogeology

Pilot tests and prototypes, 186, 207-208, 211-212

of early action programs, 257-258, 272

of infeasibility fee, 263-264

Plants and vegetation, 237-238

Plumes, 15, 57, 71-72, 120, 168, 169, 195-197, 211, 293-294

DNAPL, 53, 258

ecological effects, 250

reemergence and persistence of, 94, 96-97, 102, 116

Point-of-use treatment, 13, 225, 226

Policy formation and issues, 14, 248, 250, 255-257

early action policies, 16, 257-258, 271-272

implementation, 265-267

interagency consistency in application, 265, 268-269

statements, 256

see also Cleanup goals;

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980;

rinking water standards;

Regulation;

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 46, 48, 51, 216, 294

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 46, 48, 49, 50, 216, 294

Pore volumes, 107, 112-113, 114, 118, 120, 294

Pores, 36, 294

Porosity, 38, 294

Precipitation, of metals, 42, 45, 76

Procurement processes, 177-178

Public health. See Health-based cleanup goals;

Health risks

Public relations. See Community relations

Pulsed pumping, 8, 136-137, 185, 294

Pump-and-treat systems, 1, 7, 29, 30, 80-82, 166, 287

appropriate uses, 100, 104

cleanup times, 6, 15, 104-113, 119, 120

effects on ground water flows, 31, 40, 41

enhanced, 7, 8-9, 126-127, 185

evaluation and monitoring, 14-15, 29, 31, 80-81, 82-84, 113, 115-118 , 119, 120, 266

factors affecting performance, 4, 6, 15, 84-89, 119-120

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

and failure of innovative systems, 11, 264

limitations of, 1, 3, 7, 15, 102

modification of, 116-118, 120

pulsed, 8, 136-137, 185, 294

use in containment, 98-99, 119-120

R

Radio frequency heating, 9, 153, 157-158

RCRA. See Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Reaction pathways and rates, 75-76

Reactive barriers. See In situ reactive barriers

Records of Decision, 174, 177, 294

Redox potential, 76, 294-295

Reduction reactions, 45, 295

Regulation, 14, 18

guidance documents, 256, 257, 269

of innovative technology, 11, 177-178

interagency consistency in application, 265, 268-269

monitoring and evaluation, 119

technical expertise of staff, 11, 17, 175, 265

see also Cleanup goals;

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980;

Drinking water standards;

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act

Remedial action plans, 177, 295

Remedial investigations (RI), 73, 259, 269, 295

Research programs and needs

contaminant distribution and transport, 73-75

historical, 22-24

infeasibility fee funding for, 263-264, 270-271

innovative technologies, 181-184, 264

pump-and treat-systems, 118

reaction pathways and rates, 75-76

site characterization, 210-211, 212

subsurface characteristics, 72-73

Residence time, 42, 44, 295

Residual contamination, 53, 63, 111, 169, 170-171, 295

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), 12, 22, 33, 214, 216 , 218-219, 255, 256-257, 272, 295

site characterization guidelines, 18, 269

Restoration potential, 18, 206-208, 211

Restricted use, 224-225.

See also Partially restricted use standards

Retardation, 61, 90, 295

Retention mechanisms, 60

NAPL entrapment, 63, 73, 119

sorption, 60-63, 119

Risk assessments, 233-236, 296

Risk characterization, 234, 235

S

Safe Drinking Water Act, 33, 173, 296

Salinas, California, 94-95

Sampling and sampling methods, 73, 115, 259

San Jose, California, 98-99, 102

Saturated zone, 36, 55, 296

Savannah River (DOE) site, 237

Selection processes

data requirements, 211, 259

innovative technologies, 174-176

Service stations, 4, 91, 93, 165

Sewage, 22

Site characterization, 11-12, 17, 193-195, 211, 296

data needs, 15, 175, 198-208, 211-212, 269-270

ease-of-cleanup categories, 4-6, 15-16, 17, 84-86, 89-99, 100, 104 , 261-263, 268

EPA guidance, 17-18, 265-266

and management, 197-198, 208, 210

plume versus source area, 195-197, 211

stages, 208-210

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

studies and evaluations, 12, 17, 73

see also Biological characteristics;

Contaminant chemistry;

Geochemical characteristics;

Hydrogeology;

Physical characteristics

Small Business Technology Transfer Program, 181

Soil flushing, 9, 148-151, 167, 171, 183, 185, 296

Soil vapor extraction (SVE), 7, 8, 127-131, 165, 170, 183, 185

Solvents, 48, 94-95.

See also Chlorinated solvents;

Cosolvents;

Trichloroethylene

Sorption, 3, 45, 60-63, 62, 76, 119, 185, 296

and cleanup times, 107, 119, 120

Source areas, 15, 71-72, 195-197, 202-206, 211, 296

Source control and remediation, 170-171, 296

Sources of contamination, 24, 120, 296-297

South Macomb Disposal Superfund site, Mich., 238

Spatial variability, 66

in contaminant sources, 71-72

see also Heterogeneity

Standards. See Cleanup goals;

Drinking water standards

State regulation, 22, 27, 216, 256

and interagency consistency of application, 265

technical expertise of agency staff, 17, 269

Steam-enhanced extraction, 9, 153, 154-156

Steam stripping, 167, 171, 297

Storage coefficient, 38, 297

Sulfate reduction, 46, 297

Superfund program, 22, 28, 174, 238, 239

Accelerated Cleanup Model, 257

DNAPL sites, 260

site characterization guidelines, 18, 269

site data collection, 270

see also Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980

Surface water, 21, 238

Surfactants, 149, 297

T

Tailing, 61, 87, 88, 297

Technical barriers to innovation, 7, 11, 16, 179-180, 186

development phase, 172-173

implementation and procurement, 177

selection phase, 175

Technical infeasibility determinations, 15, 259, 260-263, 268-269

and community relations, 18, 271

fees under, 263-264, 269, 270-271

use of estimated cleanup times, 6, 15, 104, 112-113

Technology transfer, 173, 181

Technology-based cleanup standards, 13, 223-224, 250

Testing. See Field tests;

Pilot tests and prototypes;

Sampling and sampling methods

Tetrachloroethylene, 26, 48-49, 50

Time periods. See Cleanup times;

Latency periods;

Long-term site management;

Residence time

Toluene, 26, 50.

See also BTEX

Toxicity of contaminants, 47

data needs and evaluation, 229-230, 233, 235

Training. See Education and training

Transport systems. See Migration pathways

Treatment trains, 164, 165, 186, 297

Trichloroethylene (TCE), 3, 26, 48, 50, 109-110, 120-121, 151, 216 , 218

Typhoid, 22

Tyson's Dump, King of Prussia, Pa., 100, 101

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

U

Unconsolidated aquifers, 36, 39

Unrestricted use goals, 220-223

Unsaturated zone, 36, 55, 297

V

Vacuum extraction, 164, 166, 298

Vadose zone, 36, 298

Vapor extraction. See Soil vapor extraction

Vapor-phase transport, 57-58

Variable pumping, 8, 136

Ville Mercier, Quebec Province, 103

Vinyl chloride, 26

Viscosity, 58-59, 298

Viscous fingering, 59

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), 46, 48, 90, 128, 298

Volatilization, 53, 57, 183, 185, 298

W

Waste sites, 1, 24, 26-29, 33, 47

Waterloo Centre for Ground Water Research, Canada, 173

Weapons, 26, 27

Wellhead treatment, 225, 298

Wetlands, 237-238

X

Xylenes, 26, 50, 216.

see also BTEX

Z

Zinc, 26, 47

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
×

Other Recent Reports Of The Water Science And Technology Board

In Situ Bioremediation: When Does It Work? (1993)

Ground Water Vulnerability Assessment: Predicting Relative Contamination Potential Under Conditions of Uncertainty (1993)

Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas (1993)

Sustaining Our Water Resources: Proceedings, WSTB Symposium (1993)

Water Transfers in the West: Efficiency, Equity, and the Environment (1992)

Restoration of Aquatic Ecosystems: Science, Technology, and Public Policy (1992)

Toward Sustainability: Soil and Water Research Priorities for Developing Countries (1991)

Preparing for the Twenty-First Century: A Report to the USGS Water Resources Division (1991)

Opportunities in the Hydrologic Sciences (1991)

A Review of the USGS National Water Quality Assessment Pilot Program (1990)

Ground Water and Soil Contamination Remediation: Toward Compatible Science, Policy, and Public Perception (1990)

Managing Coastal Erosion (1990)

Ground Water Models: Scientific and Regulatory Applications (1990)

Irrigation-Induced Water Quality Problems (1989)

Copies of these reports may be ordered from the National Academy Press (800) 624-6242

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/2311.
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Alternatives for Ground Water Cleanup Get This Book
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There may be nearly 300,000 waste sites in the United States where ground water and soil are contaminated. Yet recent studies question whether existing technologies can restore contaminated ground water to drinking water standards, which is the goal for most sites and the result expected by the public.

How can the nation balance public health, technological realities, and cost when addressing ground water cleanup? This new volume offers specific conclusions, outlines research needs, and recommends policies that are technologically sound while still protecting health and the environment.

Authored by the top experts from industry and academia, this volume:

  • Examines how the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of the subsurface environment, as well as the properties of contaminants, complicate the cleanup task.
  • Reviews the limitations of widely used conventional pump-and-treat cleanup systems, including detailed case studies.
  • Evaluates a range of innovative cleanup technologies and the barriers to their full implementation.
  • Presents specific recommendations for policies and practices in evaluating contamination sites, in choosing remediation technologies, and in setting appropriate cleanup goals.
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