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OCR for page 133
Appendix F: NASA Earth-Observing Instruments
133
OCR for page 134
134
Technology for Small Spacecraft
NASA EARTH-OBSERVING INSTRUMENTS
InstrumentCapabilities l\4ass Power Status Developer
(kg) (W)
Near-Term Instruments (up to 200S)
Active Cavity Radiometer Will extend the long-term solar 39 40 Under JPL
Irradiance Monitor luminosity data base, providing a development
long-term precision of 5 parts per
million per year in its monitoring of
the variability of total solar
irradiance.
Atmospheric Infrared High-resolution, high-precision 140 240 Phase C/D Loral
Sounder sounder employing 2,300 (since 1991)
simultaneous spectral channels
covering the range from 0.4 to 15.4
micrometers.
Advanced Microwave Passive microwave radiometer with 100 125 Under Aerojet
Sounding Unit 21 channels from 23.8 GHz to 89 development General
GHz.
Microwave Humidity Passive microwave radiometer 66 190 Phase B Matra Marcon
Sounder tailored to the requirement for and British
humidity profiling. The Microwave Aerospace and
Humidity Sounder has 5 channels in will be
the region from 89 GHz to 183 provided by
GHz. Eumetsat
Advanced Spaceborne Imaging radiometer to provide high 400 674 Under NEC with
Thermal Emission and spatial resolution and radiometrically development MELCO and
Reflection Radiometer precise images of the land surface, Fujitsu
water, ice, and clouds. The
instrument uses a relatively narrow,
60-km swath that can be pointed
cross-track + 8.5° in the mid- and
long-wave infrared and +24° in the
visible and near infrared. The
spectral coverage extends from 0.5
to 12 micrometers. The maximum
spatial resolution is 15 meters in the
visible and near infrared.
Doppler Orbitography and Dual Doppler receiver tracking 44 17.6 Under Dessault
Radiopositioning system for orbit determination. development Electronique
Integrated by Satellite
11
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Appendix F
135
NASA EARTH-OBSERVING INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
~ .
Instrument
Capabilities
Mass Power
(kg) (W)
Near-Term Instruments (up to 2005)
Status Developer
Clouds and Earth's
Radiant Energy System
Ocean Color Instrument
Earth Observing Scanning
Polarimeter
Lightning Imaging Sensor
Will provide an accurate, self-
consistent cloud and radiation data
base. Clouds and Earth's Radiant
Energy System employs two
broadband scanning radiometers,
with each radiometer having three
channels. The first channel is a total
radiance channel extending from 0.3
to beyond 50 micrometers. The
second is a shortwave channel
extending from 0.3 to 5
micrometers. The third channel
covers the longwave region from 8
to 12 micrometers.
High radiometric precision data in
eight spectral bands extending from
402 nanometers to 885 nanometers.
Daily global coverage is provided
with a maximum spatial resolution of
1. 1 kilometers.
Will provide global maps of cloud
and aerosol properties. The cloud
properties will include optical
thickness, particle size, liquid/ice
phase, and cloud-top pressure. The
aerosol measurements will include
global distribution and optical
thickness in the troposphere and
stratosphere. Earth observing
scanning polarimeter measures
radiance and the degree of linear
polarization in 12 spectral bands
from 0.41 to 2.25 micrometers.
Designed to investigate the global
incidence of lightning, to correlate
the data with rainfall, and to employ
the data in investigating the
relationship of lightning to the global
electric circuit. A 128 x 128 charge-
coupled device array locates
lightning flashes within 5 kilometers
over a 600 x 600 km field-of-view.
90 171
Phase C/D TRW
80 90 Data not Data not
available available
19 22 Phase C/D in Data not
1 994 available
20 33 Under Marshall Space
development Flight Center
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136
Technology for Small Spacecraft
NASA EARTH-OBSERVING INSI1?tUMENTS (Continued)
InstrumentCapabilities Mass Power Status Developer
(kg) (W)
Near-Term Instruments (up to 2005)
Geoscience Laser Focuses solely on the laser altimetry 125 175 Phase B Data not
Altimeter mission, and will enable 10-em completed available
precision with a 70-meter surface Phase C/D in
footprint. 1 995
High-Resolution Dynamics Employs 21 channels at infrared 150 230 Phase C/D in Loral and
Limb Sounder wavelengths from 6 to 18 1991 Matra-Mareoni
micrometers in a limb-scanning Space
radiometer that will sound the upper
troposphere, stratosphere, and
mesosphere to measure temperature,
concentrations of aerosols, locations
of polar stratospheric clouds and
cloud tops, and the concentrations of
key molecules. The molecules to be
studied include 03, H2O, CH4, N2O,
NO2, HNO3, N2O5, CFC,,, and
CFC,2.
Multifrequeney Imaging Passive microwave radiometer that 223 200 Phase B Alenia
Microwave Radiometer measures precipitation rate, cloud Phase C/D in
water content, atmospheric water 1995
vapor, sea-surface roughness, sea
surfaee temperature, global ice and
snow cover, and soil moisture. It is
an extension of technology currently
being flown on the Defense
Meteorological Satellite Program,
namely the Special Sensor
Microwave/Imager. Multi-frequency
imaging microwave radiometer
operates at six frequencies from 6.8
to 90 GHz, has a nominal
0.5-Kelvin radiometric stability with
approximately a 1-Kelvin accuracy.
Moderate-Resolution General purpose spectrometer end 250 275 Phase C/D in Santa Barbara
Imaging imager to examine a wide variety of 1991 Research
Speetro-Radiometer biological and physical processes. Its Center
spatial resolution will be from 250 to
1,000 meters at nadir and its spatial
coverage will extend from 0.4 to 15
micrometers in 36 discrete bands.
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Apperldix F
NASA EARTH-OBSERV~G INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
137
InstrumentCapabilities l\'Iass Power Status Developer
(kg) (W)
Near-Term Instruments (up to 2005)
Multi-AngleImaging Will provide top-of-the-atmosphere, 106 107 Phase C/D in JPL
Spectro-Radiometer cloud, and surface angular 1991
reflectance properties. The time
between multidirectional
observations of each scene will be
within a few minutes, ensuring that
the observations are done with
essentially the same atmospheric
conditions. Nine separate charge
coupled device pushbroom cameras
observe the earth at nine angles at
nadir and fore and aft of the
spacecraft's track. Images are made
in four spectral bands from 0.443 to
0.865 micrometers. The instrument
swathwidth is 356 km and the
ground sampling is commendable to
be 240, 480, 960, or 1,920 meters.
Microwave Limb Sounder Will employ a microwave limb 500 540 Under JPL
sounding radiometer-spectrometer to development
study the chemistry of the lower
stratosphere and upper troposphere
for the effects on changes in
greenhouse and related gases (H2O,
03, C1O, HCL, OH, HNO3, NO,
N2O, HE, and CO), radiative forcing
of climate change, and ozone
depletion. It will also examine the
ozone chemistry of the middle and
upper stratosphere. The microwave
limb sounder will measure SO2 and
other gases in volcanic plumes. It
contains five heterodyne radiometers
at 215 GHz, 440 GHz, 640 GHz,
1.2 THz, and 2.5 THz.
Solar Stellar Irradiance Four-channelprecision ultraviolet 99.5 42 Phase C/D start National
Comparison Experiment II spectrometer that provides daily date has not Center for
measurements of the full-disk solar been set Atmospheric
ultraviolet irradiance with calibration Research
maintained by comparison of the
signal with that from bright, early
type stars. The spectral coverage of
the instrument is from 5 to 440
nanometers.
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138
Technology for Small Spacecraft
NASA EARTH-OBSERVING INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
Instrument
Capabilities
Mass Power
(kg) (W)
Status Developer
Near-Term Instruments (up to 2005)
. .
Measurements of Pollution
in the Troposphere
NASA Scatterometer II
Stratospheric Aerosol and
Gas Experiment III
Will measure emitted and reflected
infrared radiance in the atmospheric
column. This will permit the
determination of tropospheric CO
profiles and total column
concentrations of CH4.
Measurements of Pollution in the
Troposphere is a correlation
spectrometer that employs an on-
board pressure-modulated cell
containing a sample of the gas to be
measured.
Will acquire all-weather
measurements of near-surface vector
winds over the ice-free oceans. The
instrument produces two 600-
kilometer swaths separated by a 325-
kilometer nadir gap. It has a spatial
resolution of 25 kilometers.
Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas
Experiment III will improve upon
global profiles of atmospheric
aerosols, ozone, water vapor, NO2,
NO3, OCIO, temperature, and
pressure in the mesosphere,
stratosphere, and troposphere. The
instrument will also characterize
upper tropospheric and stratospheric
clouds and extend the solar
occultation data sets begun in 1978.
The instrument uses solar and lunar
occultations to measure aerosols and
gases in the atmosphere, measuring
extinction of transmitted energy in
the spectral region from 0.29 to 1.55
micrometers.
120 20~) Under Canadian
development Space Agency
270 290
Phase C/D start JPL
date has not
been set
40 60 Under Ball Aerospace
development
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Appendix F
139
NASA EARTH-OBSERVING INSTRUMENTS (Continued)
Instrument Capabilities Mass Power Status Developer
(kg) (W)
Near-Term Instruments (up to 2005)
Tropospheric Emission Provides very high spectral 340 460 Data not Data not
Spectrometer resolution measurements from 2.3 to available available
15.4 micrometers using an infrared
imaging Fourier transform
technique. Its objective is to produce
global three-dimensional profiles of
nearly all infrared active gases from
the Earth's surface to the lower
stratosphere.
Mid-Term Sensors and Beyond 2005
Earth-Observing System All-weather, day-night, high-spatial- 1,300 5,800 N/A N/A
Synthetic Aperture Radar resolution imagery. It offers the
means to study dynamic phenomena
(e.g., flooding) in all seasons and at
all latitudes, as well as in areas such
as the tropics where cloud cover is
prevalent. In addition, synthetic
aperture radar offers the capability to
measure soil, snow, and canopy
moisture.
High ResolutionImaging Spectral coveragafrom 0.4 to 2.45 450 600 N/A N/A
Spectrometer micrometers in 192 bands with 10
nanometer resolution. It provides a
30-meter spatial resolution at nadir
and a 24 km swathwidth.
Laser Atmospheric Wind Employs a Doppler lidar system that 800 2,200 N/A N/A
Sounder is to make direct wind measurements
in the troposphere.
.
SOURCE: Asrar and Dokken, 1993.
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Representative terms from entire chapter:
status developer
