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I - C[S Aagaard, K. 1984. The Beaulort undercurrent. Pp. 47-71 in The Alaskan Beautort Sea: Ecosystems and Environment, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schel1 and E. Reimnitz, eds. New York: Academic Press. Aagaard, K., arm P. Griesman. 1975. Toward new mass and heat budgets for the Arctic Ocean. I. Geophys. Res. 80:382 I-3827. Aagaard, K., L.K. Coachman, end E.C. Carmack. 1981. On the halocline of He Arctic Ocean. Deep-Sea Res. 28:529-545. Aagaard, K., C.H. Pease, A.T. Roach, and S.A. Salo. 1989. Beautort Sea Mesoscale Circulation Study: Final Report. NOAA Tech. Memo. ERL PMEL-90, Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory, Seattle, Wash. Il4 pp. Afanastev, V.P., Iu.V. Dolgopolov, and Z.I. Shraishtein. 1973. Ice pressure on individual marine structures. Pp. 50~8 in Studies in Ice Physics and Ice Engineering, G.N. Yakovlev and R. Hardin, eds. National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. Alaska Clean Seas. 1983. Alaskan Beaufort Sea Coastal Region, Vol. 2. Biological Resources Atlas. Alaska Clean Seas, Anchorage, Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game. 1977. Biophysical Boundaries for Alaska's Coastal Zone. Marine Coastal Habitat Management Program, Fairbanks, Alaska. 59 pp. Allen, A.A. 1988. Comparison of response options for offshore of} spills. Pp. 289-306 in Proceedings of He Elevens Arctic and Marine Oil Spill Program (AMOP) Technical Seminar, Vancouver, British Columbia, June 12-14. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Alverson, D.L., and Nil. Wilimovsky. 1966. Fishery investigations of He 197

REFERENCES 198 southeastern Chukchi Sea. Pp. 843-860 in Environment of the Cape Thompson Region, Alaska, N.~. Wilimovsly and I.N. Wolfe, eds. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, Tenn. American Fisheries Society, Committee on Names of Fishes. 1991. Common and Scientific Names of Fishes from the United States and Canada, Special Publ. 20, 5th Ed., C.R. Robins, chair. American Fish- eries Society, Bethesda, Md. Amstrup, S.C., I. S6rling, andI.W. Lentfer. 1986. Past and present status of polar bears in Alaska. Wily. Soc. Bull. 14:241-254. Andrew, I.M., and I.C. Haney. 1993. Water masses and seabird distri- budons In Be southern Chukchi Sea. Pp. 381-388 in Results of He Third Joint US-USSR Bering and Chukchi Seas Expedition (BERPAC), Sum- mer 1988, P.A. Nagel, ed. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, U.S. De- parunent of He Interior, Washington, D.C. API (American Petroleum Institute) Task Force. 1985. Oil Spill Response: Options for Minimizing Adverse Ecological Impacts. Publ. No. 4398. American Petroleum Institute, Washington, D.C. 98 pp. ARC (U.S. Arctic Research Commission). 1991. Goals, Objectives and Priorities to Guide United States Arctic Research. No. 7 Jan.~:23. U.S. Arctic Research Commission, Washington, D.C. ARCO Alaska, Inc. 1989. ARCO Arctic Environmental Reports Collec- tion, Catalog and Index. Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center (AElDC), University of Alaska, Anchorage. Assur, A. 1961. Traffic over frozen or crusted surfaces. Pp. 913-923 in Proceedings of the First International Conference on the Mechanics of Soil-Vehicle Systems. Torino-St. Vincent, Italy. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1986. Guide for Ecological Considerations for He Use of Chemical Dispersants in Oil Spill Response: The Arctic. S~ardF 1012-86. American Society for Testing and Materials Standard, Philadelphia, Pa. ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials). 1993. Third Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Aqua- tic, Plant, and Terrestrial. ASTM Committee E47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate, April 26-29, Atlanta, Ga. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pa. Bailey, A.M. 1948. Birds of Arctic Alaska. Popular Series 8. Colorado Museum Natural History, Denver, Colo. Baker, I.M., R.B. Clark, P.F. Kingston, and R.H. Jenkins. 1990. Natural

199 OCS DECISIONS: ALASKA Recovery of Cold Water Marine Environments after an Oil Spill. 13 Arctic and Marine Oilspill Program Technical Seminar, June. Envi- ronmental Emergencies Technologies Division, Ottawa, Ontario. Ill PP. Balcassare, M. 1985. Trust in local government. Social Sci. Q. 66:704- 712. Barms, P.W. 1979. Fast-Ice Thickness am Snow Depth in Relation to Oil Entrapment Potential, Pru&oe Bay, Alaska, USGS Open File Rep. 79-539. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo. 30pp. Barnes, P.W., and E. Reimnitz. 1974. Sedimentary processes on arctic shelves off the northern coast of Alaska. Pp. 439476 in The Coast and Shelf of He Beautort Sea, I.C. Reed and I.E. Sater, eds. Arctic Institute of Norm America, Arlington, Va. Barnes, P.W., and E. Reimnitz. 1979. Ice Gouge Obliteration and Sediment Redis~ibudon Event, 1977-197S, Beautort Sea, Alaska. USGS Open File Rep. 79-848. U.S. Geological Survey, Denver, Colo. 22 pp. Barnes, P.W., D.M. McDowell, and E. Reimnitz 1978. Ice Gouging Characteristics: Their Charming Patterns from 1975-1977, Beaufort Sea, Alaska. USGS Open File Rep. 78-730. U.S. Geological Survey, Den- ver, Colo. 42 pp. Barnes, P.W., D.M. Rearic, and E. Reimnitz. 1984. Ice gouging characteristics and processes. Pp. 185-212 in The Alaskan Beaufort Sea: Ecosystems and Environment, P.W. Barnes, D.M. Schell, and E. Reimnitz, eds. Toronto, Ontario: Academic Press. Barthelemy, I.L. 1990. Thirty-five years of sea ice runway opera- tion McMurdo Station, Antarctica. Pp. 864-877 in IAHR 10~ Sym- posium on Ice, Vol. 2. Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Fin- land. Blenkarn, K.A. 1970. Measurement and Analysis of Ice Forces on Cook Inlet Structures. Paper No. OTC-1261. 1970 Proceedings of He Annual Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Tex. Blomq~ust, S., and M. Elander. 1981. Sabine's gull (Xema sabini), Ross' gun (Rh~ostethia rosea), and Ivory gull (Pagophila eburnea): Gulls in He Arctic: A review. Arctic 34: 122-132. Bloom, G.L. 1964. Water transport and temperature measurements in He eastern Bering Strait, 1953-1958. I. Geophys. Res. 69:3335-3354. Boaz, I.B., and D.N. Bhula. 1981. A steel production structure for He

REFERENCES 200 Alaskan Beaufort Sea. In 1981 Proceedings of He Annual Offshore Technology Conference. Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, Tex. Boehm, P.D. 1987. Transport and transformation processes regarding hydrocarbon and mew pollutants in offshore sedimentary environments. Pp. 233-286 in Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development, D.F. Boesch and N.N. Rabalais, eds. New York: Elsevier Applied Science. Boesch, D.F., and N.N. Rabalais, eds. 1987. Long-Term Environmental Effects of Offshore Oil and Gas Development. New York: Elsevier Applied Science. Bowles, R.T. 1981. Preserving He contribution of traditional local econo- m~es. Hum. Serv. Rural Environ. 6~:16-21. BP Exploration (Alaska), Inc. 1991. Industry-Sponsored Research on Alaska's Norm Slope. Environmental and Regulatory Affairs, BP Ex- ploration (Alaska), Inc., Anchorage, Alaska. Bradstreet, M.S.W. 1980. Thick-biDedmurres and black guillemots in the Barrow Strait area, N.W.T., during spring: Diets and food availability along ice edges. Can. I. Zool. 58:212~2140. Brads~eet,M.S.W.,andW.E.Cross. 1982. Trophicrelabonshipsat high arctic ice edges. Arctic 35: ~-12. Bradstreet, M.S.W., K.~. Finley, A.D. Sekerak, W.B. Griff~ths, C.R. Evans, M.F. Fabijan, and H.E. Stallard. 1986. Aspects of the Biology of Arctic Cod (Boreogad~cs saint and its Importance in Arctic Marine Food Chains. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1491. Central and Arctic Region, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Manitoba. 193 pp. graham, H.W., IN Burns, G.A. Fedoseev, and B.D. Krogman. 1984. Habitat partidon~ng by ice-associated pinnipeds: Distribution and density of seals and walruses in the Bering Sea, April 1976. Pp. 2548 in Soviet-American Cooperative Research on Marine Mammals: Pinnipeds, Vol. I, F.H. Fay and G.A. Fedoseev, eds. NOAA Tech. Rep. NMFS 12. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Deparunent of Commerce, Washington, D.C. 104 pp. grower, W.A., H. Diaz, A. Prechtel, H. Searby, and I. Wise. 1977a. Climatic Atlas of the Outer Continental Shelf Waters and Coastal Regions of Alaska: Chukchi-Beaulort Sea, Vol. 3. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrabon/Outer Continental Shelf Environmental

201 OCS DECISIONS: ALASKA Assessment Program (NOAA/OCSEAP) Final Report. Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, Anchorage, Alaska. grower, W.A., H. Diaz, A. Prechtel, H. Searsby, and I. Wise. 197~. Climatic Adas of the Outer Continental Shelf Waters and Coastal Regions of Alaska: Bering Sea, Vol. 2. National Oceanic and Atmospheric A~ninistration/Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (NOAA/OCSEAP) Final Report. Arctic Environmental Information and Data Center, Anchorage, Alaska. Brown, W.Y. 1984. Arctic en~ro~ental quality. Pp. 178-198 in United States Arctic Interests: The 1980s and 1990s, W.E. Westermeyer and K. M. Shusterich , eds . New York: Springer-VerIag. Brown, H.M., and R.H. Goodman. 1986. In-situ burning of oil in ice leads. Pp. 245-256 in Proceedings of He 9~ Arctic and Marine Oilspil1 Program Technical Seminar. Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario. Brueggeman, I.~., and R.A. Grotefendt. 1984. Seal, sea lion, and walrus surveys of the Navarin Basin, Alaska. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (NOAA/OCSEAP) Final Reports of Principal Investigators 37~19861:~-94. Brueggeman, Hi., R.A. Grotefendt, and A.W. Erickson. 1984. Endangered whale surveys of He Navarin Basin, Alaska. National Oceanic and Atmopsheric Administration/Outer Continental Shelf Environments Assessment Program (NOAA/OCSEAP) Final Reports of Principal Investigators 42~19861:~-146. Bunker, S.G. 1984. Modes of extraction, unequal exchange, and the progressive underdevelopment of an extreme periphery: The Brazilian Amazon, 16001980. Am. I. Sociol. 89:1017-1064. Burns, A. 1970. Remarks on He distribution and natural history of pagophilic pinnipeds in the Bering and Chukchi seas. I. Mammal. 51:445454. Burns, A. 1981a. Ribbon seal: Phoca~sciata. Pp. 89-109 in Handbook of Marine Mammals: Seals, Vol. 2, S.H. Ridgway and R.~. Harrison, eds. New York: Academic Press. Burns, I.~. 198Ib. Bearded seal: Erignathus barbatus. Pp. 145-170 in Handbook of Marine Mammals: Seals, Vol. 2, S.H. Ridgway and R.~. Harrison, eds. New York: Academic Press. Burns, A. 1984. Living resources. Pp. 75-104 in United States Arctic Interests: The 1980s and 1990s, W.E. Westermeyer and K.M.

REFERENCES 202 Shusterich, eds. New York: Springer-Verlag. Burns, J.J., and B.P. Kelly. 1982. Studies of Ringed Seals in He Alaskan Beautort Sea During Winter: Impacts of Seismic Exploration. Annual report to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (NOAA/ OCSEAP), Anchorage, Alaska. 57 pp. Burns, I.~., and G.A. Seaman. 1986. Investigations of Beluga whales in cms~ waters of western and northern Alaska: II. Biology and ecology. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Outer Continental Shelf Environmental Assessment Program (NOAA/OCSEAP) Final Reports of Principal Investigators 56~1988~:221-357. Burns, I.~., L.H. Shapiro, and F.H. Fay. 1981. The relationships of marine mammal distributions, densities and activities to sea ice conditions. Environmental Assessment of He Alaskan Continental Shelf, Final Reports, Biological Studies ~ ~ :489~70. Cammaert, A.B., and D.A. Muggeridge. 1988. Ice Interaction wide Offshore Structures. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. Calmack, E.C. 1990. Large-scale physical oceanography of polar oceans. Pp. 171-222 in Polar Oceanography. Part A: Physical Science, W.O. Smug, Ir., ed. New York: Academic Press. Carmack, E.C., R.W. Macdonald, and I.E. Papadakis. 1989. Water mass structure and boundaries in He Mackenzie shelf/estuary. I. Geophys. Res. 94:18043-18055. Carman, G.~., and P. Hardwick. 1983. Geological and regional setting off Kuparak of} field, Alaska. Am. Assoc. Petrol. Geol. Bull. 67:1014- 1031. Centaur Associates. 1986. Indicators of He Direct Econmic Impacts Due to Oil and Gas Development in He Gulf of Mexico-Executive Summary. MMS 86-0016. Final report to the Gulf of Mexico OCS Region, Minerals Management Service, U.S. Department of the Interior, New Orieans, La. Chance, N. 1990. The Inupiat and Arctic Alaska: An Phonography of Development. Fort Worm, Tex.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Chen, A.C.T., and I. Lee. 1986. Large-scale ice strength tests at slow strain rates. Pp. 374-378 in Proceedings of the Fifth International Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering (OMAE) Symposium, Vol. 4. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York. Chenard, P.G., F.R. Engelhardt, I. Blane, and D. Hardie. 1989. Patterns

203 OCS DECISIONS: ALASKA of oil-based c riding fluid utilization and disposal of associated wastes on He Canadian offshore frontier lands. Pp. Il9-136 in Drilling Wastes, F.R. Engelhardt, J.P. Ray, and A.H. Gillam, eds. New York: Elsevier Applied Science. Clark, R.C., Ir., and I.S. Finley. 1977. Effects of of} spills in arctic and subarctic environments. Pp. 411466 in Effects of Petroleum on Arctic and Subarctic Marine Environments and Organisms: Biological Effects, Vol. 2, D.C. Matins, ed. New York: Academic Press. Clark, R.C., Ir., and I.S. Finley. 1932. Occurrence and impact of petroleum on arctic environments. Pp. 295-341 in The Arctic Ocean: The Hydrographic Environment and the Fate of Pollutants, L. Rey, ed. New York: Wiley-Interscience. CIarkson, P.~., P.A. Gray, I.E. McComiskey, L.R. Quaife, and I.G. Ward. 1986. Managing polar bear problems in northern development areas. In Northern Hydrocarbon Development Environmental Problem Solving: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Meeting of He International Society of Petroleum Industry Biologists, Sept. 24-26, 1985, Banff, Alberta, M.L. Lewis, ed. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. Coachman, L.K. 1986. Circulation, water masses and fluxes on He southeastern Bering Sea shelf. Continental Shelf Res. 5:23-108. Coachman, L.K., and K. Aagaard. 1981. Revaluation of water transports in the vicinity of Bering Strait. Pp. 95-~10 in The Eastern Bering Sea Shelf: Oceanography and Resources, Vol. I, D.W. Hood and I.A. Calder, eds. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C. Coachman, L.K., and K. Aagaard. 1988. Transport Trough He Bering Strait: Annual and interannual variability. I. Geophys. Res. 93: 15535-15539. Coachman, L.K., K. Aagaard, and R.B. Tripp. 1975. Bering Strait: The Regional Physical Oceanography. Seattle: University of Washington Press. 172 pp. COGLA (Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administrations. 198Sa. Effects of Explosives in He Marine Environment. Tech. Rep. No. 6. Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration, Ottawa, Ontario. COGLA (Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration). 19SSb. Relief Well Drilling Capability on Canada Lands. Tech. Rep. No. 4. Canada Oil and Gas Lands Administration, Ottawa, Ontario.

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This book reviews the adequacy of information available for predicting and managing the environmental and human effects of oil and gas activities on Alaska's Outer Continental Shelf (OCS). It examines how the Alaskan OCS and adjacent onshore natural and human environments differ from those in more temperate waters and to what degree the information characterizes those differences. (It also recommends alternatives to further studies in some cases where more information would be helpful for decisionmaking.)

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