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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Page 144
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Page 145
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Page 146
Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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Suggested Citation:"References." National Research Council. 1985. Indicators of Precollege Education in Science and Mathematics: A Preliminary Review. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/238.
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References Admissions Testing Program of the College Board 1973- National College Bound Seniors. Annual 1984 reports for the years 1973-1984. New York: College Entrance Examination Board. American Association for the Advancement of Science 1970 Preservice Education of Elementary School Teachers. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science. American Chemical Society 1977 Guidelines and Recommendations for the Preparation and Continuing Education of Secondary School Teachers of Chemistry. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society. Atelsek, Frank J. 1984 Student Quality in the Sciences and Engineering: Opinions of Senior Academic Officials. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education. Begle, Edward G. 1973 Some lessons learned by SMSG. Teacher 66(3):207-214. Mathematics 1979 Critical Variables in Mathematics Education. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America and National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. Begle, Edward G., and Wilson, James W. 1970 Evaluation of mathematics programs. In Edward G. Begle, ea., Mathematics Education. Chicago: University of Chicago Press Bell, Terrell H. 1984 State Education Statistics: State Performance Outcomes, Resource Inputs, and Population 135

136 Charac ~ . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education, Berliner, David C. 1976 Impediments to the study of teacher effectiveness. Journal of Teacher Education 27:5-13. 1978 Allocated Time, Engaged Time, and Academic Learning Time in Elementary Mathematics Instruction. Paper presented at the meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, San Diego, Calif. 1980 Studying instruction in the elementary classroom. In Robert Dreeben and J. Alan Thomas, eds., The Analysis of Educational Productivity, Volume I. Cambridge, Mass.: Ballinger. Berliner, David C., Fisher, Charles W., Filby, Nikola N., and Marliave, Richard 1978 Executive Summary of Beginning Teacher Evaluation Study. San Francisco: Far West Regional Laboratory for Educational Research and Development. Borg, Walter R. 1980 Time and school learning. In Carolyn Denham and Ann Lieberman, eds., Time to Learn. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education. Boyer, Ernest L. 1983 High School: in America . A Report on Secondary Education New York: Harper & Row. Brophy, Jere E. 1983 Classroom organization and management. Elementary School Journal 83(4):267. Brown, John S., and Burton, R.R. 1978 Diagnostic models for procedural bugs in basic mathematical skills. Cognitive Science 2:153-192. The Chronicle of Higher Education 1983 Fewer score high on scholastic aptitude test; Selective colleges concerned. February 16. Coleman, J.S., Campbell, E.Q., Hobsen, C.J., McPartland, J., Mood, A., Weinfield, F.D., and York, R.L. 1966 Equality of Educational Opportunity. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.

137 Comber, L.C., and Keeves, J.P. 1973 Science Education in Nineteen Countries. New York: John Wiley. Committee on the Undergraduate Program in Mathematics 1961a Course Guides for the Training of Teachers of Junior High and High School Mathematics. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America. 1961b Recommendations for the Training of Teachers of Mathematics. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America. 1983 Recommendations on the Mathematical Preparation of Teachers. Washington, D.C.: Mathematical Association of America. Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences 1983 The mathematical sciences curriculum K-12: What is still fundamental and what is not. In Educating Americans for the 21st Century: Source Materials. National Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science, and Technology. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. Council of Chief State School Officers 1984 A Review Profile of State Assessment and Minimum Competency Testing Programs. Prepared for Meeting of Chief State School Officers, August 1984. Dougherty, Van 1983 State Programs of School Improvements, 1983: A 50-State Survey. Working Paper No. 1. Prepared for the Education Commission of the States, Denver, Colo. Or ova , Cynth ia A., and Ander son , Ronald D. 1983 Science teacher characteristics by teacher behavior and by student outcome: A meta-analysis of research. in Science Teaching 20(5): 467-479. Education Commission of the States 1983 A Fifty-State Survey of Initiatives in Science, Mathematics and Computer Education. No. SM-83-1. Denver, Colo.: Education Commission of the States. 1984 Clearinghouse Notes: Graduation Course Requirements in the States. Denver, Colo.: Education Commission of the States. Journal of Research - Minimum High School

138 Enter, Edmund T., Everson, Carolyn M., and Anderson, Linda M. 1980 Effective classroom management at the beginning of the school year. Elementary School Journal 80(5):225. Evaluation Technologies, Inc. 1982 A Classification of Secondary School Courses. A report prepared for NCES. Supt. of Doc. No. NCES 300-81-0132. Available from U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics. Feistritzer, C. Emily 1983 The Condition of Teaching: A State by State Analysis. Princeton, N.J.: Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. Fetters, William B. 1984 Quality of Responses of High School Students to Questionnaire Items. Unpublished paper, National Center for Education Statistics, U.S. Department of Education. Fetters, William B., Quingo, Jeffrey A., Suter, Larry E., and Takar, Ricky T. 1983 Schooling Experiences in Japan and the United States: A Cross-National Comparison of H. S. Seniors. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Educational Research Association, Montreal, Canada. Fey, James T., Albers, Donald J., and Fleming, Wendell H. 1981 Undergraduate Mathematical Sciences in Universities, Four-Year Colleges, and Two-Year Colleges, 1980-81. Washington, D.C.: Conference Board of the Mathematical Sciences. Fisher, Charles W., Berliner, David C., Filby, Nikola N., Marliave, Richard, Cohen, Leonard S., and Dishaw, Marilyn M. 1980 Teaching behaviors, academic learning time, and student achievement: An overview. In Carolyn Denham and Ann Lieberman, eds., Time to Learn. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education. Flakus-Mosqueda, Patricia 1983 . Survey of States' Teacher Policies. Working Paper No. 2. Prepared for the Education Commission of the States, Denver, Colo. Franz, Judy R., Aldridge, Bill G., and Clark, Robert B. 1983 Paths to a solution. Physics Today 36(9):44-49.

139 Frederiksen, Norman 1979 Some emerging trends in testing. In Testing, Teaching, and Learning. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education. 1984 Influences of testing on teaching and learning. American Psychologist 39(3):193-202. Freeman, Donald J., Kuhs, Therese M., Porter, Andrew C., Floden, Robert E., Schmidt, William H., and Schwille, John R. 1983a Do textbooks and tests define a national curriculum in elementary school mathematics? The Elementary School Journal 83(5):501-513. Freeman, Donald J., Bell, Gabriella M., Porter Andrew C., Floden, Robert E., Schmidt, William H., and Schwille, John R. 1983b The Influence of Different Styles of Textbook Use on Instructional Validity of Standardized Tests. Unpublished paper, Institute for Research on Teaching, Michigan State University. Froomkin, Joseph 1974 Demand and Supply of Elementary and Secondary School Teachers. Washington, D.C.: Joseph Froomkin, Inc. Gage, Nathaniel L. 1978 The Scientific Basis of the Art of Teaching. New York: Teachers College Press. Gallup, George H. 1981 The 13th annual gallup poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan 63(1):33-47. 1983 The 15th annual gallop poll of the public's attitudes toward the public schools. Phi Delta Kappan 65(1):33-47. Gardner, Eric 1982 Some aspects of the use and misuse of standardized aptitude and achievement tests. In Alexandra K. Wigdor and Wendell R. Garner, eds., Ability Testing: Uses, Consequences, and Committee on Ability Testing. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Controversies. Part II. Press. Glaser, Robert 1983 Education and Thinking: The Role of Knowledge. Technical Report PD5-6. University of Pittsburgh.

140 Glass, Gene V., Cohen, Leonard S., Smith, Mary L., and Filby, Nikola N. 1982 School Class Size. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage Publications. Gray, Dennis 1984 Apples, oranges, and kumquats: Comparing states on education data. Basic Education 28(5):3-5- Graybeal, William S. 1983 Teacher Supply and Demand in Public Schools, 1981-82. Washington, D.C.: Association. Hanushek, Eric A. National Education 1981 Throwing money at schools. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 1(1):19-41. Helgeson, Stanley L., glosser, Patricia E., and Howe, Robert W. 1978 The Status of Pre-College Science, Mathematics, and Social Science Education: Volume I, Science Education. NSF SE-78-73. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. Hilton, Thomas L., Rock, Donald A., Ekstrom, Ruth, Goertz, Margaret E., and Pollack, Judith 1984 Study of Excellence in High School Education: Cross-Sectional Study, 1972-1980. Draft Technical Report: Relational Analysis Section. Educational Testing Service, Princeton, N.J. Horn, Elizabeth A., and Walberg, Herbert J. 1984 Achievement and interest as functions of quantity and level of instruction. Journal of Educational Research 77(4):227-232. . Howe, Trevor G., and Gerlovich, Jack A. 1982 National Study of the Estimated Supply and Demand of Secondary Science and Mathematics Teachers. Ames: Iowa State University. Hueftle, Stacey J., Rakow, Steven J., and Welch, Wayne W. 1983 Images of Science: A Summary of Results from the 1981-82 National Assessment in Science. Minneapolis, Minn.: Minnesota Research and Evaluation Center. Husen, Torsten 1967 International Study of Achievement in Mathematics: A Comparison of Twelve Countriese Vol. e I and II e Wiley e New York: John

141 Jackson, Philip W. 1965 Life in Classrooms. and Winston. New York: Holt, Rinehart Johnstone, James 1981 Indicators of Education Systems. London: Kogan Page. Jones, Lyle V. 1981 Achievement test scores in mathematics and science. Science 213:412-416. 1984 White-black achievement differences: The narrowing gap. 39:1207-1213. Karweit, Nancy L. American Psychologist 1983 Time on Task: A Research Review. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Klein, Sara E. 1982 Testimony to Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology of the Committee on Science and Technology of the U.S. House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: National Science Teachers Association. Kluender, M.M., and Egbert, Robert L. 1983 The Status of American Teacher Education. Draft Report. National Institute of Education, Washington, D.C. Krieger, James H. 1984 Study indicates some improvement in U.S. science education. Chemical and Engineering News (June 11):26-28. Levin, Henry M. 1984 About time for educational reform. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 6(2):151-163. Miner, Jerry 1983 Estimates of adequate school spending by state based on national average service levels. Journal of Education Finance 8(Winter):316-342. Munby, Hugh 1983 Thirty studies involving the scientific attitude inventory: What confidence can we have in this instrument? Journal of Research in Science Teaching 20(2):141-162. Murnane, Richard J. 1980 Interpreting the Evidence on School Effectiveness. Working Paper No. 830. Institution for Social and Policy Studies, Yale University.

142 / National Academy of Sciences and National Academy of Engineering 1982 Science and Mathematics in the Schools: Report of a Convocation. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. National Assessment of Educational Progress 1979 Attitudes Toward Science. Denver, Colo.: Education Commission of the States. 1983 The Third National Mathematics Assessment: Results, Trends and Issues. Denver, Colo.: Education Commission of the States. National Center for Education Statistics 1978 Projections of Education Statistics to 1986-87. M.M. Frankel, ed. U.S. Department of Education. 1979 The Condition of Education. Supt. of Doc. No. NCES 017-080-02008-4. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. 1981a A Capsule Description of High School Students: A Report on High School and Beyond, A National Longitudinal Study for the 1980s. Prepared by Samuel S. Peng, William B. Fetters, and Andrew J. Kolstad. Supt. of Doc. No. NCES 0-729-575/2100. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. 1981b National Longitudinal Study of the High School Class of 1972, Study Reports Update: Review and Annotation. Prepared by Mary Ellen Taylor, Cecille E. Stafford, and Carol Place. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. 1982a Digest of Education Statistics. Supt. of Doc. No. NCES 82-407. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. U.S. Department of Education. 1982b Projections of Education Statistics to 1990-91: Volume II, Methodological Report. Prepared by M.M. Frankel and D.E. Gerald. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. Recent College Graduate Survey, 1981. Unpublished tabulations, November 1982. Teacher Demand: A Socioethnographic Phenomenon. Prepared by Jane L. Crane. Supt. of Doc. No. NCES 381-054. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. Washington, D.C.: Washington, D.C.:

143 1982e Teachers Employed in Public Schools 1979-80. A Report on the 1979-80 Survey of Teacher Demand and Shortage. Prepared by A.S. Metz and J.P. Sietsma. Washington, D.C.: National Center for Education Statistics. 1982f Teacher Shortage May Occur in the Late 1980's. Supt. of Doc. No. NCES 82-403b. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. The Condition of Education. Prepared by V.W. Plisko. Supt. of Doc. No. NCES 83-400. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. 1984a The Condition of Education. Prepared by V.W. Plisko. Supt. of Doc. No. NCES 84-401. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. Science and Mathematics Education in American High Schools: Results from the High School and Beyond Study. NCES 84-211b. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. 1984c High School Seniors: A Comparative Study of the Classes of 1972 and 1980. Prepared by William B. Fetters, Jeffrey A. Owings, and George H. Brown. Supt. of Doc. No. 065-000-00204-3. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. National Commission on Excellence in Education 1983 A Nation At Risk: The Imperative for Educational Reform. Supt. of Doc. No. 065-000-00177-2. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. National Commission on Excellence in Teacher Education 1984 What the Reports Said About Teacher Education: A Summary. Prepared for the May 2, 1984, meeting of the Commission. American Association of Colleges for Teacher Education, Washington, D.C. National Council of Supervisors of Mathematics 1977 Position Paper on Basic Mathematics Skills. Available from Ross Taylor or Sally Sloan, Minneapolis Public Schools, Minneapolis, Minn 1984b .

144 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics 1980 An Agenda for Action. Reston, Va.: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. 1981a Guidelines for the Preparation of Teachers of Mathematics. Prepared by the Commission on the Education of Teachers of Mathematics. Reston, Va.: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics . 1981b Priorities in School Mathematics. Reston, Va.: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics. National Science Foundation 1980 Science Education Databook. Office of Program Integration, Directorate for Science Education. NSF No. SE 80-3. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. 1982a Science and Engineering Education: Data and Information. Report to the National Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology. Office of Scientific and Engineering Personnel and Education. NSF No. 82-30. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. 1982b Today's Problems, Tomorrow's Crises: A Report of the National Science Board's Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology. NSF No. CPCE-NSF-01. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation 1983 Educating Americans for the 21st Century. National Science Board Commission on Precollege Education in Mathematics, Science and Technology. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. National Science Teachers Association 1983 Recommended Standards for the Preparation and Certification of Teachers of Science at the Elementary and Middle/Junior High School Levels. Washington, D.C.: National Science Teachers Association. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development 1974 A Resume of the Surveys of the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational . chievement. Paris: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. Parrish, William C. 1980 State-Mandated Graduation Requirements, 1980. Reston, Va.: National Association of Secondary School Principals.

145 Pelavin, Sol H., and Reisner, Elizabeth R. 1984 An Analysis of the National Availability of Mathematics and Science Teachers. Pelavin Associates, Inc., Washington, D.C. Peterson, Paul E. 1983 Did the education commissions say anything? The Brookings Review (Winter):3-11. Ritz, William C. 1984 Recommended Standards for the Preparation and - Certification c~f Secondary School Teachers of Science. Washington, D.C.: National Science Teachers Association. Robinson, James T., ed. 1981 Research in Science Education: New Directions. Columbus, Ohio: Clearinghouse for Science, Mathematics, and Environmental Education. Romberg, Thomas A., and Carpenter, Thomas P. 1985 Research on teaching and learning mathematics: Two disciplines of scientific inquiry. In Merlin C. Wittrock, ea., The Handbook of Research on Teaching. York: Macmillan. New Questions, Third edition. New Rosenshine, Barak V. 1976 Classroom instruction. In Nathaniel L. Gage, ea., The Psychology of Teaching Methods. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 1980 How time is spent in elementary classrooms. In Carolyn Denham and Ann Lieberman, eds., Time to Learn. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. NIE No. 1981-723-653. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education. Shymansky, James A., and Aldridge, Bill G. 1982 The teacher crisis in secondary school science and mathematics. Educational Leadership (November):61-62. Shymansky, James A., Kyle, William C., Jr., and Alport, Jennifer M. 1983 The effects of new science curricula on student performance. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 20(5):387-404. Spence, Michael 1973 Job market signalling. Quarterly Journal of Economics 87(August):369-374 .

146 Stake, Robert E., and Easley, Jack A., Jr. 1978 Case Studies in Science Education. NSF SE-78-74. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. Stedman, Lawrence C., and Smith, Marshall S. 1983 Recent reform proposals for American education. Contemporary Education Review 2(2):85-104. Summers, Anita A., and Wolfe, Barbara L. 1977 Do schools make a difference? American Economic Review 67(4):639-652. Suydam, Marylin N., and Osborne, Alan 1978 The Status of Precollege Science, Mathematics - and Social Science Education 1955-1975: Volume II, Mathematics Education. NSF SE-78-73. Available from the U.S. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation. Task Force on Education for Economic Growth 1983 Action for Excellence: A Comprehensive Plan To Improve Our Nation's Schools. Denver, Colo.: Education Commission of the States. Travers, Kenneth J. 1984 Second International Mathematics Study: Summary Report for the United States. U.S. National Coordinating Center. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Twentieth Century Fund Task Force 1983 Report of the Twentieth Century Fund Task Force on Federal Elementary and Secondary Education Policy. New York: The Twentieth Century Fund. Tyler, Ralph W., and White, Sheldon H. 1979 Testing, Teaching and Learning. Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Education. U.S. Department of Education 1984 The Nation Responds. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. U.S. General Accounting Office 1984 New Directions for Federal Programs to Aid Mathematics and Science Teaching. GAO/PEMD-84-5. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office. Walberg, Herbert J. 1984 Improving the productivity of America's schools. Educational Leadership 41(8):19-30.

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Many studies point to the inadequacy of precollege education in the United States. How can it be improved? The development of effective policy requires information on the condition of education and the ability to measure change. This book lays out a framework for an efficient monitoring system. Key variables include teacher quality and quantity, course content, instructional time and enrollment, and student achievement.

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