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INDEX 339 T his new digit ile: original t ypeset ting files. P age break ret a ined, and som e typographic err Index A amphibolite, 136 abutments, 189 strength, 140 (table) defects, 218 anchor block (see block) defined, 309-310 anhydrite, 136 deformation, 196-200 defects, 143 (table) leakage, 189, 196 strength, 140 (table) piping, 13 animal damage, 251 seepage, 189, 196 (see also rodent damage) sliding, 13, 17 antecedent reservoir level, 97 accelerograms, 171, 172 (figure), 176 Apishapa Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure) (see also earthquakes, acceleration) appurtenant structures accidents (see dam accidents) corrosion, 19 adit, defined, 310 defects, 260-263 (table) aeolian soils, 160-161 (figure), 166 defined, 259, 310 aerial photography, 23, 68-69 evaluation matrix, 260-263 (table) afterbay dam, defined, 310 remedial measures, 260-263 (table) (see also Drum Afterbay Dam) (see also diversion works; gates; outlet age of dam works; spillways; trash racks) dam incidents, 4-5, 7 (figure), 18-20 aqueduct, defined, 310 hazard rating criteria, 51 (table) arch dams, 185-187 A-horizon soils, 158 abutments, 189 Alabama (see Logan Martin Dam; Walter accidents, 12 (table) F. George Dam) defined, 310-311 Alaska (see Granite Creek Dam) earthquake loading, 177 alkali-aggregate reactions, 18-19, extrados, 196-197, 315 202-203, 208 failures, 9 (figure), 12 (table) alluvial (fluvial) soils, 163-165 stability analysis, 205 Ambursen dam (flat slab dam), 185 (fig- thrust, 189, 196 (figure), 197 ure), 312 (see also Malpasset Dam, France; multi- (see also buttress dams) ple arch dams)
INDEX 340 Arizona (see Daggs Dam) accidents, 12 (table) ash, 136 defined, 312 defects, 143 (table) failure, 9 (figure), 12 (table) asphalt linings, 145, 229-230, 232 (see also Ambursen dam; gravity dams; asphaltic concrete, 215-216, 228-229 multiple arch dam) asphaltic slurry walls, 244 buttressing rock, 199 Austria (see Eberlaste Dam) automatic warning systems, dam failure, C 279 California (see also emergency action plans) concrete gravity dam, abutments, average exceedance interval (AEI), 53 199-201 axis of dam, defined, 311 concrete gravity dam, strengths, 208 risk assessment, index-based proce- B dures, 49 backwater curve, defined, 311 (see also Baldwin Hills Dam; Drum Baldwin Hills Dam, California, 76 Afterbay Dam; Hell Hole Dam; Hen- (figure), 145, 148 (figure) shaw Dam; Nacimiento Dam; bank storage (see storage) Pacoima Dam; Pilacritos Dam: Rush basalt, 136 Meadows D am; S an Fernando Val- defects, 143 (table) ley dams; San Leandro Dam; San strength, 140 (table) Luis Dam; San Pablo Dam; Santa base of dam Felicia Dam; Spaulding Dam; St. flow, 94, 96 Francis Dam) width, defined, 311 camber, 58, 229 batter, defined, 311 (see also freeboard) beam and cantilever method, gravity dam carbonate rocks, 134-135 analysis, 204-205 Castlewood Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure) Bearwallow Dam, 163 cavitation, 201-202 bedding planes, 141, 144, 189 conduits, 266 bentonite, 229 gate areas, 269 grout curtain, 237 channel routing, 95-97, 102-103, 104 reservoir seepage correction, 275 (table), 105, 196 slurry, 230, 239, 240 (figure), 242-244 chert, 145, 147 berm C-horizon soils, 158-159, 162 defined, 311 civil defense seepage control, 235-236 emergency notification of officials, 36-37 B-horizon soils, 158-159 evacuation plans, 37 blanket (see also Defense Civil Preparedness defined, 311 Agency) drainage, 311 clay grouting, 312 dispersive, 167, 169 impervious zone, 237 linings, 228-229, 275 upstream, 311 claystone, 136-137 block, defined, 311 defects, 143 (table) Brazil (see Oros Dam) strength, 140 (table) breccia, 134 Claytor Dam, Virginia, 200 Buffalo Creek Dam, West Virginia, 78 Clemson Lower Diversion Dam, South (figure) Carolina, 243 buttress dams, 185 (figure)
INDEX 341 cofferdams, defined, 312 materials for emergency repairs, 38 (see also Uniontown Cofferdam) Corbara Dam, Italy, 203 colluvial soils, 165-166 core, defined, 312 Colorado (see Apishapa Dam; Castlewood costs Dam; Mt. Elbert Forebay Reservoir; construction/direct, 65, 66 (figure), 69 Schaeffer Dam) (table) concrete risk costs, 45-47, 65, 66 (figure), 69 density, 202, 210 (table) lift, defined, 312 total expected, 65, 66 (figure), 69 (table) linings, 228-229 costs of remedial measures, 55-56 quality, 201-204 Creager formula, 73-75 steel-fiber, 204 crest of dam, defined, 313 strength, 202, 206, 210 crib dams, defined, 313 (see also asphaltic concrete; rollcrete; (see also timber crib dams) shotcrete) ''crown'' effect, 58 concrete and masonry. dams crystalline rocks, 159, 162 accidents, 11-12 (tables) culvert, defined, 313 alkali-aggregate reactions, 18-19, curtains (see blanket; drainage wells; 202-203, 208 grouting, curtain) causes of defects, 190-195 (table), cutoff trench, 163, 235-237 280-281 (table) defined, 313 cracks, 19 deterioration, 201-203 D earthquake loading, 177 Daggs Dam, Arizona, 234 earthquakes, 206-207 dam accidents evaluation matrix, 190-195 (table) causes, 11-12 (tables) failures, 6-10 (figures), 11-12 (tables) defined, 11 (table) instrumentation monitoring, 270, dam break analyses, 32-33, 100-103, 104 280-281 (table), 282-284, 305, 306 (table), 105, 129-131 (figure) dam failures remedial measures, 188-189, 190-195 age of dam, 4-5, 7 (figure), 18-20 (table) chemical action, 19 types, 183-188 concrete and masonry dams, 5, 6-10 (see also arch dams; buttress dams; grav- (figures), 11-12 (tables) ity dams) cracking of concrete, 19 Condit Dam, Washington, 209-210 defined, 302 conduits deformation, 11-12 (tables), 17 corrosion, 267 deterioration, 11-12 (tables), 17-18 defective, 218, 261 (table), 266-268 "domino effect,"; 33 defined, 312 earthfill dams, 5, 6-10 (figures), 14-16 piping, 234 (tables) conglomerate rocks, 134, 137 flood flow formulas, 75-77 defects, 143 (table) flow erosion, 11-12 (tables) strength, 140 (table) foundation defects, 6-7 (figures), 11-12 consolidation grouting (see blanket, grout- (tables) ing) gate, 11-12 (tables), 18 construction height of dam, 5, 8 (figure), 57 data, 27 ICOLD surveys, 5, 6-10 (figures), 11-12 faulty, 11-12 (table), 18 (tables), 18
INDEX 342 modes, 7-16 (tables), 17-18, 32-33, Kortes Dam, Wyoming, 199 46-47, 51-52 Koyna Dam, India, 206-207 overtopping, 5, 6-7 (figures), 10, 11-12 Kranji Dam, Singapore, 243 (tables), 14 (table) Laguna Dam, Mexico, 243 peak discharges, 76 (figure), 78 (figure) Laurel Run Dam, Pennsylvania, 78 (fig- piping and seepage, 5, 6-7 (figures), ure) 11-12 (tables) Libby Dam, Montana, 204 probability, 5, 10 (figure) Little Deer Creek Dam. Utah, 76 (figure) "triggering" cause, 6-9, 11-12 (tables), 14 Logan Martin Dam, Alabama, 145, 147 type of dam, 5, 9-10 (figures), 11-12 Malpasset Dam, France, 77, 78 (figure), (tables) 148, 149 (figure), 196 USCOLD surveys, 5-6, 11-12 (tables), 18 Mohicanville Dam, Ohio, 229 Dam Safety Program (see National Dam Mt. Elbert Forebay Reservoir, Colorado, Inspection Act) 239, 241 dam size classification, 82 (table) Nacimiento Dam, California, 265 dams Oahe Dam, South Dakota, 166 Apishapa Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure) Oros Dam, Brazil, 76 (figure) Baldwin Hills Dam, California, 76 (fig- Pacoima Dam, California, 207 ure), 145, 148 (figure) Pilacritos Dam, California, 219 Bearwallow Dam, 163 Razaza Dam, Iraq, 242-243 Buffalo Creek Dam, West Virginia, 78 Rush Meadows Dam. California, 203 (figure) San Fernando Valley Dam, California, Castlewood Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure) 18, 219 Claytor Dam, Virginia, 200 San Leandro Dam, California, 227 Clemson Lower Diversion Dam, South San Luis Dam, California, 219, 255 Carolina, 243 San Pablo Dam, California, 227 Condit Dam, Washington, 209-210 Santa Felicia Dam, California, 266 Corbara Dam, Italy, 203 Schaeffer Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure), Daggs Dam, Arizona, 234 78 (figure) Drum Afterbay Dam, California, 202-203 Sheffield Dam, California, 219 Dworshak Dam, Idaho, 200-201, 204 Spaulding Dam, California, 210-211 Eberlaste Dam, Austria, 243 St. Francis Dam, California, 76 (figure), El Infiernillo Dam, 303, 305 (figure) 78 (figure), 134 Granite Creek Dam, Alaska, 76 (figure) Swift Dam, Montana, 76 (figure), 78 Gwinnett County Dam, Georgia, 33 (figure) Hatchtown Dam, Utah, 76 (figure) Table Rock Dam, 299 (figure) Hebgen Dam, Montana, 18 Teton Dam, Idaho, 8, 31, 76 (figure), 78 Helena Valley Dam, Montana, 164 (fig- (figure), 148 ure) Two Medicine Dam, Montana, 76 (fig- Hell Hole Dam, California, 76 (figure) ure) Henshaw Dam, California, 227 Uniontown Cofferdam, Ohio, 150 Indiantown Reservoir, Florida, 239, 240 Vaiont Reservoir/Dam, Italy, 272, 273 (figure) (figure) Island Park Dam, Idaho, 62-65, 66 (fig- Waco Dam, Texas, 144-145, 146-147 ure), 67 (figures), 300-301 (figures) Jackson Lake Dam, 60-61, 62-63 (fig- Walter F. George Dam, Alabama, 243 ures) Willow Creek Dam, Montana, 67-68, 69 Johnstown Dam, Pennsylvania, 78 (fig- (table) ure)
INDEX 343 Willow Creek Dam, Oregon, 209 defects, 143 (table) Wolf Creek Dam, Kentucky, 243 strength, 140 (table) data collection and analysis dolosse, defined, 314 concrete and masonry dams, 305-306 "domino effect" (see dam failures, (table) "domino effect") embankment dams, 299-301 (figures), downstream development, 4, 106-107, 302, 303 (figure), 304 (table), 305 110-111 (figure) dam design standards, 79-80 decision analysis, 41-42 flood flow formulas, 77 categories of dams, 44-45 hazard potential, 28 criteria conflicts, 45 drainage "do nothing" approach, 43, 56 areas, defined, 314 "nonterminal" decisions, 44 blankets, 228-229, 237, 314 "reference alternative,"; 43, 56 galleries, 197, 201 "terminal" decisions, 44 systems, instrumentation monitoring, 282 Defense Civil Preparedness Agency's wells, 13, 237, 314 National Warning System zones, 213-214 (NAWAS) , 36 drains deformation cleaning, 207 abutments, 196-200 defective, 247-248, 262 (table), 269 dam incidents, 11-12 (tables), 17 finger, 315 measurements, 295 (table) toe, 237 (see also modulus of deformation) (see also trench drains) degree-day method, snowmelt flood analy- drawdown, defined, 314 sis, 94 (see also rapid drawdown) design Drum Afterbay Dam, California, 202-203 data, 26-27, 72 dunes, 160-161 (figure), 166 standards, 56 Dworshak Dam, Idaho, 200-201, 204 deterioration dam incidents, 11-12 (tables). 17-18 E instrumentation monitoring, 284 earthfill dams diabase, 137 causes of defects, 280-281 (table) defects, 143 (table) defined, 314 strength, 140 (table) diaphragm earthfill dams, 215 diaphragm earth dams, 215 displacements, 303 (figure) dike, defined, 313 earthquake loading, 177-178 discharge capacity, increasing, 106-107, foundation requirements, 217 108 (figure) homogeneous, 213-214, 235-236, 314 (see also floods and flooding, peak dis- hydraulic fill dams, 214, 314 charges) instrumentation monitoring, 304 (table) dispersive clays, 167, 169 remedial measures, 228-229 "ditch" method, slurry wall construction, stonewall-earth dams, 215 242 zoned, 214-215, 235, 315 diversion works, 259, 310, 314 (see also embankment dams) (see also upstream, diversion facilities) earthquakes Dnieper Power Station, 245-246 abutment deformation, 198-199 Dniester Power Development, 246 acceleration, 171, 173, 174 (table), 175 dolerite, 137 (figure), 176 (table), 177 , 255 dolomite, 134, 135 (figure), 137 appurtenant structures, 270-271
INDEX 344 attenuation, 179, 180 (figure) emergency action plans, 35 concrete and masonry dams, 206-207 defined, 315 dam effects, 173, 175 guidelines, 31-32, 129-131 epicenter, 171, 180 (figure), 315 news releases, 37 instability, 11 (table), 18 notification plans, 36-37, 39 Koyna, India (1967), 206-207 remedial measures, 59-60 loading conditions, 253, 254 (table), time available for response, 35 255-256 emergency potential, evaluation, 32-39 Madison Valley, Montana (1959), 18 emergency repairs, 38 magnitude, 171, 174-181 emergency spillway (see spillways) maximum credible earthquake (MCE), Emerson Crumb test, dispersive clays, 169 173, 176 (table), 179, 320 energy-budget method, snowmelt flood operating basis earthquake (OBE), 173, analysis, 94 176 (table), 179, 321 epicenter, 171, 180 (figure), 207, 315 reservoir-induced, 177, 274, 289, 294 epoxy Richter scale, 309 coatings, 196, 201-202, 210, 266 risk assessment, 54-55 facings, 203 San Fernando Valley, California (1971), mortar, 204 18, 207, 219 erosion San Francisco, California (1906), 169 appurtenant structures, 269-270 San Leandro Dam, California, 227 dam defects, causes of, 262-263 (table) (see also headings beginning with the dispersive clays, 167, 169 word seismic) flow, 11-12 (tables) Eberlaste Dam, Austria, 243 toe, 14 (table) El Infiernillo Dam, 303, 305 (figure) wave action, 13, 14 (table), 230-231 embankment-abutment contact, 230-231 (see also cavitation; headcutting; slope embankment dams erosion) accidents, 11 (table) evacuation plans, 37-38 classification, 213 inundation maps, 33 "crown" effect, 58 notification of personnel, 39 defects, 218-219, 220-226 (table), 227 exceedance interval, defined, 100-year, 84 defined, 314-315 (table) drains, 247-248 (see also average exceedance interval) evaluation matrix, 220-226 (table) extrados, arch dams, 196-197, 315 failures, 6-10 (figures), 11 (table), 14-16 extrusive rocks, 133 (tables) flow erosion, 11 (table), 12 F foundations, 16 (table), 217-218 Faber inflatable dam, 109 instrumentation monitoring, 280-281 facings (table), 284-287, 299, 301 (figures), concrete, 228 302, 303 (figures), 304 (table), 305 defined, 315 (figure) gunite membrane, 244 leveling the top, 58 rockfill dams, 215-217, 244-245 overtopping, 14 (table), 58, 245 steel-reinforced, 265 piping and seepage, 12-13, 15-16 (table) synthetic materials, 203 remedial measures, 218, 220-226 (table) timber, 216, 244-245 stability analysis, 228, 251-257 factors of safety, loading conditions, 253, structural failures, 16 (table) 254 (table), 257 types, 213-217
INDEX 345 failures (see dam failures) treatments, 217-218 faults, 141, 144 foundation-embankment interface, 218, abutment areas, 189 248-249 San Francisco earthquake (1906), 169 foundation failures, 132 (see also earthquakes) earth dams, 16 (table) Federal Emergency Management Agency leakage, 6-7 (figure), 11-12 (tables) (FEMA), 2-3, 32 slides, 13, 16 (table), 17 fetch, defined, 315 fracture, defined, 144 fibrous concrete (see concrete, steel-fiber) France (see Malpasset Dam) filters, defined, 315 freeboard, 99-100, 229, 249 finite element method, stability analysis, defined, 316 205, 210 parapets, 247 flashboards, 109, 210, 315-316 freeze-thaw action flat slab dam (see Ambursen dam) abutment deformation, 198 flooding concrete deterioration, 18-19, 202 flood plain management, 60, 316 reservoir damage, 275-277 flood surcharge, defined, 316 fuse plug spillways, 57, 108 (figure), 324 flood wall, defined, 316 hydrographs, 90-91, 319 G land, permission to flood, 275 gabions, 199, 231, 238, 247, 316 loading, 205-206 galleries, 199, 317 peak discharges, historical and regional (see also drainage, galleries) comparisons, 73, 74 (figure), 75 gates probability, 53-54 defective, 218, 260-262 (table), 268-270 risk assessment, 53-54 defined, 317-318 routing, defined, 316 failures, 11-12 (tables), 18 snowmelt, 93-94 (see also spillways) studies, sources of, 72 Georgia (see Gwinnett County Dam) U.S. historical records, 53-54 geotextiles, 231-232, 237-239, 240 (see also average exceedance interval; (figure), 241 channel routing; dam failures; hydro- glacial mils, 160-161 (figure), 166-167 graphs; inundation maps; probable gneiss, 137 maximum flood; spillway design defects, 143 (table) flood) strength, 140 (table) Florida (see Martin County Power Plant grain size, 152 (figure) Cooling Pond Dike) (see also soil classification, textural) flows granite, 137 defect detection, means of, 280-281 defects, 143 (table) (table) strength, 140 (table) erosion, 11-12 (tables) Granite Creek Dam, Alaska, 76 (figure) meters, 295 (table) gravity dams, 183-188 flumes, 293 (figure), 295 (table) abutments, 189, 199-200 fluvial soils (see alluvial soils) accidents, 12 (table) focus (hypocenter), 316 beam and cantilever method, 204-205 foliation planes, 141, 144 bedding planes, 189 foundation defined, 318 defined, 316 earthquake loading, 177 embankment dams, 217, 219, 222 failures, 5, 9 (figure), 12 (table) (table), 227 foundation, 135 (figure)
INDEX 346 gravity method, 204-205 hoists, defective, 260 (table), 268-269 stability analysis, 204-206 homogeneous earthfill dams, 213-214 trial-load twist analysis, 204-205 defined, 314 gravity-transported soils, 165-166 seepage control, 235-236 groin, defined, 318 settlement, 229-230 ground motion analyses, 171-181 transverse cracking, 235-236 (see also seismic, zones) hydraulic fill dams, 214, 314 grout curtains, 19, 237, 249 hydrograph grouting, 196, 199-200 defined, 319 blanket, 312 flood, 90-91, 319 consolidation, 312 unit, 95-96 contact, 312 curtain, defined, 313 I foundation seepage, 237 ice, 275-277 reservoir seepage, 275 Idaho risk assessment of dams, 49 gunite, 202 (see also Dworshak Dam; Island Park facings, 216, 244 Dam; Teton Dam) parapet walls, 247 igneous rocks, 132-133 Gwinnett County. Dam, Georgia, 33 impervious core rockfill dams, 216-217 gypsum, 135, 137 incidents (see dam accidents; dam failures) defects, 143 (table) inclinometers, 286, 295 (table), 319 independent arch theory, 205 H India (see Koyna Dam) Hatchtown Dam, Utah, 76 (figure) Indiantown Reservoir, Florida, 239, 240 hazard, defined, 318 (figure) hazard mitigation, 42, 48, 106-110 inflow design flood (IDF), 62, 65-66, 68-69 hazard potential "injection method," slurry. wall construc- classification, 4, 31 tion, 242 downstream development, 28 inspection programs evaluation, 32-33, 35 frequency, 20-21, 23, 38, 59 inundation maps, 33, 34 (figure), 35 informal observations, 20, 23-24 headcutting, 67-68 maintenance inspections, 20, 23 (see also erosion) need for additional investigations, 29-31 headrace, defined, 318 records development, 25 headwater safety. site inspections, 28 estimates, 206 technical inspections, 20-23 level, 318 types of inspections, 20 Hebgen Dam, Montana, 18 (see also maintenance programs; moni- heel of dam, 318 toring programs; National Dam height of dam Inspection Program) dam failures, relationship, 5, 8 (figure), instrumentation, 278-279 57 data collection and analysis, 299-301 defined, 318-319 (figures), 302, 303 (figure), 304 Helena Valley Dam, Montana, 164 (figure) (table), 305 (figure) Hell Hole Dam, California, 76 (figure) geotechnical, 295 (table) Henshaw Dam, California, 227 installation methods, 295, 297-298
INDEX 347 manufacturers, 295-297 (tables) instrumentation monitoring, 282, suppliers, 295-297 (tables) 284-285 types of, 294-295 (see also piping; seepage) (see also monitoring programs) Libby Dam, Montana, 204 intensity scale, defined, 319 limestone, 134-135, 137 (see also Mercalli intensity scale) defects, 143 (table) Interagency Committee on Dam Safety strength, 140 (table) (ICODS), 32 linings International Commission on Large Dams asphalt, 145 (ICOLD), dam incidents survey , 5, asphaltic concrete, 228-229 6-10 (figures), 18 clay, 228-229 intrados, defined, 319 concrete, 228-229 inundation maps, 33 defined, 319 classification of areas, 33, 35 membrane, 239, 241 defined, 319 polyvinylchloride (PVC), 275 emergency action plans, 129 vegetated, 264 remedial measures, 60 liquefaction risk assessment, 47 earthquake loading, 60-61, 62 (figure) sample, 34 (figure) foundation during earthquakes, 55 Iraq (see Razaza Dam) Little Deer Creek Dam, Utah, 76 (figure) Island Park Dam, Idaho, 62-65, 66 loading conditions (figure), 67 concrete dams, 205 (figure) Italy (see Corbara Dam; Vaiont Reservoir/ defined, 320 Dam) hydrologic load, 46 risk assessment factor, 46-47 J safety factors, 204 Jackson Lake Dam, 60-61, 62-63 (figures) seismic loading, 46 Johnstown Dam, Pennsylvania, 78 (figure) static reservoir load, 46 joints, 141, 144-145 loam, 152, 153 (figure) defect measurements, 280-281 (table) loess, 160-161 (figure), 166 log booms, 265 K Logan Martin Dam, Alabama, 145, 147 karst, 135, 145 loss rates, 94 Kentucky-(see Wolf Creek Dam) Kortes Dam, Wyoming, 199 M Koyna Dam, India, 206-207 maintenance programs, 24-25 Kranji Dam, Singapore, 243 (see also inspection programs, mainte- nance programs) L Malpasset Dam, France, 77, 78 (figure), Laguna Dam, Mexico, 243 148, 149 (figure), 196 landslides (see slides and sliding) maps, sources, 169 Laurel Run Dam, Pennsylvania, 78 (figure) (see also inundation maps) leakage marble, 135 abutment, 189, 196 marl, 137, 160-161 (figure) defined, 319 defects, 143 (table) foundation, 11-12 (tables), 13 strength, 140 (table)
INDEX 348 Martin County Power Plant Cooling Pond Myer formula, 73-75 Dike, Florida, 243-244 Martin-Marietta Sodyeco Chemical Plant N Waste Lagoon Dike, North Carolina , Nacimiento Dam, California, 265 244 National Dam Inspection Act (PL masonry dams (see concrete and masonry 92-367), 4-5, 20, 44, 48, 81 dams) National Program of Inspection of Non- maximum credible earthquake (MCE), federal Dams, 81-82 173, 176 (table), 179 National Warning System (NAWAS), 36 Mercalli intensity scale, 171, 174 (table) National Weather Service (NWS) metamorphic rocks, 135-136 dam break models, 102-103, 104 (table), Mexico (see Laguna Dam) 105, 129-131 micaceous rock, 138 storms, 72, 93 defects, 143 (table) North Carolina micrometer gage readings, 208 dam failure, 164 Mississippi, dams, erosion problems, 167 risk assessment, index-based proce- Mississippi River Valley, aeolian soils, 166 dures, 49 mitigation measures (see hazard mitigation) (see also Martin-Marietta Sodyeco modes of dam failure (see dam failures, Chemical Plant Waste Lagoon Dike) modes) notification plans (see emergency action modulus of deformation, 186, 199 plans) modulus of elasticity, 140 (table), Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) 186-187, 202, 210 PMF peak discharges, source, 75 Mohicanville Dam, Ohio, 229 monitoring programs, 59 O concrete and masonry dams, 270, Oahe Dam, South Dakota, 166 280-281 (table), 282-284, 305 (fig- observation wells, 289 (figure), 295 (table) ure), 306 (table) Ohio (see Mohicanville Dam) embankment dams, 280-281 (table), Ohio River (see Uniontown Cofferdam) 284-287, 299-301 (figures), 302, 303 operating basis earthquake (OBE), 173, (figure), 304 (table), 305 (figure) 176 (table), 179, 321 instrumentation installation, 295, Oregon (see Willow Creek Dam) 297-298 Oros Dam, Brazil, 76 (figure) need, 29-30 outlet works, 259 reservoirs, 280-281 (table), 287-293 defective, 218, 260 (table) (see also inspection programs) obstructions, 265-266 Montana (see Hebgen Dam; Helena Val- siphons, 268 ley Dam; Libby Dam; Swift Dam; outlets Two Medicine Dam (Lower); Wil- defined, 321 low Creek Dam) low-level, 98 monuments, 283, 285-286, 302 overtopping, 245-247 movements dam failures, 5, 6-7 (figures), 10, 11-12 means of detection, 280-281 (table) (tables), 14 (table) measurement, 283-286 designing for, 106-107, 110 Mt. Elbert Forebay Reservoir, Colorado, failure score, 49-50 239, 241 remedial measures, 245 multiple arch dams, 188 (figure) risk assessment, 49-50, 61, 62-63 (fig- defined, 312 ures) stability analysis, 207-208 (see also spillways) (see also arch dams)
INDEX 349 P Poisson's ratio, 202 Pacific Gas and Electric Company polymers, 203 concrete dams, sealing materials, 203 (see also geotextiles; synthetic fabrics) Spaulding dams, California, 210-211 polysulfide, 203 timber facings repair, 245 pore pressures, 218-219, 280-281 (table) Pacoima Dam, California, 207 defined, 322 parapet walls, 109, 229, 247, 265, 321 instrumentation, 295 (table) parshall flume, 293 (figure) precipitation (see probable maximum pre- peak flows cipitation) defined, 321 pressure relief wells (see relief wells) maximum peak flows equation, 77, 78 probable maximum flood (PMF), 68-69 (figure) defined, 54, 84 (table), 322 pegmatite, 138 estimates, 89-90, 93 defects, 143 (table) flood risk assessment, 53-54 strength, 140 (table) peak discharges, 75, 76 (figure), 77, 78 Pennsylvania, risk assessment of dams, 49 (figure), 114-121 (see also Johnstown Dam; Laurel Run snowmelt floods, 93-94 Dam) probable maximum precipitation (PMP) penstock, defined, 321 defined, 322 peridotite, 138 distribution to basin subareas, 90-91 defects, 143 (table) hydrographs, 91 photographs hydrometeorological reports, 88 (figure) construction of dam, 25 seasonal variations, 90 storm data, damage cost assessments, 68-69 122-124 (figures), 125-128 (tables) inspection programs, 22-23, 284 storms, result of, 93 phreatic surface, defined, 321 time distribution, 91 phyllite, 138 protective armors, 245-246 strength, 140 (table) pseudostatic methods of analysis (see piezometric readings/piezometers, 20-22, seismic analysis) 38, 149, 233, 239, 243, 272, pulse velocity measurements, 202 286-288, 295 (table), 299-301 (fig- pumice, 133, 138 ures) defects, 143 (table) defined, 321 strength, 140 (table) frequency of readings, 304 (table) pyrites, 202-203 seepage analysis, 254 Pilacritos Dam, California, 219 Q Pinhole test, for dispersive days, 169 quartzite, 135, 138 piping, 233-234, 243-244 defects, 143 (table) dam incidents, 5, 6-7 (figures), 8-9, strength, 140 (table) 11-12 (tables), 15 (table) defined, 321 R embankment dams, 11 (table), 13, 15 radio communication systems, 37 (table) rainfall, measurements, 280-281 (table) foundation, 11-12 (tables), 15 (table) (see also probable maximum precipita- (see also leakage; seepage) tion) plunge basin, defined, 321 rapid drawdown, 218-219, 227 plutonic rocks, 132-133 lining failure, 228 Point Loma landslide, California, 293 (fig- ure)
INDEX 350 loading condition, 253, 254 (table), 255 revetments, 231-232 slope instability, 227 Richter scale, 322-323 Razaza Dam, Iraq, 242-243 riprap, 13, 19, 231, 238, 241, 245, 269 records of dam, 25, 28-29 defined, 323 recreation areas risers, 266 emergency notification of users, 37 risk analysis/risk assessment hazard potential, 33, 35 analytical (probability) approach, 52 relief walls (see drainage, wells) case studies remedial measures Island Park Dam, Idaho, 62-65, 66 appurtenant structures, 260-263 (table) (figure), 67 embankment dams, 218, 220-226 (table) Jackson Lake Dam, 60-61, 62-63 (fig- initiation, 39 ures) modifications of the dam, 56-57 Willow Creek Dam, Montana, 67-68, nonstructural, 55, 59-60 69 (table) overtopping, 245-247 defined, 323 reservoir seepage, 274-275 earthquakes, 54-55 slope erosion, 231-233 empirical (historical frequency) spillway modifications, 57 approach, 52 status quo alternative, 56 floods, 53-54 structural, 55-59 formal (quantitative) assessment, 45-46 reservoirs format, 46-47 area, 322 index-based (qualitative) procedures, causes of defects, 280-281 (table) 45, 49-50 defined, 322 judgmental approach, 41-42, 52 failures, 132 methodology, 43-47 induced earthquakes, 177, 274, 289, 294 models, 47-49 instrumentation monitoring, 280-281 probabilistic approach, 41-43, 52 (table), 287-288, 289-293 (figures), qualitative approach, 45, 49-50 306 quantitative approach, 45-46 level, 97, 227, 321 role in dam safety, 41-43 loading conditions, 46 screening procedures, 47-49 regulation, 59 static loading, 51-52 routing, 98-99, 104 (table), 105, 322 subjective process, 45 sedimentation, 273-274 risk costs of dam failure, 46-47, 65, 66 seepage, 274-275 (figure), 68, 69 (table) storage capacities, increasing, 106, defined, 323 108-109 rock anchor, 323 surface, 322 rock bolts, 199, 323 residual soils, 158-159, 160-161 (figure), rock classification, 132-136 162-163 rock strength, 140 (table) residuum rock types, 136-138 clayey, 162 defects, 141, 143 (tables), 144 conglomerate, 163 geologic age, 141 sandstone, 163 mode of deposition, 141 resins, 204 physical properties, 139, 140 (table), epoxy-based, 203 141, 143 (tables), 144 polyester-based, 203 specific gravity, 140 (table) (see also sealing materials) rockfill dams response spectra, 171, 175-176, 177 (fig- causes of defects, 280-281 ure), 207 defined, 213, 314
INDEX 351 displacements, 303 (figure) conduits, 266-267 faced, 215-217, 244-245 reservoirs, 275 foundation requirements, 217-218 sedimentary rocks, 133-135 impervious core, 216-217 sedimentation, 273-274 seepage control, 235, 236 seepage, 233-237 settlement, 230 abutment areas, 189, 196 steel-reinforcement, 246-247 alluvial soils, 164 timber facings repair, 244-245 concrete dams, 189, 196 rockfilled crib dams (see timber crib dams) dam defects, 218 rodent damage, 24, 218, 236-237 dam failures, 6-7 (figures), 8-9, 14-16 rollcrete, 209, 323 (table) rolled fill dams, defined, 314-315 defined, 323 routing (see channel routing; reservoir embankment dams, 6-7 (figures), 14-16 routing) (table), 235-237 rubble (see talus) foundation, 217-218, 236-237 rubble dam, 323 hazard rating criteria, 51 (table) runoff instrumentation, 282, 284-285, 295 diversions, 106-107, 109 (table) models, 94-96 loading condition, 253, 254 (table) Rush Meadows Dam, California, 203 reservoir defect, 274-275 (see also leakage; piping) S seiche, 54 safety evaluation, 25, 30 seismic construction data, 27 analyses, 256-257 design data, 26-27 intensity scale, 171, 174 (table), 319 federal guidelines, 31 loading, 46, 54-55, 257 maintenance records, 27-28 measurements, 280-281 (table), 284 operating records, 27-28 reservoir loading, 274, 289, 294 report of findings, 29 zones, 51 (table), 168 (figure), 170 (fig- Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams ure), 171, 172 (figure), 207 (SEED), 49-50, 51 (table) seismographs, 289, 294 San Fernando Valley dams, California, seismometers, 289, 294 18, 219 sensitivity analysis, 65-66 San Leandro Dam, California, 227 serpentine, 139 San Luis Dam, California, 219, 255 defects, 143 (table) San Pablo Dam, California, 227 settlement sand filters, 196 conduit foundations, 267 sandstone, 134-135, 138 embankment dams, 218, 229-230 defects, 143 (table) measurements, 303 (figure) strength, 140 (table) shale, 134, 139 Santa Felicia Dam, California, 266 defects, 143 (table) scaling, 199, 202 strength, 140 (table) Schaeffer Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure), 78 shear strength (figure) evaluation, 256 schist, 135, 138-139 loading condition, 254 (table), 256 defects, 143 (table) shear zones, 141, 144 strength, 140 (table) abutment areas, 189 scree (see talus) Sheffield Dam, California, 219 sealing materials, 196 shotcrete, 216
INDEX 352 sill, 324 Soil Conservation Service (SCS) siltstone, 134, 139 dam break models, 101-102, 104 (table), defects, 143 (table) 105 strength, 140 (table) dispersive clay test, 169 Singapore (see Kranji Dam) flood studies, 72 siphon spillway (see spillways) spillway capacity guidelines, 81-82 slab-and-buttress dams (see buttress dams) soils, 149-163 slate, 139 aeolian, 160-161 (figure), 166 defects, 143 (table) A-horizon, 156 strength, 140 (table) alluvial (fluvial), 163-165 slides and sliding, 262, 263 (figure), B-horizon, 158-159 272-273 C-horizon, 158-159, 162 concrete and masonry dams, 11-12 classification, 151, 152-157 (figures), 158 (tables) cohesive, 227 embankment dams, 11 (table), 13, 16 colluvial, 165-166 (table), 17 glacial, 160-161 (figure), 166-167 flow slide, 16 (table) map sources, 169 foundation slide, 13, 16 (table), 17 survey maps, 169 gravity dams, 207-211 residual, 158-159, 160-161 (figure), landslide materials, 165-166 162-163 notification of highway officials, 39 tests for dispersive clays, 163 reservoirs, 272, 273 (figure), 288-289 transported, 160-161 (figure), 163-167 slope, defined, 324 sonic velocity measurements, 202, 210, slope erosion 280-281 (table), 298 downstream, 231-232 South Carolina (see Clemson Lower embankment dams, 218 Diversion Dam) remedial measures, 231-233 South Dakota (see Oahe Dam) slope instability, 218-219, 251-253 Southern California Edison Company, causes, 227 concrete dam sealing materials , 203 reservoirs, 272-274, 288-289 Spaulding dams, California, 210-211 slope protection, 233 specific gravity, rock, 140 (table) damage, 11 (table), 13 spillways defined, 324 capacity criteria, 77-83, 84 (table) upstream, 231-232 defective, 260 (table) vegetative, 232 defects, 218, 259-265 slurry trench, defined, 324 defined, 324-325 slurry walls, 237 emergency, 57, 67-68 bentonite, 239, 240 (figure) fuse plug type, 57, 108 (figure), 324 ''injection''/vibrated beam method, 242 inspection programs, 22 installation, 241-244 modifications, 57 "trench" construction method, 242-243 obstructions, 265-266 snowmelt floods, 93-94, 96-97 siphon, 263-264, 325 soil classification, 151 slide blockage, 197 descriptive, 151-152, 153 (figure) stilling basins, 264, 325 engineering, 152, 154-157 (figures) (see also gates; overtopping) geologic, 151, 160-161 (figure), 169 spillway design flood (SDF), 71, 77-78, pedologic, 151, 152, 169 263 textural, 151 defined, 83, 325 Unified Soil Classification System, 152, envelope curve method, 84-86 154-157 (figures) frequency-based floods, 84-86
INDEX 353 gravity dams, 205-206 thrust (see arch dams, thrust) hydrologic evaluation guidelines, 84 timber (table) facings, 216, 244-245 hydrometeorological method, 84-87 parapet walls, 247 site-specific determinations, 85, 87, 89 timber crib dams stability analyses, 205-206 deterioration, 19 stability analysis failures, 6 (table), 17 concrete dams, 204-207, 273-274 rockfilled, 216-217 embankment dams, 228, 251-257 toe of dam finite element method, 205, 210 defined, 326 methods, 252-253 drains, 15 (table), 237 sedimentation, 273-274 erosion, 9, 11, 14 (table) static loading, risk assessment for dam piping, 164 failure, 46, 51-52 weight, 326 steel dam failures, 11 (table) transported soils, 160-161 (figure), 163-167 steel reinforcement, 202, 204, 246-247, 265 trash racks, 259, 265-266, 269, 276, 326 St. Francis Dam, California, 76 (figure), tree root damage (see vegetation) 78 (figure), 134 trench, backfilled, 229 stonewall-earth dams, 215 (see also cutoff trench; slurry trench; stoplogs, defined, 311 slurry walls) (see also log booms) trial-load twist analysis, 204-205 storms "triggering," cause of failure, 6-7, 8 antecedent, 93 (table), 9, 11-12 (tables) NWS estimates, 72 tuff, 139 PMP estimates, 122-124 (figures), defects, 143 (table) 125-128 (tables) strength, 140 (table) stub towers (see risers) Two Medicine Dam, Montana, 76 (figure) Swift Dam, Montana, 76 (figure), 78 (fig- ure) U synthetic fabrics, 237-239, 240 (figure), Unified Soil Classification System, 152, 241 154-157 (figures) synthetic materials, 203-204, 228-231 Uniontown Cofferdam, Ohio, 150 United States Committee on Large Dams T (USCOLD) Table Rock Dam, piezometer readings, dam and spillway design standards, 79-80 299 (figure) dam incidents survey, 5-6, 11-12 (tables) tailwater level uplift pressures, 200-201, 207, 234 defined, 325 concrete and masonry dams, 19 estimates, 206 defined, 326 talus, 165 drainage system defects, 269 TAMS, dam break model, 103, 104 (table) embankment dams, 247-248 Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), dam instrumentation monitoring, 282-283 break model, 103, 104 (table) measurements, 280-281 (table) Teton Dam, Idaho, 8, 31, 76 (figure), 78 slurry walls, 241 (figure), 148 upstream Texas (see Waco Dam) diversion facilities, 57-58, 109 textural classification (see soil classifica- slope failure, 16 (table) tion, textural) (see also blanket, upstream)
INDEX 354 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers leveling, 58 dam break models West Virginia (see Buffalo Creek Dam) Hagen (uniform procedure), 102, 104 Willow Creek Dam, Montana, 67-68, 69 (table) (table) HEC-1, 103, 104 (table), 105 Willow Creek Dam, Oregon, 209 dam safety inspection guidelines, 81 Wolf Creek Dam, Kentucky, 243 flood studies, 72 Wyoming (see Kortes Dam) Hydrologic Engineering Center (HEC), 103, 104 (table), 105 Z risk assessment, index-based proce- zoned earthfill dams, 214-215, 235, 315 dures, 49-50 spillway capacity guidelines, 81-82 (see also National Dam Inspection Act (PL 92-367)) U.S. Bureau of Reclamation flood studies, 72 ground motion analyses, 175 (figure) loading, safety factors, 204 risk assessment, 60-61, 62-63 (figures) spillway capacity guidelines, 81-82 (see also Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams) Utah (see Hatchtown Dam; Little Deer Creek Dam) V Vaiont Reservoir/Dam, Italy, 272, 273 (figure) vegetation grass slope protection, 232 linings, 264 tree and brush damage, 218, 236-237, 249-251 vibration, 201, 268-269 Virginia (see Claytor Dam) volcanic rocks, 133, 155 (figure) surface deposits, 155 (figure) W Waco Dam, Texas, 144-145, 146-147 (fig- ures), 300-301 (figures) Walter F. George Dam, Alabama, 243 warning systems, dam failure (see emer- gency action plans; evacuation plans; Defense Civil Preparedness Agency) Washington (see Condit Dam) Water Resources Council Interagency Hydrology Committee, 53 watershed divide, 327 modeling, 94-95 wave wall, 327 weirs, 288, 292 (figure), 295 (table) defined, 327
