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OCR for page 339
Index
A
abutments, 189
defects, 218
defined, 309-310
deformation, 196-200
leakage, 189, 196
piping, 13
amphibolite, 136
strength, 140 (table)
anchor block (see block)
anhydrite, 136
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
animal damage, 251 (see also rodent
damage)
seepage, 189, 196 antecedent reservoir level, 97
sliding, 13, 17 Apishapa Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure)
accelerograms, 171, 172 (figure), 176 (see appurtenant structures
also earthquakes, acceleration) corrosion, 19
accidents (see dam accidents) defects, 260-263 (table)
edit, defined, 310 defined, 259, 310
aeolian soils, 160-161 (figure), 166 evaluation matrix, 260-263 (table)
aerial photography, 23, 68-69 remedial measures, 260-263 (table)
afterbay dam, defined, 310 (see also (see also diversion works; gates;
Drum Afterbay Dam) outlet works; spillways; trash
age of dam racks)
dam incidents, 4-5, 7 (figure), 18-20
hazard rating criteria, 51 (table)
A-horizon soils, 158
Alabama (see Logan Martin Dam;
Walter F. George Dam)
Alaska (see Granite Creek Dam)
alkali-aggregate reactions, 18-19, 202-
203, 208
alluvial (fluvial) soils, 163-165
Ambursen dam (flat slab dam), 185
(figure), 312 (see also buttress
dams)
339
aqueduct, defined, 310
arch dams, 185-187
abutments, 189
accidents, 12 (table)
defined, 310-311
earthquake loading, 177
extrados, 196-197, 315
failures, 9 (figure), 12 (table)
stability analysis, 205
thrust, 189, 196 (figure), 197
(see also Malpasset Dam, France;
multiple arch dams)
OCR for page 340
340
Arizona (see Daggs Dam)
ash, 136
defects, 143 (table)
asphalt linings, 145, 229-230, 232
asphaltie concrete, 21S-216, 228-229
asphaltie slurry walls, 244
Austria (see Eberlaste Dam)
automatic warning systems, dam failure,
279 (see also emergency action
plans)
average exceedanee interval (AEI), 53
axis of dam, defined, 311
B
backwater curve, defined, 311
Baldwin Hills Dam, California, 76
(figure), 145, 148 (figure)
bank storage (see storage)
basalt, 136
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
base of dam
flow, 94, 96
width, defined, 311
batter, defined, 311
beam and cantilever method, gravity
dam analysis, 204-205
Bearwallow Dam, 163
bedding planes, 141, 144, 189
bentonite, 229
grout curtain, 237
reservoir seepage correction, 275
slurry, 230, 239, 240 (figure), 242-244
berm
defined, 311
seepage control, 235-236
B-horizon soils, 158-159
blanket
defined, 311
drainage, 311
grouting, 312
impervious zone, 237
upstream, 311
block, defined, 311
Brazil (see Oros Dam)
breeeia, 134
Buffalo Creek Dam, West Virginia, 78
(figure)
Index
buttress dams, 185 (figure)
accidents, 12 (table)
defined, 312
failure, 9 (figure), 12 (table)
(see also Ambursen dam; gravity dams;
multiple arch dam)
buttressing rock, 199
C
clay
California
concrete gravity dam, abutments,
199-201
concrete gravity dam, strengths, 208
risk assessment, index-based proee-
dures, 49
(see also Baldwin Hills Dam; Drum
Afterbay Dam; Hell Hole Dam;
Henshaw Dam; Nacimiento Dam;
Paeoima Dam; Pilacritos Dam;
Rush Meadows Dam; San Fernando
Valley dams; San Leandro Dam;
San Luis Dam; San Pablo Dam;
Santa Felicia Dam; Spaulding
Dam; St. Francis Dam)
camber, 58, 229 (see also freeboard)
carbonate rocks, 134-135
Castlewood Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure)
cavitation, 201-202
conduits, 266
gate areas, 269
channel routing, 95-97, 102-103, 104
(table), 105, 196
chert, 145, 147
C-horizon soils, 158-159, 162
civil defense
emergency notification of officials,
36-37
evacuation plans, 37
(see also Defense Civil Preparedness
Agency)
dispersive, 167, 169
linings, 228-229, 275
elaystone, 136-137
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
Claytor Dam, Virginia, 200
Clemson Lower Diversion Dam, South
Carolina, 243
OCR for page 341
Index
cofferdams, defined, 312 See also Union-
town Cofferdam)
colluvial soils, 165-166
Colorado See Apishapa Dam; Castlewood
Dam; Mt. Elbert Forebay Reser-
voir; Schaeffer Dam)
concrete
density, 202, 210
lift, defined, 312
linings, 228-229
quality, 201-204
steel-fiber, 204
strength, 202, 206, 210
See also asphaltic concrete; rollcrete;
shotcrete)
concrete and masonry dams
accidents, 11-12 (tables)
alkali-aggregatereactions,18-19,202-
203,208
causes of defects, 190-195 (table),280-
281 (table)
cracks, l9
deterioration, 201-203
earthquake loading, 177
earthquakes, 206-207
evaluation matrix, 190-195 (table)
failures, 6-10 (figures), 11-12 (tables)
instrumentation monitoring,270,280-
281 (table), 282-284, 305, 306
(figure)
remedial measures, 188-189,190-195
(table)
types, 183-188
See also arch dams; buttress dams;
gravity dams)
Condit Dam, Washington, 209-210
conduits
corrosion, 267
defective, 218, 261 (table), 266-268
defined, 312
piping, 234
conglomerate rocks, 134, 137
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
consolidation grouting See blanket,
grouting)
construction
date, 27
faulty, 11-12 (table), 18
materials for emergency repairs, 38
341
Corbara Dam, Italy, 203
core, defined, 312
costs
construction/direct, 65, 66 (figure), 69
(table)
risk costs, 45-47, 65,66 (figure), 69
(table)
total expected, 65, 66 (figure), 69 (table)
costs of remedial measures, 55-56
Creager formula, 73-75
crest of dam, defined, 313
crib dams, defined, 313 See also timber
crib dams)
"crown" effect, 58
crystalline rocks, 159, 162
culvert, defined, 313
curtains See blanket; drainage wells;
grouting, curtain)
cutoff trench, 163, 235-237
defined, 313
D
Daggs Dam, Arizona, 234
dam accidents
causes, l l-12 (tables)
defined, It (table)
dam break analyses, 32-33, 100-103, 104
(table), 105, 129-131
dam failures
age of dam, 4-5, 7 (figure), 18-20
chemical action, l9
concrete and masonry dams, 5, 6-10
(figures), 11-12 (tables)
cracking of concrete, l9
defined, 302
deformation, ll-12 (tables), 17
deterioration, 11-12 (tables), 17-18
"domino effect," 33
earthfill dams, 5, 6-10 (figures), 14-16
(tables)
flood flow formulas, 75-77
flow erosion, ll-12 (tables)
foundation defects, 6-7 (figures), ll-12
(tables)
gate, ll-12 (tables), 18
height of dam,5,8 (figure), 57
ICOLD surveys, 5, 6-10 (figures),
11-12 (tables), 18
OCR for page 342
342
modes, 7-16 (tables), 17-18, 32-33,
46-47,51-52
overtopping, 5,6-7 (figures),10,11-12
(tables), 14 (table)
peak discharges, 76 (figure), 78 (figure)
piping and seepage, 5, 6-7 (figures),
11-12 (tables)
probability, 5, 10 (figure)
"triggering', cause,6-9, 11-12 (tables),
14
type of dam, 5, 9-10 (figures), 11-12
(tables)
USCOLD surveys, 5-6- 11-12 (tables),
18
Dam Safety Program (see National Dam
Inspection Act)
dam size classification, 82 (table)
dams
Apishapa Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure)
Baldwin Hills Dam, California, 76
(figure), 145, 148 (figure)
Bearwallow Dam, 163
Buffalo Creek Dam, West Virginia, 78
(figure)
Castlewood Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure)
Claytor Dam, Virginia, 200
Clemson Lower Diversion Dam, South
Carolina, 243
Condit Dam, Washington, 209-210
Corbara Dam, Italy, 203
Daggs Dam, Arizona, 234
Drum Afterbay Dam, California,
202-203
Dworshak Dam, Idaho, 200-201, 204
Eberlaste Dam, Austria, 243
E1 Infiernillo Dam, 303, 305 (figure)
Granite Creek Dam, Alaska, 76 (figure)
Gwinnett County Dam, Georgia, 33
Hatchtown Dam, Utah, 76 (figure)
Hebgen Dam, Montana, 18
Helena Valley Dam, Montana, 164
(figure)
Hell Hole Dam, California, 76 (figure)
Henshaw Dam, California, 227
Indiantown Reservoir, Florida, 239,
240 (figure)
Island Park Dam, Idaho, 62-65, 66
(figure), 67
Jackson Lake Dam, 60-61,62-63
(figures)
Index
Johnstown Dam, Pennsylvania, 78
(figure)
Kortes Dam, Wyoming, 199
Koyna Dam, India, 206-207
Kranji Dam, Singapore, 243
Laguna Dam, Mexico, 243
Laurel Run Dam, Pennsylvania, 78 (figure)
Libby Dam, Montana, 204
Little Deer Creek Dam. Utah, 76
(figure)
Logan Martin Dam, Alabama, 145, 147
Malpasset Dam, France, 77, 78 (figure),
148,149 (figure), 196
Mohicanville Dam, Ohio, 229
Mt. Elbert Forebay Reservoir, Colorado,
239, 241
Nacimiento Dam, California, 265
Oahe Dam, South Dakota, 166
Oros Dam, Brazil, 76 (figure)
Pacoima Dam, California, 207
Pilacritos Dam, California, 219
Razaza Dam, Iraq, 242-243
Rush Meadows Dam, California, 203
San Fernando Valley Dam, California,
18, 219
San Leandro Dam, California, 227
San Luis Dam, California, 21D, 255
San Pablo Dam, California, 227
Santa Felicia Dam, California, 266
S˘haeffer Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure),
78 (figure)
Sheffield Dam, California, 219
Spaulding Dam, California, 210-211
St. Francis Dam, California, 76 (figure),
78 (figure), 134
Swift Dam, Montana, 76 (figure), 78
(figure)
Table Rock Dam, 299 (figure)
Teton Dam, Idaho, 8, 31, 76 (figure),
78 (figure), 148
Two Medicine Dam, Montana, 76
(figure)
Uniontown Cofferdam, Ohio, 150
Vaiont Reservoir/Dam, Italy, 272, 273
(figure)
Waco Dam, Texas, 144-145, 146-147
(figures), 300-301 (figures)
Walter F. George Dam, Alabama, 243
Willow Creek Dam, Montana, 67-68, 69
(table)
OCR for page 343
Index
Willow Creek Dam, Oregon, 209
Wolf Creek Dam, Kentucky, 243
data collection and analysis
concrete and masonry dams, 305-306
(table)
embankment dams, 299-301 (figures),
302, 303 (figure), 304 (table), 305
(figure)
decision analysis, 41-42
categories of dams, 44-45
criteria conflicts, 45
"do nothing" approach, 43, 56
"nonterminal" decisions, 44
"reference alternative," 43, 56
"terminal' decisions, 44
Defense Civil Preparedness Agency's
National Warning System
(NAWAS), 36
deformation
abutments, 196-200
dam incidents, 11-12 (tables), 17
measurements, 295 (table)
See also modulus of deformation)
degree-day method, snowmelt flood
analysis, 94
design
data, 26-27, 72
standards, 56
deterioration
dam incidents, 11-12 (tables), 17-18
instrumentation monitoring, 284
diabase, 137
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
diaphragm earth dams, 215
dike, defined, 313
discharge capacity, increasing, 106-107,
108 (figure) See also floods and
flooding, peak discharges)
dispersive clays, 167, 169
"ditch', method, slurry wall construction,
242
diversion works, 259, 310, 314 See also
upstream, diversion facilities)
Dnieper Power Station, 245-246
Dniester Power Development, 246
dolerite, 137
dolomite, 134, 135 (figure), 137
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
343
dolosse, defined, 314
'~domino effect" See dam failures,
"domino effect")
downstream development, 4, 106-107,
110-111
dam design standards, 79-80
flood flow formulas, 77
hazard potential, 28
drainage
areas, defined, 314
blankets, 228-229, 237, 314
galleries, 197, 201
systems, instrumentation monitoring,
282
wells, 13, 237, 314
zones, 213-214
drains
cleaning, 207
defective, 247-248, 262 (table), 269
finger, 315
toe, 237
See also trench drains)
drawdown, defined, 314 See also rapid
drawdown)
Drum Afterbay Dam, California, 202-203
dunes, 160-161 (figure), 166
Dworshak Dam, Idaho, 200-201, 204
earthfill dams
causes of defects, 280-281 (table)
defined, 314
diaphragm earthfill dams, 215
displacements, 303 (figure)
earthquake loading, 177-178
foundation requirements, 217
homogeneous, 213-214, 235-236, 314
hydraulic fill dams, 214, 314
instrumentation monitoring, 304 (table)
remedial measures, 228-229
stonewall-earth dams, 215
zoned, 214-215, 235, 315
See also embankment dams)
earthquakes
abutment deformation, 198-199
acceleration, 171, 173, 174 (table), 175
(figure), 176 (table), 177, 255
appurtenant structures, 270-271
OCR for page 344
344
attenuation, 179, 180 (figure)
concrete and masonry dams, 206-207
dam effects, 173, 175
epicenter, 171, 180 (figure), 315
instability, 11 (table), 18
Koyna, India (1967), 206-207
loading conditions, 253, 254 (table),
255-256
Madison Valley, Montana (1959), 18
magnitude, 171, 174-181
maximum credible earthquake (MCE),
173, 176 (table), 179, 320
operating basis earthquake (OBE), 173,
176 (table), 179, 321
reservoir-induced, 177, 274, 289, 294
Richter scale, 309
risk assessment, 54-55
San Fernando Valley, California (1971),
18, 207, 219
San Francisco, California (1906), 169
San Leandro Dam, California, 227
(see also headings beginning with the
word seismic)
Eberlaste Dam, Austria, 243
E1 Infiernillo Dam, 303, 305 (figure)
embankment-abutment contact, 230-231
embankment dams
accidents, 11 (table)
classification, 213
"crown" effect, 58
defects, 218-219, 220-226 (table), 227
defined, 314-315
drains, 247-248
evaluation matrix, 220-226 (table)
failures, 6-10 (figures), 11 (table), 14-16
(tables)
flow erosion, It (table), 12
foundations, 16 (table), 217-218
instrumentation monitoring, 280-281
(table), 284-287, 299,301
(figures), 302, 303 (figures), 304
(table), 305 (figure)
leveling the top, 58
overtopping, 14 (table), 58, 245
pipingandseepage, 12-13, 15-16
(table)
remedial measures, 218, 220-226 (table)
stability analysis, 228, 251-257
structural failures, 16 (table)
types, 213-217
Index
emergency action plane, 35
defined, 315
guidelines, 31-32, 129-131
news releases, 37
notification plans, 36-37, 39
remedial measures, 59-60
time available for response, 35
emergency potential, evaluation, 32-39
emergency repairs, 38
emergency spillway (see spillways)
Emerson Crumb test, dispersive clays, 169
energy-budget method, snowmelt flood
analysts, 94
epicenter, 171, 180 (figure), 207,315
epoxy
coatings, 196, 201-202,210,266
facings, 203
mortar, 204
erosion
appurtenant structures, 269-270
dam defects, causes of, 262-263 (table)
dispersive clays, 167, 169
flow, 11-12 (tables)
toe, 14 (table)
wave action, 13, 14 (table), 230-231
(see also cavitation; headcutting; slope
erosion)
evacuation plans, 37-38
inundation maps, 33
notification of personnel, 39
exceedance interval, defined, l00-year,
84 (table)
(see also average exceedance interval)
extrados, arch dams, 196-197, 315
extrusive rocks, 133
F
Faber inflatable dam, 109
facings
concrete, 228
defined, 315
"unite membrane, 244
rockfill dams, 215-217, 244-245
steel-reinforced, 265
synthetic materials, 203
timber, 216, 244-245
factors of safety, loading conditions, 253,
254 (table), 257
OCR for page 345
Index
failures (see dam failures)
faults,141,144
abutment areas, 189
San Francisco earthquake (1906),169
See also earthquakes)
Federal Emergency Management Agency
(FEMA), 2-3, 32
fetch, defined, 315
fibrous concrete See concrete, steel-fiber)
filters, defined, 315
finite element method, stability analysis,
205,210
Dashboards, 109, 210, 315-316
flat slab dam See Ambursen dam)
flooding
flood plain management, 60,316
flood surcharge, defined, 316
flood wall, defined, 316
hydrographs, 90-91, 319
land, permission to flood, 275
loading, 205-206
peak discharges, historical and regional
comparisons, 73,74 (figure), 75
probability, 53-54
risk assessment, 53-54
routing, defined, 316
snowmelt, 93-94
studies, sources of, 72
U.S. historical records, 53-54 See also
average exceedance interval;
channel routing; dam failures;
hydrographs; inundation maps;
probable maximum flood; spillway
design flood)
Florida See Martin County Power Plant
Cooling Pond Dike)
flows
defect detection, means of, 280-281
(table)
erosion, 11-12 (tables)
meters, 295 (table)
flumes, 293 (figure), 295 (table)
fluvial soils (see alluvial soils)
focus (hypocenter), 316
foliation planes, 141, 144
foundation
defined, 316
embankment dams, 217, 219, 222
(table), 227
treatments, 217-218
345
foundation-embankment interface, 218,
248-249
foundation failures, 132
earth dams, 16 (table)
leakage, 6-7 (figure), 11-12 (tables)
slides, 13, 16 (table), 17
fracture, defined, 144
France See Malpasset Dam)
freeboard, 99-100, 229, 249
defined, 316
parapets, 247
freeze-thaw action
abutment deformation, 198
concrete deterioration, 18-19,202
reservoir damage, 275-277
fuse plug spillways, 57, 108 (figure), 324
gabions, 199, 231, 238, 247, 316
galleries, 199, 317 See also drainage,
galleries)
gates
defective, 218, 260-262 (table), 268-270
defined, 317-318
failures, 11-12 (tables), 18
(`see also spillways)
Georgia See Gwinnett County Dam)
geotextiles, 231-232, 237-239, 240
(figure), 241
glacial soils, 160-161 (figure), 166-167
Weiss, 137
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
grain size, 152 (figure) See also soil
classification, textural)
granite, 137
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
Granite Creek Dam, Alaska, 76 (figure)
gravity dams, 183-188
abutments, 189, 199-200
accidents, 12 (table)
beam and cantilever method, 204-205
bedding planes, 189
defined, 318
earthquake loading, 177
failures, 5, 9 (figure), 12 (table)
foundation, 135 (figure)
OCR for page 346
346
gravity method, 204-205
stability analysis, 204-206
trial-load twist analysis, 204-205
gravity-transported soils, 165-166
groin, defined, 318
ground motion analyses, 171-181
(see also seismic, zones)
grout curtains, 19, 237, 249
grouting, 196, 199-200
blanket, 312
consolidation, 312
contact, 312
curtain, defined, 313
foundation seepage, 237
reservoir seepage, 275
gunite, 202
facings, 216, 244
parapet walls, 247
Gwinnett County Dam, Georgia, 33
gypsum, 13S, 137
defects, 143 (table)
H
fIatchtown Dam, Utah, 76 (figure)
hazard, defined, 318
hazardmitigation,42, 48, 106-110
hazard potential
classification, 4, 31
downstream development, 28
evaluation, 32-33, 35
inundation maps, 33, 34 (figure), 35
headcutting, 67-68 /tsee also erosion)
headrace, defined, 318
headwater
estimates, 206
level,318
Hebgen Dam, Montana, 18
heel of dam, 318
height of dam
dam failures, relationship, S,8 (figure),
57
defined, 318-319
Helena Valley Dam, Montana, 164
(figure)
Hell Hole Dam, California, 76 (figure)
Henshaw Dam, California, 227
hoists, defective, 260 (table), 268-269
Index
homogeneous earthfill dams, 213-214
defined, 314
seepage control, 235-236
settlement, 229-230
transverse cracking, 235-236
hydraulic fill dams, 214, 314
hydrograph
defined, 319
flood, 90-91, 319
unit, 95-96
ice, 275-277
Idaho risk assessment of dams, 49 See also
Dworshak Dam; Island Park Dam;
Teton Dam)
igneous rocks, 132-133
impervious core rockfill dams, 216-217
incidents (see dam accidents; dam
failures)
inclinometers, 286, 295 (table), 319
independent arch theory, 205
India (see Koyna Dam)
Indiantown Reservoir, Florida, 239, 240
(figure)
inflow design flood (IDF), 62, 65-66,
68-69
"injection method," slurry wall construc-
tion,242
inspection programs
frequency, 20-21, 23, 38, 59
informal observations, 20, 23-24
maintenance inspections, 20, 23
need for additional investigations
29-31
records development, 25
safety site inspections, 28
technical inspections, 20-23
types of inspections, 20
See also maintenance programs;
monitoring programs; National
Dam Inspection Program)
instrumentation, 278-279
data collection and analysis, 299-301
(figures), 302, 303 (figure), 304
(table), 305 (figure)
geotechnical, 295 (table)
installation methods, 295, 297-298
OCR for page 347
Index
manufacturers, 295-297 (tables)
suppliers, 295-297 (tables)
types of, 294-295
See also monitoring programs)
intensity scale, defined, 319 See also
Mercalli intensity scale)
Interagency Committee on Dam Safety
(ICODS),32
International Commission on Large Dams
(ICOLDJ, dam incidents survey,
5,6-10 (figures), 18
intrados, defined, 319
inundation maps, 33
classification of areas, 33, 35
defined, 319
emergency action plans, 129
remedial measures, 60
risk assessment, 47
sample, 34 (figure)
Iraq See Razaza Dam)
Island Park Dam, Idaho, 62-65, 66
(figure), 67
Italy See Corbara Dam; Vaiont
Reservoir/Dam)
Jackson Lake Dam, 60-61, 62-63 (figures)
JohnstownDam, Pennsylvania, 78 (figure)
joints, 141, 144-145
defect measurements, 280-281 (table)
K
karst, 135, 145
Kentucky See Wolf Creek Dam)
Kortes Dam, Wyoming, 199
Koyna Dam, India, 206-207
Kranji Dam, Singapore, 243
L
Laguna Dam, Mexico, 243
landslides (see slides and sliding)
Laurel Run Dam, Pennsylvania, 78
(figure)
leakage
abutment, 189,196
347
defined, 319
foundation, 11-12 (tables), 13
instrumentation monitoring,282,284-
285
See also piping; seepage)
Libby Dam, Montana, 204
limestone, 134-135, 137
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
. .
. .mmgs
asphalt, 145
asphaltic concrete, 228-229
clay, 228-229
concrete, 228-229
defined, 319
membrane, 239, 241
polyvinylchloride (PVC), 275
vegetated, 264
liquefaction
earthquake loading, 60-61, 62 (figure)
foundation during earthquakes, 55
Little Deer Creek Dam, Utah, 76 (figure)
loading conditions
concrete dams, 205 (figure)
defined, 320
hydrologic load, 46
risk assessment factor, 46-47
safety factors, 204
seismic loading, 46
static reservoir load, 46
loam, 152, 153 (figure)
loess, 160-161 (figure), 166
log booms, 265
Logan Martin Dam, Alabama, 145, 147
loss rates, 94
M
maintenance programs, 24-25 See also
inspection programs, maintenance
programs)
Malpasset loam, France, 77, 78 (figure),
148, 149 (figure), 196
maps, sources, 169 See also inundation
maps)
marble, 135
marl, 137, 160-161 (figure)
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
OCR for page 348
348
Martin County Power Plant Cooling Pond
Dike, Florida, 243-244
Martin-Marietta Sodyeco Chemical Plant
Waste Lagoon Dike, North
Carolina, 244
masonry dams (see concrete and masonry
dams)
maximum credible earthquake (MCE),
173, 176 (table), 179
Mercalli intensity scale, 171, 174 (table)
metamorphic rocks, 135-136
Mexico (see Laguna Dam)
micaceous rock, 138
defects, 143 (table)
micrometer gage readings, 208
Mississippi, dams, erosion problems, 167
Mississippi River Valley, aeolian soils, 166
mitigation measures (see hazard mitigation)
modes of dam failure (see dam failures,
modes)
modulus of deformation, 186, 199
modulus of elasticity, 140 (table), 186-187,
202, 210
Mohicanville Dam, Ohio, 229
monitoring programs, 59
concrete and masonry dams, 270,
280-281 (table), 282-284, 305
(figure), 306 (table)
embankment dams, 280-281 (table),
284-287, 299-301 (figures), 302,
303 (figure), 304 (table), 305 (figure)
instrumentation installation, 295,
297-298
need, 29-30
reservoirs, 280-281 (table), 287-293
(see also inspection programs)
Montana (see Hebgen Dam; Helena Valley
Dam; Libby Dam; Swift Dam; Two
Medicine Dam (Lower); Willow
Creek Dam)
monuments, 283, 285-286, 302
movements
means of detection, 280-281 (table)
measurement, 283-286
Mt. Elbert Forebay Reservoir, Colorado,
239, 241
multiple arch dams, 188 (figure)
defined, 312
stability analysis, 207-208
(see also arch dams)
Myer formula, 73-75
Index
N
Nacimiento Dam, California, 265
National Dam Inspection Act (PL 92-367),
4-5, 20, 44, 48, 81
National Program of Inspection of
Nonfederal Dams, 81-82
National Warning System (NAWAS), 36
National Weather Service (NWS)
dam break models, 102-103, 104 (table),
105, 129-131
storms, 72, 93
North Carolina
dam failure, 164
risk assessment, index-based procedures,
49
(see also Martin-Marietta Sodyeco
Chemical Plant Waste Lagoon
Dike)
notification plans (see emergency action
plans)
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
PMF peak discharges, source, 75
o
Oahe Dam, South Dakota, 166
observation wells, 289 (figure), 295 (table)
Ohio (see Mohicanville Dam)
Ohio River (see Uniontown Cofferdam)
operating basis earthquake (OBE), 173,
176 (table), 179, 321
Oregon (see Willow Creek Dam)
Oros Dam, Brazil, 76 (figure)
outlet works, 259
defective, 218, 260 (table)
obstructions, 265-266
siphons, 268
outlets
defined, 321
low-level, 98
overtopping, 245-247
dam failures, 5, 6-7 (figures), 10,
11-12 (tables), 14 (table)
designing for, 106-107, 110
failure score, 49-50
remedial measures, 245
risk assessment, 49-50, 61, 62-63
(figures)
(see also spillways)
OCR for page 349
Inaex
p
Pacific Gas and Electric Company
concrete dams, sealing materials, 203
Spaulding dams, California, 210-211
timber facings repair, 245
Pacoima Dam, California, 207
parapet walls, 109, 229, 247, 265, 321
parshall flume, 293 (figure)
peak flows
defined, 321
maximum peak flows equation, 77, 78
(figure)
pegmatite, 138
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
Pennsylvania, risk assessment of dams, 49
(see also Johnstown Dam; Laurel
Run Dam)
penstock, defined, 321
peridotite, 138
defects, 143 (table)
photographs
construction of dam, 25
damage cost assessments, 68-69
inspection programs, 22-23, 284
phreatic surface, defined, 321
phyllite, 138
strength, 140 (table)
piezometric readings/piezometers, 20-22,
38, 149, 233, 239, 243, 272,
286-288, 295 (table), 299-301
(figures)
defined, 321
frequency of readings, 304 (table)
seepage analysis, 254
Pilacritos Dam, California, 219
Pinhole test, for dispersive clays, 169
piping, 233-234, 243-244
dam incidents, 5, 6-7 (figures), 8-9,
11-12 (tables), 15 (table)
defined, 321
embankment dams, 11 (table), 13, 15
(table)
foundation, 11-12 (tables), 15 (table)
(see also leakage; seepage)
plunge basin, defined, 321
plutonic rocks, 132-133
Point Loma landslide, California, 293
(figure)
Poissons ratio, 202
349
polymers, 203 (see also geotextiles; synthetic
fabrics)
polysulfide, 203
pore pressures, 218-219, 280-281 (table)
defined, 322
instrumentation, 295 (table)
precipitation (see probable maximum
precipitation)
pressure relief wells (see relief wells)
probable maximum flood (PMF), 68-69
defined, 54, 84 (table), 322
estimates, 89-90, 93
flood risk assessment, 53-54
peak discharges, 75, 76 (figure), 77, 78
(figure), 114-121
snowmelt floods, 93-94
probable maximum precipitation (PMP)
defined, 322
distribution to basin subareas, 90-91
hydrographs, 91
hydrometeorological reports, 88 (figure)
seasonal variations, 90
storm data, 122-124 (figures), 125-128
(tables)
storms, result of, 93
time distribution, 91
protective armors, 245-246
pseudostatic methods of analysis (see
seismic analysis)
pulse velocity measurements, 202
pumice, 133, 138
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
pyrites, 202-203
Q
quartzite, 135, 138
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
R
radio communication systems, 37
rainfall, measurements, 280-281 (table)
(see also probable maximum
precipitation)
rapid drawdown, 218-219, 227
lining failure, 228
OCR for page 350
350
loading condition, 253, 254 (table), 255
slope instability, 227
Razaza Dam, Iraq, 242-243
records of dam, 25, 28-29
recreation areas
emergency notification of users, 37
hazard potential, 33, 35
relief walls (see drainage, wells)
remedial measures
appurtenant structures, 260-263 (table)
embankment dams, 218, 220-226 (table)
initiation, 39
modifications of the dam, 56-57
nonstructural, 55, 59-60
overtopping, 245-247
reservoir seepage, 274-275
slope erosion, 231-233
spillway modifications, 57
status quo alternative, 56
structural, 55-59
reservoirs
area, 322
causes of defects, 280-281 (table)
defined, 322
failures, 132
induced earthquakes, 177, 274, 289, 294
instrumentation monitoring, 280-281
(table), 287-288, 289-293 (figures),
306
level, 97, 227, 321
loading conditions, 46
regulation, 59
routing, 98-99, 104 (table), 105, 322
sedimentation, 273-274
seepage, 274-275
storage capacities, increasing, 106,
108-109
surface, 322
residual soils, 158-159, 160-161 (figure),
162-163
residuum
clayey, 162
conglomerate, 163
sandstone, 163
resins, 204
epoxy-based, 203
polyester-based, 203
(see also sealing materials)
response spectra, 171, 175-176, 177
(figure), 207
Index
revetments, 231-232
Richter scale, 322-323
riprap, 13, 19, 231, 238, 241, 245, 269
defined, 323
risers, 266
risk analysis/risk assessment
analytical (probability) approach, 52
case studies
Island Park Dam, Idaho, 62-65, 66
(figure), 67
Jackson Lake Dam, 60-61, 62-63
(figures)
Willow Creek Dam, Montana, 67-68,
69 (table)
defined, 323
earthquakes, 54-55
empirical (historical frequency)
approach, 52
floods, 53-54
formal (quantitative) assessment, 45-46
format, 46-47
index-based (qualitative) procedures, 45,
49-50
judgmental approach, 41-42, 52
methodology, 43-47
models, 47-49
probabilistic approach, 41-43, 52
qualitative approach, 45, 49-50
quantitative approach, 45-46
role in dam safety, 41-43
screening procedures, 47-49
static loading, 51-52
subjective process, 45
risk costs of dam failure, 46-47, 65, 66
(figure), 68, 69 (table)
defined, 323
rock anchor, 323
rock bolts, 199, 323
rock classification, 132-136
rock strength, 140 (table)
rock types, 136-138
defects, 141, 143 (tables), 144
geologic age, 141
mode of deposition, 141
physical properties, 139, 140 (table), 141,
143 (tables), 144
specific gravity, 140 (table)
rockfill dams
causes of defects, 280-281
defined, 213, 314
OCR for page 351
Index
displacements, 303 (figure)
faced, 215-217, 244-245
foundation requirements, 217-218
impervious core, 216-217
seepage control, 235, 236
settlement, 230
steel-reinforcement, 246-247
timber facings repair, 244-245
rockfilled crib dams (see timber crib dams)
rodent damage, 24, 218, 236-237
rollcrete, 209, 323
rolled fill dams, defined, 314-315
routing (see channel routing; reservoir
routing)
rubble (see talus)
rubble dam, 323
runoff
diversions, 106-107, 109
models, 94-96
Rush Meadows Dam, California, 203
S
safety evaluation, 25, 30
construction data, 27
design data, 26-27
federal guidelines, 31
maintenance records, 27-28
operating records, 27-28
report of findings, 29
Safety Evaluation of Existing Dams
(SEED), 49-SO, 51 (table)
San Fernando Valley dams, California, 18,
219
San Leandro Dam, California, 227
San Luis Dam, California, 219, 255
San Pablo Dam, California, 227
sand filters, 196
sandstone, 134-135, 138
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
Santa Felicia Dam, California, 266
scaling, 199, 202
Schaeffer Dam, Colorado, 76 (figure),
78 (figure)
schist, 135, 138-139
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
scree (see talus)
351
sealing materials, 196
conduits, 266-267
reservoirs, 275
sedimentary rocks, 133-135
sedimentation, 273-274
seepage, 233-237
abutment areas, L89, 196
alluvial soils, 164
concrete dams, 189, 196
dam defects, 218
dam failures, 6-7 (figures), 8-9, 14-16
(table)
defined, 323
embankment dams, 6-7 (figures), 14-16
(table), 235-237
foundation, 217-218, 236-237
hazard rating criteria, 51 (table)
instrumentation, 282, 284-285, 295
(table)
loading condition, 253, 254 (table)
reservoir defect, 274-275
(see also leakage; piping)
seiche, 54
. .
seismic
analyses, 256-257
intensity scale, 171, 174 (table), 319
loading, 46, 54-55, 257
measurements, 280-281 (table), 284
reservoir loading, 274, 289, 294
zones, S1 (table), 168 (figure), 170
(figure), 171, 172 (figure), 207
seismographs, 289, 294
seismometers, 289, 294
sensitivity analysis, 65-66
serpentine, 139
defects, 143 (table)
settlement
conduit foundations, 267
embankment dams, 218, 229-230
measurements, 303 (figure)
shale, 134, 139
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
shear strength
evaluation, 256
loading condition, 254 (table), 256
shear zones, 141, 144
abutment areas, 189
Sheffield Dam, California, 219
shortcrete, 216
OCR for page 352
352
sill, 324
siltstone, 134, 139
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
Singapore (see Kranji Dam)
siphon spillway (see spillways)
slab-and-buttress dams (see buttress dams)
slate, 139
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
slides and sliding, 262, 263 (figure),
272-273
concrete and masonry dams, 11-12
(tables)
embankment dams, 11 (table), 13, 16
(table), 17
flow slide, 16 (table)
foundation slide, 13, 16 (table), 17
gravity dams, 207-211
landslide materials, 165-166
notification of highway officials, 39
reservoirs, 272, 273 (figure), 288-289
slope, defined, 324
slope erosion
downstream, 231-232
embankment dams, 218
remedial measures, 231-233
slope instability, 218-219, 251-253
causes, 227
reservoirs, 272-274, 288-289
slope protection, 233
damage, 11 (table), 13
defined, 324
upstream, 231-232
vegetative, 232
slurry trench, defined, 324
slurry walls, 237
bentonite, 239, 240 (figure)
"injection"/vibrated beam method, 242
installation, 241-244
"trench" construction method, 242-243
snowmelt floods, 93-94, 96-97
soil classification, 151
descriptive, 151-152, 153 (figure)
engineering, 152, 154-157 (figures)
geologic, 151, 160-161 (figure), 169
pediologic, 151, 152, 169
textural, 151
Unified Soil Classification System, 152,
154-157 (figures)
Index
Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
dam break models, 101-102, 104 (table),
105
dispersive clay test, 169
flood studies, 72
spillway capacity guidelines, 81-82
soils, 149-163
aeolian, 160-161 (figure), 166
A-horizon, 156
alluvial (fluvial), 163-165
B-horizon, 158-159
C-horizon, 158-159, 162
classification, 151, 152-157 (figures), 158
cohesive, 227
colluvial, 165-166
glacial, 160-161 (figure), 166-167
map sources, 169
survey maps, 169
residual, 158-159, 160-161 (figure),
162-163
tests for dispersive clays, 163
transported, 160-161 (figure), 163-167
sonic velocity measurements, 202, 210,
280-281 (table), 298
South Carolina (see Clemson Lower
Diversion Dam)
South Dakota (see Oahe Dam)
Southern California Edison Company,
concrete dam sealing materials,
203
Spaulding dams, California, 210-211
specific gravity, rock, 140 (table)
spillways
capacity criteria, 77-83, 84 (table)
defective, 260 (table)
defects, 218, 259-265
defined, 324-325
emergency, 57, 67-68
fuse plug type, 57, 108 (figure), 324
inspection programs, 22
modifications, 57
obstructions, 265-266
siphon, 263-264, 325
slide blockage, 197
stilling basins, 264, 325
(see also gates; overtopping)
spillway design flood (SDF), 71, 77-78, 263
defined, 83, 325
envelope curve method, 84-86
frequency-based floods, 84-86
OCR for page 353
Index
gravity dams, 205-206
hydrologic evaluation guidelines, 84
(table)
hydrometeorological method, 84-87
site-specific determinations, 85, 87, 89
stability analyses, 205-206
stability analysis
concrete dams, 204-207, 273-274
embankment dams, 228, 251-257
finite element method, 205, 210
methods, 252-253
sedimentation, 273-274
static loading, risk assessment for dam
failure, 46, 51-52
steel dam failures, 11 (table)
steel reinforcement, 202, 204, 246-247, 265
St. Francis Dam, California, 76 (figure),
78 (figure), 134
stonewall-earth dams, 215
stoplogs, defined, 311
See also log booms)
storms
antecedent, 93
NWS estimates, 72
PMP estimates, 122-124 (figures),
125-128 (tables)
stub towers See risers)
Swift Dam, Montana, 76 (figure), 78
(figure)
synthetic fabrics, 237-239, 240 (figure), 241
synthetic materials, 203-204, 228-231
T
Table Rock Dam, piezometer readings, 299
(figure)
tailwater level
defined, 325
estimates, 206
talus, 165
TAMS, dam break model, 103, 104 (table)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA), dam
break model, 103, 104 (table)
Teton Dam, Idaho, 8, 31, 76 (figure), 78
(figure), 148
Texas See Waco Cam)
textural classification See soil classification,
textural)
353
thrust See arch dams, thrust)
timber
facings, 216, 244-245
parapet walls, 247
timber crib dams
deterioration, 19
failures, 6 (table), 17
rockfilled, 216-217
toe of dam
defined, 326
drains, 15 (table), 237
erosion, 9, 11, 14 (table)
piping, 164
weight, 326
transported soils, 160-161 (figure), 163-167
trash racks, 259, 265-266, 269, 276, 326
tree root damage See vegetation)
trench, backfilled, 229 See also cutoff
trench; slurry trench; slurry walls)
trial-load twist analysis, 204-205
"triggering," cause of failure, 6-7, 8
(table), 9, 11-12 (tables)
tuff, 139
defects, 143 (table)
strength, 140 (table)
Two Medicine Dam, Montana, 76 (figure)
U
Unified Soil Classification System, 152,
154-157 (figures)
Uniontown Cofferdam, Ohio, 150
United States Committee on Large Dams
(USCOLD)
dam and spillway design standards,
79-80
dam incidents survey, 5-6, 11-12 (tables)
uplift pressures, 200-201, 207, 234
concrete and masonry dams, 19
defined, 326
drainage system defects, 269
embankment dams, 247-248
instrumentation monitoring, 282-283
measurements, 280-281 (table)
slurry walls, 241
upstream
diversion facilities, 57-58, 109
slope failure, 16 (table)
See also blanket, upstream)
OCR for page 354
354
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
dam break models
lIagen (uniform procedure), 102, 104
(table)
HEC-1, 103, 104 (table), 105
dam safety inspection guidelines, 81
flood studies, 72
Hydrologic Engineering Center (HE C),
103, 104 (table), 105
risk assessment, index-based procedures,
49-50
spillway capacity guidelines, 81-82
See also National Dam Inspection Act
(PL 92-367~)
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation
flood studies, 72
ground motion analyses, 175 (figure)
loading, safety factors, 204
risk assessment, 60-61, 62-63 (figures)
spillway capacity guidelines, 81-82
See also Safety Evaluation of Existing
Dams)
Utah (see Hatchtown Dam; Little Deer
Creek Dam)
V
Vaiont Reservoir/Dam, Italy, 272, 273
(figure)
vegetation
grass slope protection, 232
linings, 264
tree and brush damage, 218, 236-237,
249-251
vibration, 201, 268-269
Index
Virginia See Claytor Dam)
volcanic rocks, 133, 155 (figure)
surface deposits, 155 (figure)
W
Waco Dam, Texas, 144-145, 146-147
(figures), 300-301 (figures)
Walter F. George Dam, Alabama, 243
warning systems, dam failure See
emergency action plans; evacuation
plans; Defense Civil Preparedness
Agency)
Washington See Condit Dam)
Water Resources Council
Interagency Hydrology Committee, 53
watershed
divide, 327
modeling, 94-95
wave wall, 327
weirs, 288, 292 (figure), 295 (table)
defined, 327
leveling, 58
West Virginia See Buffalo Creek Dam)
Willow Creek Dam, Montana, 67-68, 69
(table)
Willow Creek Dam, Oregon, 209
Wolf Creek Dam, Kentucky, 243
Wyoming See Kortes Dam)
zoned earthfill dams, 214-215, 235, 315
Representative terms from entire chapter:
embankment dams
