Items in cart [0] Questions? Call 888-624-8373

Rights & Permissions Free Resources Display this book on your site! Related Titles Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients) Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate Other Related Titles Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries (1981) Board on Agriculture (BOA) Web Search Builder Use this book's key terms to search within this book, across our collection, or across the Web. Skim This Chapter Skim this chapter and use this chapter's key terms to search within this book. Reference Finder Paste in your own text to find books that relate to your topic. Page 73   E-mail  Facebook  Digg  Stumble  Twitter More The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Ace, D.L. 1978. Dairy goats require lots of care just to break even, p. 357. In Yearbook of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Agraz, Garcia, A.A. 1958. La cabra lechera, fuente de riqueza para el campesino. (The dairy goat, a source of wealth for the small farmer.) Bartolome Trucco Publ., Mexico City, Mexico. Agricultural Research Institute Cyprus. 1964. Cost and returns of sheep and goats. Farm Manage. Rep. 3. Anonymous. 1973. Indagine nazionale su alcuni aspetti degli allevamenti e delle produzioni caprine. (National research on aspects of dairy goat production.) Ministero dell’ Agricoltura e delle Foreste, Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, Rome, Italy. Banco Nacional Agropecuario. 1971. Goat husbandry: An important animal resource. Mexico City, Mexico. Benzie, D., and A.T.Phillipson. 1957. The alimentary tract of the ruminant. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, Scotland. Bhattacharya, A.N. 1980. Research on goat nutrition and management in Mediterranean Middle East, and adjacent Arab countries. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1681. Brandsch, H., and W.Kruger. 1970. Stand und zuechterische Entwicklungsmoeglicheiten der Ziegen- und Milchschafzucht. (Situation and possibilities of development in goat and milk sheep breeding.) Arch. Gefluegelzucht Kleintierkunde. 19:255. Bula, R.J., V.L.Lechtenberg, D.A.Holt, L.R.Humphreys, L.V. Crowder, and T.W.Box. 1977. Potential of the world’s forages for ruminant animal production. Winrock Int. Livestock Res. Training Center, Morrilton, Ark. Choveiri, G. 1973. The Damascus goat, the future milking animal of the Mediterranean countries. In Proc. 3rd World Conf. Anim. Prod., vol. 1, Melbourne, Australia. Clamohoy, L.L., V.G.Arganosa, and O.A.Palad. 1959. Exploratory goat dairying with native and grade goats. Philipp. Agric. 43:243. Corbett, J.A. 1978. The goats’ role in subsistence development. Dairy Goat J. 56:7. Crawford, L.V., and F.T.Grogan. 1961. Allergenicity of cow’s milk proteins. IV. Relationship to goats’ milk proteins as studied by serum-agar precipitation. J. Pediatr. 59:347. Devendra, C. 1975. Sheep and goat production in Guyana. Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol. 92:305. Devendra, C. 1979. Goat and sheep production potential in the ASEAN region. World Anim. Rev. 32:33. Devendra, C. 1980. Milk production in goats compared to buffalo and cattle in humid tropics. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1755. Devendra, C., and M.Burns. 1970. Goat production in the tropics. Commonw. Bur. Anim. Breed. Genet. Tech. Commun. 19. Devendra, C., and K.Nozawa. 1976. Goats in South East Asia—their status and production. Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol. 93:101. Eker, M. 1961. Problems arising from nomadism and transhumance of goat flocks in Turkey, p. 120. In Yearbook faculty agriculture. University of Ankara, Turkey. Fitzhugh, H.A., H.J.Hodgson, O.J.Scoville, T.D.Nguyen, and T.C.Byerly. 1978. The role of ruminants in support of man. Winrock Int. Livestock Res. Training Center, Morrilton, Ark. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1979. Production yearbook. FAO, Rome, Italy. French, M.H. 1970. Observations on the goat. Food Agric. Org. Agric. Stud. 80, Rome, Italy. Gall, C. 1980. Relationship between body conformation and production in dairy goats. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1768. Gamble, J.A., N.R.Ellis, and A.K.Besley. 1939. Composition and properties of goat’s milk as compared with cow’s milk. USDA Techn. Bull. 671. Grieder, H.R., and A.Buergin-Wolff. 1961. Development of allergy towards several nutrient materials in the same infant with detection of the corresponding antibodies. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 91:747. Guss, S. 1977. Management and diseases of dairy goats. Dairy Goat J. Publ., Scottsdale, Ariz. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1978. Dairy goat management. J. Dairy Sci. 61:1011. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1980a. Status of world literature on dairy goats—introductory remarks. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1591. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1980b. Nutrient requirements of goats, past and present. Int. Goat Sheep Res. 1:79. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1981. Dairy goat industry of the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 64:1288. Hanson, L.A., and H.J.Andersen. 1962. A comparison of the antigenic relationships of human milk and goats’ milk to bovine milk. Acta Paediatr. Stockholm 51:509. Harris, E. 1980. Southern agriculture corporations experience in marketing goat dairy products. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1649. Hofmeyr, H.S., D.M.Joubert, F.J.G.Badenhorst, and G.J.van D. Steyn. 1965. Adaptability of sheep and goats to a South African tropical environment. Proc. S. Afr. Soc. Anim. Prod. 4:191. Page 73 Front Matter (R1-R8) 1 Introduction (1-1) 2 Nutrient Requirements (2-9) 3 Table of Nutrient Requirements (10-12) 4 Herbage and Browse Utilization (13-14) 5 Ration Formulation and Examples of Typical Rations (15-20) 6 Nutrition-Related Metabolic Disorders (21-23) 7 Feed Composition Tables (24-72) Bibliography (73-91)

Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.

OCR for page 73
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries BIBLIOGRAPHY INTRODUCTION Ace, D.L. 1978. Dairy goats require lots of care just to break even, p. 357. In Yearbook of Agriculture. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Agraz, Garcia, A.A. 1958. La cabra lechera, fuente de riqueza para el campesino. (The dairy goat, a source of wealth for the small farmer.) Bartolome Trucco Publ., Mexico City, Mexico. Agricultural Research Institute Cyprus. 1964. Cost and returns of sheep and goats. Farm Manage. Rep. 3. Anonymous. 1973. Indagine nazionale su alcuni aspetti degli allevamenti e delle produzioni caprine. (National research on aspects of dairy goat production.) Ministero dell’ Agricoltura e delle Foreste, Associazione Nazionale della Pastorizia, Rome, Italy. Banco Nacional Agropecuario. 1971. Goat husbandry: An important animal resource. Mexico City, Mexico. Benzie, D., and A.T.Phillipson. 1957. The alimentary tract of the ruminant. Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh, Scotland. Bhattacharya, A.N. 1980. Research on goat nutrition and management in Mediterranean Middle East, and adjacent Arab countries. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1681. Brandsch, H., and W.Kruger. 1970. Stand und zuechterische Entwicklungsmoeglicheiten der Ziegen- und Milchschafzucht. (Situation and possibilities of development in goat and milk sheep breeding.) Arch. Gefluegelzucht Kleintierkunde. 19:255. Bula, R.J., V.L.Lechtenberg, D.A.Holt, L.R.Humphreys, L.V. Crowder, and T.W.Box. 1977. Potential of the world’s forages for ruminant animal production. Winrock Int. Livestock Res. Training Center, Morrilton, Ark. Choveiri, G. 1973. The Damascus goat, the future milking animal of the Mediterranean countries. In Proc. 3rd World Conf. Anim. Prod., vol. 1, Melbourne, Australia. Clamohoy, L.L., V.G.Arganosa, and O.A.Palad. 1959. Exploratory goat dairying with native and grade goats. Philipp. Agric. 43:243. Corbett, J.A. 1978. The goats’ role in subsistence development. Dairy Goat J. 56:7. Crawford, L.V., and F.T.Grogan. 1961. Allergenicity of cow’s milk proteins. IV. Relationship to goats’ milk proteins as studied by serum-agar precipitation. J. Pediatr. 59:347. Devendra, C. 1975. Sheep and goat production in Guyana. Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol. 92:305. Devendra, C. 1979. Goat and sheep production potential in the ASEAN region. World Anim. Rev. 32:33. Devendra, C. 1980. Milk production in goats compared to buffalo and cattle in humid tropics. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1755. Devendra, C., and M.Burns. 1970. Goat production in the tropics. Commonw. Bur. Anim. Breed. Genet. Tech. Commun. 19. Devendra, C., and K.Nozawa. 1976. Goats in South East Asia—their status and production. Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol. 93:101. Eker, M. 1961. Problems arising from nomadism and transhumance of goat flocks in Turkey, p. 120. In Yearbook faculty agriculture. University of Ankara, Turkey. Fitzhugh, H.A., H.J.Hodgson, O.J.Scoville, T.D.Nguyen, and T.C.Byerly. 1978. The role of ruminants in support of man. Winrock Int. Livestock Res. Training Center, Morrilton, Ark. Food and Agriculture Organization. 1979. Production yearbook. FAO, Rome, Italy. French, M.H. 1970. Observations on the goat. Food Agric. Org. Agric. Stud. 80, Rome, Italy. Gall, C. 1980. Relationship between body conformation and production in dairy goats. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1768. Gamble, J.A., N.R.Ellis, and A.K.Besley. 1939. Composition and properties of goat’s milk as compared with cow’s milk. USDA Techn. Bull. 671. Grieder, H.R., and A.Buergin-Wolff. 1961. Development of allergy towards several nutrient materials in the same infant with detection of the corresponding antibodies. Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 91:747. Guss, S. 1977. Management and diseases of dairy goats. Dairy Goat J. Publ., Scottsdale, Ariz. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1978. Dairy goat management. J. Dairy Sci. 61:1011. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1980a. Status of world literature on dairy goats—introductory remarks. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1591. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1980b. Nutrient requirements of goats, past and present. Int. Goat Sheep Res. 1:79. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1981. Dairy goat industry of the United States. J. Dairy Sci. 64:1288. Hanson, L.A., and H.J.Andersen. 1962. A comparison of the antigenic relationships of human milk and goats’ milk to bovine milk. Acta Paediatr. Stockholm 51:509. Harris, E. 1980. Southern agriculture corporations experience in marketing goat dairy products. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1649. Hofmeyr, H.S., D.M.Joubert, F.J.G.Badenhorst, and G.J.van D. Steyn. 1965. Adaptability of sheep and goats to a South African tropical environment. Proc. S. Afr. Soc. Anim. Prod. 4:191.

OCR for page 74
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Iloeje, M.U., T.R.Rounsaville, R.E.McDowell, G.R.Wiggans, and L.D.Van Vleck. 1980. Age-season adjustment factors for Alpine, LaMancha, Nubian, Saanen and Toggenburg dairy goats. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1309. Institut Technique de l’Elevage Ovin et Caprin. 1971. Proc. 2nd Internat. Conf. Goat Breeding at Tours. Inst. Techn. de l’Elevage Ovin Caprin Publ., Paris, France. Institut Technique de l’Elevage Orin et Caprin. 1981. Proc. Symp. Internat. Nutrition and Systems of Goat Feeding at Tours. Inst. Techn. de l’Elevage Orin Caprin Publ., Paris, France. Jenness, R. 1980. Composition and characteristics of goat milk: Review 1968–1979. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1605. Joubert, D.M. 1973. Goats in the animal agriculture of Southern Africa. Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol. 90:245. Larson, B.L. 1978. The dairy goat as a model in lactation studies. J. Dairy Sci. 61:1023. Leach, K. 1980. Milk production trends in dairy goats. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1600. Loewenstein, M., S.J.Speck, H.M.Barnhart, and J.F.Frank. 1980. Research on goat milk products: A review. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1631. Lowe., H.J. 1943. Goats as a source of milk in tsetse areas. E. Afr. Agric. J. 8:238. Mack, P.B. 1953. A preliminary nutrition study of the value of goats’ milk in the diet of children. Am. Goat Soc. Yearb. Maubecin, R.A. 1973. La explotacion del ganado caprino en la Republica Argentina. (Exploitation of goat breeding in the Argentine Republic.) Inst. Nac. Tecnol. Agropecu. 55:25. Maule, J.P. 1966. A note on dairy goats in the tropics. Anim. Breed. Abstr. 34:153. McDowell, R.E., and L.Bove. 1977. The goat as a producer of meat Cornell Int. Agric. Mimeo 56. Meklenburcev, R.N. 1949. The ecology of the Siberian mountain goat in the Pamirs. Zool. Z. 28:482. Morand-Fehr, P., and M.deSimiane. 1977. Proc. Nutr. Goats Mediterran., Granada, Spain. National Research Council, Institute of Laboratory Animal Resources. 1974. Ruminants, cattle, sheep and goats: Guidelines for the breeding, care and management of laboratory animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Nottbohm, F.E., and K.Phillipi. 1933. Die Sonderstellung der Ziegenmilch und die Zusammensetzung des Ziegenblutes. (The unique position of goat milk and the composition of goat blood.) Z. Unters. Lebensm. 66:289. Oppong, E.N.W. 1965. A note on goats in Ghana with reference to the need to develop goat husbandry to improve the nation’s diet. Ghana Fmr. 9:144. Parkash, S., and R.Jenness. 1968. The composition and characteristics of goats’ milk: A review. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 30:67. Rogers, A.L., L.F.Erickson, A.S.Hoversland, Y.Metcalfe, and P.L.Clary. 1969. Management of a colony of African pygmy goats for biomedical research. Yale Anim. Care 19:181. Sands, M., and R.E.McDowell. 1978. The potential of the goat for milk production in the tropics. Cornell Int. Agric. Mimeo 60. Sanfiorenzo, J. 1962. Evaluation of six breeding lines of milk goats. J. Agric. Univ. P.R. 46:205. Saperstein, S. 1960. Antigenicity of the whey proteins in evaporated cow’s milk and whole goat’s milk. Ann. Allergy 18:765. Schaefer, H. 1967. Sheep and goats as rivals in the arid savannah. Proc. Techn. Econ. Probl. Prod. Sheep, Goats, Fur-bearing Anim. Milan, Italy. Shannon, J.L. 1956. Care and management of dairy goats in Trinidad and Tobago. Department of Agriculture Bull. 9, Trinidad and Tobago. Shelton, M. 1980a. Angora goat and mohair production, p. 362. In M.E.Ensminger, Sheep and goat handbook, vol. 1. Agriservices Foundation, Clovis, California. Shelton, M. 1980b. Meat goat production, p. 369. In M.E.Ensminger, Sheep and goat handbook, vol. 1. Agriservices Foundation, Clovis, California. Shkolnik, A., E.Maltz, and S.Gordin. 1980. Desert conditions and goat milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1749. Singh, S.N., and O.P.S.Sengar. 1970. Investigation on milk and meat potentialities of Indian goats, 1965–70. Final Techn. Report Project A7-AH-18. Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri (Agra), India. Skinner, J.D. 1972. Utilisation of the Boer goat for intensive animal production. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 4:120. Terrill, C.E. 1980. Future of sheep and goat production in the United States, p. 88. In M.E.Ensminger, Sheep and goat handbook, vol. 1. Agriservices Foundation, Clovis, California. Wahid, A. 1965. Goat raising in Pakistan. Agric. Pakistan 16:509. Woinoff, O. 1949. Die Entwicklung der westdeutschen Ziegenzucht in den Jahren 1938–1948 und ihre volkswirtschaftliche Bedeutung. (Development of the West German goat industry 1938–1948 and its economic significance.) Der Ziegenzuechter. 40:149. Zorn, W., H.Brueggemann, G.Comberg, and A.Ott. 1938. Ziege oder Milchschaf in den Kleinstbetrieben. (Dairy goats or milk sheep in part-time farming.) Z.Tierz. Zuechtungbiol. 41:257. ENERGY Adu, I.F. 1975. The effect of steaming up on the birth weight, lactation and growth of West African dwarf sheep. Ph.D. thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Agricultural Research Council. 1965. Nutrient requirements of farm livesotck. 2. Ruminant. Agric. Res. Counc., London, England. Akinsoyinu, A.O. 1974. Studies on protein and energy utilization by the West African dwarf goats. Ph.D. thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Akinsoyinu, A.O., A.U.Mba, and F.O.Olubaja. 1978. Studies on energy and protein utilization for pregnancy and lactation by the West African dwarf goats in Nigeria. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 40:113. Beger, C. 1907. Untersuchungen ueber die Einwirkung von Nahrungsfett als Emulsion und als Substanz auf die Milchproduktion. (Studies of the effects of fat as emulsion or unemulsified on milk production.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 67:1. Beger, C., O.Doll, and G.Fingerling. 1901. Fuetterungsversuche mit Milchschafen und Ziegen ueber den Einfluss des Nahningsfettes auf Menge und Zusammensetzung der Milch. (Feeding studies with milk sheep and goats on the effects of feed fat upon milk yield and composition.) Chem. Z. 31:951. Bender, R.C., and L.A.Maynard. 1932. Fat metabolism in goats. J. Dairy Sci. 15:242. Blaxter, K.L. 1967. The energy metabolism of ruminants. Hutchinson, London, England. Brody, S. 1938. Growth and development with special reference to domestic animals. Vol. 49. Growth, milk production, energy metabolism, and energetic efficiency of milk production in goats. Mo. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 291. Brody, S. 1945. Bioenergetics and growth. Reinhold, New York. Crampton, E.W. 1963. Nutrition to caloric ratios. J. Nutr. 82:3. Cunningham, H.M., and J.K.Loosli. 1954. The effect of fat-free diets on lambs and goats. J. Anim. Sci. 13:265. Devendra, C. 1967a. Studies on the nutrition of the indigenous

OCR for page 75
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries goat of Malaysia. I. The maintenance requirements of pen-fed goats. Malays. Agric. J. 46:80. Devendra, C. 1967b. Studies in the nutrition of the indigenous goat of Malaysia. II. The requirements for live weight gain. Malays. Agric. J. 46:98. Devendra, C. 1975. Biological efficiency of milk production in dairy goats. World Rev. Anim. Prod. 11:46. Devendra, C., and M.Burns. 1970. Goat production in the tropics. Commonw. Bur. Anim. Breed. Genet Tech. Commun. 19. Evans, R.E. 1960. Rations for livestock. 15th Ed. Minist. Agric. Fish Food Bull. 48, London, England. Fehr, P.M., and J.Delage. 1973. Effet du niveau energetique du regime sur l’utilisation par la mamelle de chevre de l’acetate comme precurseur des acides gras du lait. (The effect of energy level of diet on the utilization by goat mammary gland of acetate as a precursor of fatty acids in milk.) C.R. Acad. Sci. 267D:3449. Flatt, W.P., P.W.Moe, L.A.Moore, K.Breirem, and A.Ekern. 1972. Energy requirements of cows for lactation, p. 385. In W. Lenkeit and K.Breirem, Handbook of animal nutrition, vol. 2. P.Parey, Hamburg, West Germany. Gallagher, J.R., and M.Shelton. 1972. Efficiencies of conversion of feed to fiber of Angora goats and Rambouillet sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 34:319. Garrett, W.N., J.H.Mayer, and G.P.Lofgreen. 1959. The comparative energy requirements of sheep and cattle for maintenance and gain. J. Anim. Sci. 18:228. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1950. Stoffwechsel und Energiehaushalt der Ziege. (Nutrition and energy metabolism of goats.) Thesis, University of Hohenheim-Stuttgart, West Germany. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1980. Nutrient requirements of dairy goats past and present. Int. Goat Sheep Res. 1:79. Huston, J.E. 1978. Symposium: Dairy goats. Forage utilization and nutrient requirements of the goat. J. Dairy Sci. 61:988. Huston, J.E., M.Shelton, and W.C.Ellis. 1971. Nutritional requirements of the Angora goat. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 1105. Hutjens, M.F., and L.H.Schultz. 1971. Effect of feeding soybeans or formaldehyde-treated soybeans on lipid metabolism in ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 54:1876. Itoh, M., T.Haryu, R.Tano, and K.Iwasaki. 1979. Maintenance requirements of energy and protein for castrated Japanese native goats. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 49:1427. Knowles, F., and J.E.Watkins. 1938. The milk of goats under English conditions. J. Dairy Res. 9:153. Magee, H.E. 1924. Studies on the metabolism of the ruminant by indirect calorimetry. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 14:506. Magee, H.E. 1932. Studies on the digestion by ruminants. J. Exp. Biol. 9:409. McDonald, P., R.A.Edwards, and J.F.O.Greenhalgh. 1973. Animal nutrition. Oliver and Boyd, London, England. Majumdar, B.N. 1960. Studies on goat nutrition. 1. Minimum protein requirement of goats for maintenance—endogenous urinary nitrogen and metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion studies. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 54:329. Morand-Fehr, P., and M.deSimiane. 1977. Proc. Nutr. Goats Mediterran., Granada, Spain. Morand-Fehr, P., and D.Sauvant. 1980. Composition and yield of goat milk as affected by nutritional manipulation. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1671. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and G.Fingerling. 1905. Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss des Nahrungsfettes und einiger anderer Futterbestandteile auf die Milchproduktion. (Studies on the effects of feed fat and some other constituents on milk production.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 61:1. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and G.Fingerling. 1906. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber die Wirkung der einzelnen Naehrstoffe auf die Milchproduktion. (Further studies on the effects of single nutrients on milk production.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 64:93. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and F.Westhausser. 1907. Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss des Proteins auf die Milchproduktion, sowie ueber die Beziehungen zwischen Staerkewert und Milchertrag. (About the effect of protein on milk production and relationships between energy contents of feeds and milk yield.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 66:63. National Research Council. 1975. Nutrient requirements of sheep. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1978. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Olatungi, O. 1974. Digestion and utilization of carbohydrates and energy in West African dwarf sheep. Ph.D. thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Opstvedt, J. 1963. Yields from goats on mountain pasture. Sau og Geit. 16:57. Opstvedt, J. 1967. Studies on the effect of energy level and feed combination on feed intake, milk yield, composition and organoleptic properties. Inst. Anim. Nutr. Agric. Coll. Norway Bull. 134. Orr, J.B., and H.E.Magee. 1923. The use of indirect calorimetry in ruminants. J. Agric. Sci. 13:447. Quartermain, A.R. 1973. Aspects of the biological efficiency of the Zambian goat. Proc. 3rd World Conf. Anim. Prod., vol. 2. Rajpoot, R.L. 1979. Energy and protein in goat nutrition. Ph.D. thesis. Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri (Agra), India. Rattray, P.V., W.N.Garrett, N.Hirman, and N.N.East. 1974. Energy cost of protein and fat deposition in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 38:378. Ritzman, E.G., L.E.Washburn, and F.G.Benedict. 1936. The basal metabolism of the goat. N.H. Agric. Exp. Stn. Tech. Bull. 66. Sachdeva, K.K., O.P.S.Sengar, S.N.Singh, and I.L.Lindahl. 1973. Studies on goats. I. Effect of plane of nutrition on the reproductive performance of does. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 80:375. Sengar, O.P.S. 1980. Indian research on protein and energy requirements of goats. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1655. Singh, S.N., and O.P.S.Sengar. 1970. Investigation on milk and meat potentialities of Indian goats, 1965–70. Final Techn. Report Project A7-AH18. Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri (Agra), India. Tanaka, K., I.Nakajima, and H.Hayashi. 1973. Effect of safflower oil supplement on the plasma lipids of goats. Jpn. J. Zool. 44:19. Tanaka, K., R.Shimizu, and H.Hayashi. 1973a. The effect of increasing amounts of safflower oil in the diet on the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen of goats. Jpn. J. Zool. 44:143. Tanaka, K., R.Shimizu, and H.Hayashi. 1973b. Effect of dietary supplement of safflower oil or safflower seed on the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen of goats. Jpn. J. Zool. 44:212. Tanaka, K., R.Shimizu, and H.Hayashi. 1973c. Effect of the feeding period of safflower oil on the hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen of goats. Jpn. J. Zool. 44:278. Tasaki, I. 1957. Studies on the metabolism of dairy goats. Vol. 6. Comparison of calculation methods for energy metabolism by means of gaseous exchange and nutrient balance. Jpn. J. Zool. 28:37.

OCR for page 76
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Winter, J., and R.Goersch. 1974. Ziegen als Versuchstiere. Ein Beitrag zur Fuetterungsoptimierung. (Goats as experimental animals. A contribution to feeding optimization.) Z. Versuchstierkd. 16:256. PROTEIN Akinsoyinu, A.O. 1974. Studies on protein and energy utilization by the West African dwarf goats. Ph.D. thesis. University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Akinsoyinu, A.O., A.U.Mba, and F.O.Olubaja. 1978. Studies on energy and protein utilization for pregnancy and lactation by the West African dwarf goats in Nigeria. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 40:113. Astrup, H.N., and J.J.Nedkvitne. 1972. Experimente mit caseinstabilisiertem Fett fuer Wiederkaeuer. (Experiments with casein-stabilized fat for ruminants.) Z. Tierphysiol. Tieremaehr. Futtermittelkd. 30:275. Becker, O., P.Schulz, and S.Emmerson. 1929. Vergleichende Untersuchungen ueber die Verdauung der Proteine und Kohlehydrate bei Ziegen in Perioden mit und ohne Infusorien. (Comparative studies on the digestion of proteins and carbohydrates in goats with and without protozoa.) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 15:691. Brody, S. 1945. Bioenergetics and growth. Reinhold, New York. Broster, W.H. 1972. Protein requirements of cows for lactation, p. 293. In W.Lenkeit and K.Breirem, Handbook of animal nutrition, vol. 2. P.Parey, Hamburg, West Germany. Champredon, C., and R.Pion. 1972a. Effet de la substitution d’uree a du tourteau d’arachide sur la nutrition azotee de la chevre laitiere. (Effect of replacing groundnut meal by urea on nitrogen nutrition of dairy goats.) Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochim. Biophys. 12:229. Champredon, C., and R.Pion. 1972b. Influence de la teneur en uree du regime sur l’aminoacidemie libre de chevres en lactation. (Effect of urea content of the diet on free amino acids in blood of lactating goats.) Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochim. Biophys. 12:307. Champredon, C., and R.Pion. 1972c. Evolution de l’aminoacidemie libre de chevres au debut de la lactation. (Changes in blood free amino acid levels of dairy goats during the first month of lactation.) Soc. Biol. Fil. 166:378. Crampton, E.W. 1964. Nutrition to calorie ratios. J. Nutr. 82:253. Devendra, C. 1967a. Studies on the nutrition of the indigenous goat of Malaysia. I. The maintenance requirements of pen-fed goats. Malays. Agric. J. 46:80. Devendra, C. 1967b. Studies in the nutrition of the indigenous goat of Malaysia. II. The requirements for live weight gain. Malays. Agric. J. 46:98. Devendra, C. 1980a. The protein requirements for maintenance of indigenous Kambing Katjang goats in Malaysia. Malays. Agric. Res. Dev. Inst Res. Bull. (In press). Devendra, C. 1980b. Milk production in goats compared to buffalo and cattle in humid tropics. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1755. Devendra, C., and M.Burns. 1970. Goat production in the tropics. Commonw. Bur. Anim. Breed. Genet. Tech. Commun. 19. Elliott, R.C., and J.H.Topps. 1963. Studies of protein requirements of ruminants. Br. J. Nutr. 17:539. Fauske, R. 1972. Forsoek med urea og ulik forordning til mjoelkegeit. (Urea and different arrangements of feed for dairy goats.) Nor. Landbrukshoegsk. 401:198. Ferber, K.E. 1929. Die Veraenderungen der Infusorienzahl im Pansen der Wiederkaeuer im Zusammenhang mit den Veraenderungen des Eiweissumsatzes. (Changes in protozoa numbers in the rumen in relation to changes of protein metabolism.) Z. Tierz. 15:375. French, M.H., J.Glover, and D.W.Duthie. 1957. The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant. II. The general equation and some of its implications. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 48:379. French, M.H. 1957. The apparent digestibility of crude protein by the ruminant. III. The application of the general equation to rations containing urea. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 48:384. Fujihara, T., and I. Tasaki. 1973a. Digestibility of casein and starch introduced into rumen and abomasum of goats. Jpn. J. Zool. 44:125. Fujihara, T., and I.Tasaki. 1973b. Some quantitative aspects of ruminal nitrogen fractions in goats. Jpn. J. Zool. 44:572. Gallagher, J.R., and M.Shelton. 1972. Efficiencies of conversion of feed to fiber of Angora goats and Rambouillet sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 34:319. Garrett, W.N., O.H.Mayer, and G.P.Lofgreen. 1959. The comparative energy requirements of sheep and cattle for maintenance and gain. J. Anim. Sci. 18:228. Gruhn, K., W.Thelemann, and A.Hennig. 1975. Untersuchungen mit markiertem Harnstoff an laktierenden Wiederkaeuern. 4. Der Einbau von 15N-Harnstoff in die basischen Aminosaeuren der Milch von Ziegen. (Studies with labelled urea in lactating ruminants. 4. Incorporation of 15N nitrogen isotope urea into the basic amino acids of goat milk.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 25:629. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1950. Stoffwechsel und Energiehaushalt der Ziege. (Nutrition and energy metabolism of goats.) Thesis, University of Hohenheim-Stuttgart, West Germany. Harmeyer, J., and H.Martens. 1980. Aspects of urea metabolism in ruminants with reference to the goat. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1707. Haryu, T., O.Tanaka, F.Katsumori, R.Tano, J.Akazawa, H. Matsunage, M.Iton, T.Ono, and K.Kameoka. 1975. Soybean meal and urea compared as protein supplements in high-concentrate ration of milking cows and growing goats. Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. India (Chiba Shi) 29:43. Haryu, T., R.Tano, M.Itoh, and K.Kameoka. 1975. Factors influencing the utilization of high-grain urea diets by ruminants. II. Effect of protein. Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. India (Chiba Shi) 29:23. Hennig, A., K.Gruhn, and W.Thelemann. 1972. Untersuchungen mit markiertem Harnstoff an laktierenden Wiederkaeuern. 2. Die Verteilung von 15N im Ziegenkoerper, im Magen und Darminhalt und die Gesamt-15N-Bilanz zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten nach der 15N-Applikation. (Studies with labelled urea in lactating ruminants. 2. Distribution of 15N in the body of goats, in gastric and intestinal contents and the total 15N balance at different times after administration of 15N.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 22:509. Hogan, J.P., and R.H.Weston. 1967. The digestion of two diets of differing protein content but with similar capacities to sustain wool growth. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 18:973. Honcamp, F., and S.Keudela. 1927. Untersuchungen ueber die Verwertung von Ammoniaksalzen und von Harnstoff als Eiweissersatz fuer die Lebenderhaltung und den Fleischansatz, sowie fuer die Milchbildung. (Studies on utilization of ammonia salts and urea for protein replacement in maintenance, weight gain and milk production.) Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol. 10:1. Houpt, T.R. 1959. Utilization of blood urea in ruminants. Am. J. Physiol. 197:115. Hurter, L.R., T.W.Naude, T.F.Adelaar, J.D.Smit, and L.E. Codd. 1972. Ingestion of the plant Fadogia monticola Robyns

OCR for page 77
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries as an additional cause of gousiekte in ruminants. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 39:71. Huston, J.E., M.Shelton, and W.C.Ellis. 1971. Nutritional requirements of the Angora goat. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 1105. Itoh, M., T.Haryu, R.Tano, and K.Iwasaki. 1979. Maintenance requirements of energy and protein for castrated Japanese native goats. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 49:1427. Jahn, S. 1956. Verwendung von Amidschnitzeln bei Wiederkaeuern nach Versuchen an laktierenden und graviden Milchziegen. (Utilization of amide-beet pulp in ruminants after studies in milking and pregnant dairy goats.) Ph.D. thesis. University of Halle, East Germany. Kameoka, K., H.Kawai, M.Itoh, and T.Haryu. 1972. Nitrogen utilization by goats fed semi-purified diets containing diureido isobutane (DUIB). Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. India 23:428. Landis, J. 1962. Quantitative aspects of protein metabolism in lactating goats. Int. Z. Vitaminforsch. 32:428. Lawrow, O., P.Borieta, S.Moltschanowa, and R.Ochotnikowa. 1924. Zur Frage nach der Stickstoffausnutzung des zur Nahrung zugesetzten Harnstoffs bei einem jungen Wiederkaeuer (Boecklein). (Nitrogen utilization from urea supplementation by a young buck.) Biochem. Z. 153:71. Majumdar, B.N. 1960a. Studies on goat nutrition. 1. Minimum protein requirement of goats for maintenance—endogenous urinary nitrogen and metabolic faecal nitrogen excretion studies. J. Agric. Sci. 54:329. Majumdar, B.N. 1960b. Studies on goat nutrition. II. Digestible crude protein requirements for maintenance from balance studies. J. Agric. Sci. 54:335. Mba, A.U., A.O.Akinsoyinu, and F.O.Olubajo. 1974. Studies on comparative utilization of urea and groundnut cake rations by West African dwarf goats. 1. N-balance and growth. Niger. J. Anim. Prod. 1:209. Mba, A.U., C.P.Egbuiwe, and V.A.Oyenuga. 1975. Nitrogen-balance studies with Red Sokoto (Maradi) goats for the minimum protein requirements. East Afr. Agric. For. J. 40:285. Morand-Fehr, P., and M.deSimiane. 1977. Proc. Nutr. Goats Mediterran., Granada, Spain. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and F.Westhausser. 1907. Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss der nichteiweissartigen Stickstoffverbindungen der Futtermittel auf die Milchproduktion. (About the effects of nonprotein N compounds of feeds upon milk production.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 6:413. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and F.Westhausser. 1908. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss der nichteiweissartigen Stickstoffverbindungen der Futtermittel auf die Milchproduktion. (Further studies on effects of nonprotein N compounds of feeds on milk production.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 68:333. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and F.Westhausser. 1909. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber die Verwertung der nichteiweissartigen Stickstoffverbindungen der Futtermittel, sowie der Ammonsalze durch das milchgebende Tier. (Utilization of nonprotein N feed compounds and ammonia salts by milking animals.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 71:1. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and F.Westhausser. 1910. Untersuchungen ueber die Verwertung der Ammonsalze und der nichteiweissartigen Stickstoffverbindungen der Futtermittel fuer die Lebenderhaltung und Milchbildung, sowie ueber die Frage, ob aus diesen Stoffen unverdauliches Eiweiss gebildet wird. (Utilization of ammonium salts and nonprotein N-compounds for maintenance and milk production and about formation of undigestible protein.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 73:285. Morgen, A., A.Schoeler, H.Windheuser, and E.Ohlmer. 1922. Ersatz von Eiweiss durch Harnstoff bei Hammeln und Milchtieren. (Replacement of protein by urea in wethers and milking animals.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 99:1. Morgen, A., H.Windheuser, and E.Ohlmer. 1925. Weitere Versuche ueber den Ersatz von Eiweiss durch Harnstoff bei Milchtieren. (Further studies on protein replacement by urea in milking animals.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 103:1. National Research Council. 1973 and 1978. Nutrient requirements of horses. 3rd and 4th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1975. Nutrient requirements of sheep. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1978. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Paasch, E. 1925. Fuetterungsversuch an Ziegen mit Ammonium-acetat, Harnstoff und Hornmehl als Eiweissersatz. (Feeding studies with goats to replace protein with ammoniumacetate, urea and hornmeal.) Biochem. Z. 160:352. Perkins, A.E. 1957. The effect of rations excessively high and extremely low in protein content on dairy cows. Ohio Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 799. Platt, B.S., C.R.C.Heard, and R.J.Stewart 1964. Experimental protein-calorie deficiency, p. 445. In H.N.Munro, Mammalian protein metabolism, vol. 2. Academic Press, New York. Preston, R.L. 1972. Protein requirements for growing and lactating ruminants. Proc. Univ. Nottingham Nutr. Conf. Rajpoot, R.L. 1979. Energy and protein in goat nutrition. Ph.D. thesis. Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri (Agra), India. Reis, P.J., and A.M.Downes. 1971. The rate of response of wool growth to abomasal supplementation of casein. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 76:173. Satter, L.D., and R.E.Roffler. 1975. Nitrogen requirements and utilization in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci. 58:1219. Sengar, O.P.S. 1980. Indian research on protein and energy requirements of goats. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1655. Singh, S.N. 1976. Nitrogen balances, their significance and limitations. Balwant Vidyapeeth J. Agric. Sci. Res. 4:106. Singh, N., and V.D.Mudgal. 1978. Studies on endogenous urinary nitrogen, metabolic faecal nitrogen and maintenance requirement for protein in dairy goats. Proc. 20th Int. Dairy Congr., Paris, France. Singh, S.N., and O.P.S.Sengar. 1970. Investigation on milk and meat potentialities of Indian goats, 1965–70. Final Tech. Report Project A7-AH18. Raja Balwant Singh College, Bichpuri (Agra), India. Stewart, J.R., M.Shelton, and H.G.Haby. 1971. Nutritional investigations with Angora goats. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 2933. Thelemann, W., and K.Gruhn. 1972. Untersuchungen mit markiertem Harnstoff an laktierenden Wiederkaeuem. 1. Die Ausscheidung von 15N aus Harnstoff ueber Milch, Kot und Harn bei Ziegen. (Studies with labelled urea in lactating ruminants. 1. Excretion of 15N from urea in milk, faeces and urine of goats.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 22:205. Thelemann, W., and A.Hennig. 1973. Untersuchungen mit markiertem Harnstoff an laktierenden Wiederkaeuern. 3. Die Verwertung des Harnstoff-Stickstoffs. (Studies with labelled urea in lactating ruminants. 3. Utilization of urea nitrogen.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 23:175. Ungerer, E. 1924. Harnstoff und Glykokoll als Eiweissersatz in Versuchen an Milchziegen. (Urea and glycocol as a protein replacement in studies with dairy goats.) Biochem. Z. 147:275. Varady, J., and J.Harmeyer. 1973. Measurements of nitrogen

OCR for page 78
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries recycling in sheep and goats under various conditions. 1. Feeding soybean protein. Inst. Physiol. School Vet. Med., Hannover, West Germany. Williger, J. 1927. Fuetterungsversuch an Milchziegen mit Glykokoll als Eiweissersatz. (Feeding studies with glycocol to replace protein in dairy goats.) Biochem. Z. 180:156. Winter, J., and R.Goersch. 1974. Ziegen als Versuchstiere. Ein Beitrag zur Fuetterungsoptimierung. (Goats as experimental animals. A contribution to feeding optimization.) Z. Versuchstierkd. 16:256. Ziemer, F.H. 1931. Ammoniumbicarbonat neben sauren Zuckerrueben-Diffusionsschnitzeln als Eiweissersatz. (Ammonium bicarbonate besides acidic diffusion beet pulp for protein replacement.) Biochem. Z. 232:352. MINERALS Andersson, B. 1955. Observations on the water and electrolyte metabolism in the goat. Acta Physiol. Scand. 33:50. Barnabas, T., and R.B.Mawal. 1961. Studies on goat’s milk during different stages of lactation. II. Distribution of minerals and free amino acids and related compounds during lactation. J. Univ. Poona Sci. Technol. 20:59. Berg, R. 1941. Die Spurenelemente. (The trace elements.) Z. Ernaehr. 7:33. Bosworth, A.W., and L.L.Van Slyke. 1916. The soluble and insoluble compounds of goat’s milk. J. Biol. Chem. 24:177. Fingerling, G. 1911. Beitraege zur Frage der Verwertung von Kalk- und Phosphorsaeureverbindungen durch den tierischen Organismus, 1. (Further studies on the utilization of Ca and P compounds by animals, 1.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 75:1. Fingerling, G. 1913. Beitraege zur Frage der Verwertung von Kalk- und Phosphorsaeureverbindungen durch den tierischen Organismus, 2. (Further studies on the utilization of Ca and P compounds by animals, 2.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 80:847. Gartner, R.J.W., and I.S.Hurwood. 1976. The tannic and oxalic acid content of Acacia aneura (mulga) and their possible effects on sulphur and calcium availability. Aust Vet. J. 52:194. Gibbons, R.A., B.F.Sansom, and R.Sellwood. 1972. The passage of calcium and strontium across the gut of the anaesthetized goat. J. Physiol. 222:397. Haardt, E., J.Potocnjak, A.Lopez, and S.Cornejo. 1976. Survey model applied to mineral study in forages for a country (Chile) with a great versatility of ecological systems. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Feed Comp. Anim. Nutr. Req., Utah Agric. Exp. Stn., Logan, Utah. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1980. Mineral nutrition of goats. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1729. Hall, G.A.B. 1976. Phosphorus and trace mineral nutrition of grazing livestock in southern Brazil. Proc. 1st Int Symp. Feed. Comp. Anim. Nutr. Req., Utah Agric. Exp. Stn., Logan, Utah. Hamada, T., S.Maeda, and K.Kameoka. 1970. Effects of minerals on formation of color in the rumen epithelium of kids. J. Dairy Sci. 53:588. Harrold, R.L., and J.D.Nalewaja. 1977. Proximate, mineral and amino acid composition of 15 weed seeds. J. Anim. Sci. 44:389. Hart, E.B., H.Steenbock, and C.A.Hoppert. 1921. Dietary factors influencing calcium assimilation. I. The comparative influence of green and dried plant tissue, cabbage, orange juice, and cod liver oil on calicum assimilation. J. Biol. Chem. 48:33. Hart, E.B., H.Steenbock, and C.A.Elvehjem. 1924. Dietary factors influencing calcium assimilation. V. The effect of light upon calcium and phosphorus equilibrium in mature lactating animals. J. Biol. Chem. 62:117. Hart, E.B., H.Steenbock, S.W.Kletzien, and H. Scott. 1927. Dietary factors influencing calcium assimilation. IX. Further observations on the influence of cod liver oil on calcium assimilation in lactating animals. J. Biol. Chem. 71:271. Henderson, J.McA., and H.E.Magee. 1926. The effect of ultra-violet light on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism of the lactating animal. Biochem. J. 20:363. Hennig, A., M. Anke, B. Groppel, and H. Luedke. 1972. Der Einsatz standortspezifischer Mineralstoffgemische in der DDR. (The supply of local specific inorganic mixtures in the German Democratic Republic.) Vol. 1, p. 8. In Kongres “Chemia v pol’nohospodarstve,” Bratislava, Hungary. Hunt, C.H., A.R.Winter, J.A.Schultz, and R.D.Miller. 1923. The mineral metabolism of the lactating and dry goat. Am. J. Phys. 66:349. Hurter, L.R., T.W.Naude, T.F.Adelaar, J.D.Smit, and L.E. Codd. 1972. Ingestion of the plant Fadogia monticola Robyns as an additional cause of gousiekte in ruminants. Onderstepoort J. Vet Res. 39:71. Lenkeit, E., and M.Schleinitz. 1940. Stoffwechselversuche an Ziegen mit einigen Futtermitteln und deren Einfluss auf den Saeurebasenhaushalt. (Metabolism studies with goats on the effects of certain feeds upon the acid-base balance.) J. Landwirtsch. 87:249. Lintzel, W. 1931. Der Mineralstoffwechsel. (The mineral metabolism.) In E.Mangold, Handbook of nutrition and metabolism of farm animals, vol. III. J. Springer, Berlin, West Germany. Lintzel, W., and O.Radeff. 1931. Ueber den Eisengehalt und Eisenansatz neugeborener und saeugender Tiere. (Iron content and iron retention of newborn and nursing animals.) Arch. Tierern. Tierz. 6:313. Macy, I.G., H.J.Kelly, and R.E.Sloan. 1953. The composition of milk. National Research Council Publ. 254, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Mangold, E. 1931. Handbuch der Ernaehrung und des Stoffwechsels der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere. (Handbook of the nutrition and metabolism of farm animals.) Vol. I–IV. J. Springer, Berlin, West Germany. McDowell, L.R., K.R.Fick, R.H.Houser, J.H.Conrad, and J. K.Loosli. 1976. Meeting mineral requirements for grazing livestock in the tropics. Proc. 1st Int Symp. Feed Comp. Anim. Nutr. Req., Utah Agric. Exp. Stn., Logan, Utah. Miller, W.J. 1981. Biological value of different sources of inorganic trace elements. Feedstuffs, March 30, p. 20. National Research Council. 1975. Nutrient requirements of sheep. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1978. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1980. Mineral tolerance of domestic animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Parkash, S., and R.Jenness. 1968. Composition and characteristics of goats’ milk: A review. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 30:67. Perdomo, J.T., R.L.Shirley, and C.F.Chicco. 1976. Availability of nutrient minerals in four tropical forages. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Feed Comp. Anim. Nutr. Req., Utah Agric. Exp. Stn., Logan, Utah. Reid, R.L., K.Daniel, and J.D.Bubar. 1974. Mineral relation-

OCR for page 79
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries ships in sheep and goats maintained on orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) fertilized with different levels of nitrogen or nitrogen with microelements, over a five-year plan. Proc. 12th Int Grassland Congr. 2:565. Reis, P.J., and P.G.Schinkel. 1964. The growth and composition of wool. II. Effects of casein, gelatin and sulfur containing amino acids given per abomasum. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 17:532. Romagosa Vila, J.A. 1975. Necesidades en oligoelementos en el ganado cabrio. (Micronutrient requirements of goats.) Av. Aliment. Mejora Anim. 16:315. Sommer, O., and H.Bergmann. 1941. Bericht ueber Fuetterungsversuche mit Heu aus Rauchschaedengebieten des Harzes und des Freistaates Sachsen. (Feeding experiments with hay from smoke damage areas of the Harz mountains and state of Saxony.) Forschungsdienst 12:107. Stewart, O. 1953. Grazing habits and trace elements. Br. J. Anim. Behaviour 1:116. Stout, W.L., D.P.Belesky, L.A.Jung, R.S.Adams, and B.L. Moser. 1977. A survey of Pennsylvania forage mineral levels with respect to dairy and beef cow nutrition. Pa. State Coll. Agric. Prog. Rep. 364, Pennsylvania State University, University Park. Tanabe, S., and K.Kameoka. 1973. Effects of the compositions of major minerals in the purified diet on the performance of preruminant kids. Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. India 27:17. Telfer, S.V., and O.Crichton. 1924. Effects of a mineral deficiency in goat milk on growth of young kids. Br. J. Exp. Path. 5:84. Thomas, B., O.Thompson, S.Oyunaga, and B.Armstrong. 1952. Ash constituents of some herbage plants. Emp. J. Exp. Agric. 20:77. Thomas, B., and O.Trinder. 1947. Ash components of some moorland plants. Emp. J. Exp. Agric. 15:60. Ward, G.M. 1966. Potassium metabolism of domestic ruminants—a review. J. Dairy Sci. 49:268. Wheeler, J.L., D.A.Hedges, and A.R.Till. 1975. A possible effect of cyanogenic glycoside in sorghum on animal requirements for sulfur. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 84:377. Calcium Anke, M. 1967. Der Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt des Rinderhaares als Indikator der Kalzium-, Magnesium-, Phosphor-, Kalium-, Natrium-, Eisen-, Zink-, Mangan-, Kupfer-, Molybdaen-, und Kobaltversorgung. (The macro and trace element contents of cattle hair as indicator of the nutritional status of Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Mb, and Co.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 17:1. Fingerling, G. 1911 and 1913. Beitraege zur Frage der Verwertung von Kalk- und Phosphorsaeureverbindungen durch den tierischen Organismus, 1 and 2. (Further studies on the utilization of Ca and P compounds by animals, 1 and 2.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 75:1; 80:847. Gibbons, R.A., B.F.Sansom, and R.Sellwood. 1972. The passage of calcium and strontium across the gut of the anaesthetized goat. J. Phys. 222:397. Hart, E.B., H.Steenbock, and C.A.Hoppert. 1921. Dietary factors influencing calcium assimilation. I. The comparative influence of green and dried plant tissue, cabbage, orange juice, and cod liver oil on calcium assimilation. J. Biol. Chem. 48:33. Hart, E.B., H.Steenbock, and C.A.Elvehjem. 1924. Dietary factors influencing calcium assimilation. V. The effect of light upon calcium and phosphorus equilibrium in mature lactating animals. J. Biol. Chem. 62:117. Hart, E.B., H.Steenbock, S.W.Kletzien, and H.Scott. 1927. Dietary factors influencing calcium assimilation. IX. Further observations on the influence of cod liver oil on calcium assimilation in lactating animals. J. Biol. Chem. 71:271. Henderson, J.McA., and H.E.Magee. 1926. The effect of ultraviolet light on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism of the lactating animal. Biochem. J. 20:363. Hirch, A., and W.E.Lawrence. 1964. Experimental infection with Mycobacterium johnei. 1. The effect of a low calcium diet on the disease in goats. J. Comp. Path. 64:102. Horst, R.L., and N.A.Jorgensen. 1972. Effect of ammonium chloride on mineral balance and nutrient utilization in lactating and dry goats. J. Dairy Sci. 55:698. Horst, R.L., and N.A.Jorgensen. 1974. Effect of ammonium chloride on nitrogen and mineral balance in lactating and non-lactating goats. J. Dairy Sci. 57:683. Macy, I.G., H.J.Kelly, and R.E.Sloan. 1953. The composition of milk. National Research Council Publ. 254, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Parkash, S., and R.Jenness. 1968. Composition and characteristics of goats’ milk: A review. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 30:67. Steenbock, H., and E.B.Hart. 1913. The influence of function on the lime requirements of animals. J. Biol. Chem. 14:59. Steenbock, H., E.B.Hart, C.A.Elvehjem, and S.W.Kletzien. 1925. Dietary factors influencing calcium assimilation. VI. The antirachitic properties of hays as related to climatic conditions with some observations on the effect of irradiation with ultraviolet light. J. Biol. Chem. 66:425. Phosphorus Bonnet, J.A., and A.R.Riera. 1949. Tracing the mineral from the soil to the plant to the animal blood. 3. The effect of phosphorus and lime on the mineral composition of the soil and grass. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico. 33:57. Bonnet, J.A., A.R.Riera, B.Rivera Brenes, and R.Orlandi. 1949. Effect of urea added to grass fertilized with lime and phosphorus on the nutrition and health of goats. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico. 33:67. Easter, D.J., S.Patton, and R.D.McCarthy. 1971. Metabolism of phospholipid in mammary gland. I. The supply of phospholipid for milk synthesis in the rat and goat. Lipids 6:844. Fingerling, G. 1911 and 1913. Beitraege zur Frage der Verwertung von Kalk- und Phosphorsaeureverbindungen durch den tierischen Organismus, 1 and 2. (Further studies on the utilization of Ca and P compounds by animals, 1 and 2.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 75:1, 80:847. Jacobson, N.L., K.D.Wiggers, M.H.Wiggers, and G.N.Jacobson. 1976. Phosphorus in dairy cattle and goat nutrition. National Feed Ingredients Assn., W. Des Moines, Iowa. Luedke, H. 1971. Phosphor und Frachtarbeit bei Milchkuehen und Ziegen. (Phosphorus and fertility in dairy cattle and goats.) Wiss. Z. Karl-Marx-Univ. Leipzig 20:482. Macy, I.G., H.J.Kelly, and R.E.Sloan. 1953. The composition of milk. National Research Council Publ. 254, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Otsuka, J., and T.Nakajima. 1958. Effect of starvation and high phosphorus feeding on the bone and liver in goats. Bull. Natl. Inst Agric. Sci. Jpn. 15:49. Parkash, S., and R.Jenness. 1968. Composition and characteristics of goats’ milk: A review. Dairy Sci. Abstr. 30:67.

OCR for page 80
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Sodium and Chlorine Andersson, B., L.Eriksson, O.Fernandez, C.G.Kolmodin, and R.Oltner. 1972. Centrally mediated effects of sodium and angiotensin II on arterial blood pressure and fluid balance. Acta Physiol. Scand. 85:398. Baranowski, S. 1972. Wplyw niedoboru sodu w pokarmie na czynnosc nerek i gruczolu miekowego. (Effect of deficiency of Na in the feed on the function of the kidneys and the mammary gland.) Rozpr. Wyzsza Szk. Roln. Szczecinie 29:32. Baranowski, S., and R.Siebers. 1973. Wchlanian sodu w nerkach oraz gruczole mlekowym przy braku sodu w pokarmie. (Absorption of sodium in the kidneys and mammary gland on a diet deficient in sodium.) Pol. Arch. Weter. 16:767. Brigl, P., and H.Windhaeuser. 1929. Ueber Verfuetterung von Natriumchlorat an Schafe und Ziegen. (Feeding NaCl to sheep and goats.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 109:225. Peaker, M., and J.L.Linzell. 1974. The effects of oestrus and exogenous oestrogens on milk secretion in the goat. J. Endocrinol. 61:231. Pino, N., and L.Chiofalo. 1971. Sulle variazioni del tasso sieroematico di Na e di K in Capra hircus. Richerche e valutavione biometrico-statistica con riguardo alla eta su un campione di caprini Girgentani in particolari condizioni sperimentali. (On the variations of blood serum levels of Na and K in Capra hircus and biometric-statistic evaluation, in relation to the age, on a sample of goats of Girgentana breed in specific experimental conditions.) Zootec. Vita 14:3. Sachs, J.R., J.C.Ellory, D.L.Kropp, P.B.Dunham, and J.F. Hoffman. 1974. Antibody-induced alterations in the kinetic characteristics of the Na:K (sodium: potassium) pump in goat red blood cells. J. Gen. Physiol. 63:389. Schellner, G. 1972. Die Wirkung von Natriummangel und Natriumbeifuetterung auf Wachstum, Milch- und Milchfettleistung und Fruchtbarkeit bei Ziegen. (Effect of sodium deficiency and sodium supplements on growth, yields of milk and milk fat and fertility of goats.) Jahrb. Tierernaehr. Fuetterung 8:246. Magnesium Razifard, R. 1971. The values of Mg in blood plasma and urine of lactating goat fed on a limited amount of grass. Tehran Univ. J. Vet Fac. 27:23. Razifard, R. 1972a. An investigation on the levels of magnesium in blood plasma and milk of the lactating goats. Tehran Univ. J. Vet Fac. 28:49. Razifard, R. 1972b. Pattern of blood plasma and urine magnesium in underfed lactating goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 42:935. Potassium Cline, T.R., M.P.Plumlee, J.E.Christian, and W.V.Kessler. 1969. Effect of potassium perchlorate and sodium chloride given orally upon radioiodine deposition into milk of goats. J. Dairy Sci. 52:1124. House, W.A., and R.J.Bird. 1975. Magnesium tolerance in goats fed two levels of potassium. J. Anim. Sci. 41:1134. Sachs, J.R., P.B.Dunham, D.L.Kropp, J.C.Ellory, and J.F. Hoffman. 1974. Interaction of HK (high potassium) and LK (low potassium) goat red blood cells with ouabain. J. Gen. Physiol. 64:536. Silcock, W.R., and S.Patton. Correlative secretion of protein, lactose and K+ (potassium) in milk of the goat. J. Cell. Physiol. 79:151. Ward, G.M. 1966. Potassium metabolism of domestic ruminants—a review. J. Dairy Sci. 49:268. Sulfur Bhandari, D.S., P.C.Sawhney, and S.P.S.Bedi. 1973. Influence of sulphur and urea on growth and nutrient digestibility in goat kids. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 43:936. Gartner, R.J.W., and I.S.Hurwood. 1976. The tannic and oxalic acid content of Acacia aneura (mulga) and their possible effects on sulphur and calcium availability. Aust. Vet. J. 52:194. Reis, P.J., and P.G.Schinkel. 1964. The growth and composition of wool. II. Effects of casein, gelatin and sulfur containing amino acids given per abomasum. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 17:532. Schober, R., and D.Enkelmann. 1959. Studies on milk formation by in vivo experiments. Incorporation of radioactive sulphate in rumen bacteria, blood plasma and milk proteins. Milchwirtsch. Ztg. 14:484. Varma, A., and P.C.Sawhney. 1969. Influence of sulphur supplementation on the nutrient utilization in goats on rations containing urea. Indian J. Nutr. Diet. 6:301. Varma, A., and P.C.Sawhney. 1970. Haematological studies in goats as influenced by supplementation of sulphur on rations containing urea. Indian J. Nutr. Diet. 7:32. Wheeler, J.L., D.A.Hedges, and A.R.Till. 1975. A possible effect of cyanogenic glycoside in sorghum on animal requirements for sulfur. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 84:377. Iron Barth, J., and A.L.Mullen. 1972. Adaptation of artificial rumen and simulated abomasal and intestinal fluids in estimating solubility of radionuclides; solubility of 59Fe and secretion into goats’ milk. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:1063. Hamada, T., S.Maeda, and K.Kameoka. 1970. Effects of minerals on formation of color in rumen epithelium of kids. J. Dairy Sci. 53:588. Jenness, R. 1980. Composition and characteristics of goat milk: Review, 1968–1979. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1605. Kolb, E. 1963. The metabolism of iron in farm animals under normal and pathologic conditions. Adv. Vet. Sci. 8:49. Lintzel, W., and O.Radeff. 1931. Ueber den Eisengehalt und Eisenansatz neugeborener und saeugender Tiere. (Iron content and iron retention of newborn and nursing animals.) Arch. Tierern. Tierz. 6:313. National Research Council, Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants. 1979. Iron. University Park Press, Baltimore, Md. Wallgren, A. 1932. Ueber den Eisengehalt in Milch. (About the iron content of milk.) Acta Paediatr. 12:153. Iodine Abdel-Wahab, M.F., and A.M.Osman. 1971. Iodine metabolism

OCR for page 81
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries in domestic animals in the Sudan usine I131. Endokrinol. 58:198. Binnerts, W.T., F.W.Lengemann, and C.L.Comar. 1962. Radioiodine metabolism in the goat after simultaneous single and daily administration. J. Dairy Sci. 45:427. Courth, H. 1931. Untersuchungen ueber den Jodstoffwechsel normaler und thyreoidektomierter Ziegen bei Jodkali und Pflanzenjodfuetterung. (Studies of the iodine metabolism in normal and thyroidectomized goats with KJ and plant iodine feeding.) Biochem. Z. 238:162. Djurdjevic, D., and F.W.Lengemann. 1970. Effect of perchlorate on the milk-plasma radioiodine ratio of intact and thyroidectomized goats. J. Dairy Sci. 56:808. Grimmer, O. 1918. Beitraege zur Kenntnis der Milch schilddrue-senloser Ziegen. (About the milk of thyroidectomized goats.) Biochem. Z. 88:43. Honeker, A. 1949. Die Bekaempfung der Kropfbildung bei Ziegen. (The treatment of goiter in goats.) Der Ziegenzuechter 40:24. Karmarkar, M.G., M.G.Deo, and N.Kochupillai. 1974. Pathophysiology of Himalayan endemic goiter. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27:96. Lengemann, F.W. 1970. Metabolism of radioiodide by lactating goats given iodine-131 for extended periods. J. Dairy Sci. 53:165. Lengemann, F.W. 1979. Effect of low and high ambient temperatures on metabolism of radioiodine by the lactating goat. J. Dairy Sci. 62:412. Prakash, P., and D.Sharma. 1972. Thyroxine secretion rate and distribution and uptake of 131-I (iodine) in goats. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 10:20. Sutphin, M.K., R.W.Hemken, and J.H.Vandersall. 1971. Effect of protein source and iodine level on the metabolism of iodine in goats. J. Dairy Sci. 54:795. Weiser, S., and J.Zaitschek. 1930. Jodstoffwechselversuch an milchenden Ziegen. (Iodine metabolism studies with milking goats.) Biochem. Z. 217:359. Weiser, S., and J.Zaitschek. 1932a. Einfluss lang andauernder Jodfuetterung auf den Jodgehalt tierischer Organe. (Effects of long-term iodine feeding upon the iodine content of animal organs.) Biedermanns Zentralbl. Abt. B 3:275. Weiser, S., and J.Zaitschek. 1932b. Jodtoleranzversuche an Ziegen. (Iodine tolerance experiments with goats.) Biedermanns Zentralbl. Abt. B 3:298. Weits, J., A.C.Houtman, and J.R.Roborgh. 1953. The effect of an iodinated casein faction on the milk yield of goats. Netherlands J. Agric. Sci. 1:39. Copper and Molybdenum Anke, M., A.Hennig, M.Diettrich, G.Hoffmann, G.Wicke, and D.Pflug. 1971. Resorption, Exkretion und Verteilung von 99Molybdaen nach oraler Gabe an laktierende Wiederkaeuer. (Absorption, excretion and distribution pattern of 99molybdenum after oral administration to lactating ruminants.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 21:505. Hennig, A., M.Anke, B.Groppel, and H.Luedke. 1974. Secondary copper deficiency in ruminants. Proc. Int. Symp. Trace Element Metabol. Anim. 2d:726. National Research Council. 1980. Mineral tolerance of domestic animals. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Remy, E. 1932. Zur Frage des Kupfergehaltes der Milch und einiger Milchpraeparate. (About the copper content of milk and some milk products.) Z. Unters. Lebensm. 63:545. Srivastava, K.B., and P.K.Dwaraknath. 1971. Ceruloplasmin (copper oxidases) activity in the serum of animals. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 41:1044. Zinc Groppel, B., and A.Hennig. 1971. Zinkmangel beim Wiederkaeuer. (Zinc deficiency in ruminants.) Arch. Exp. Vet. 25:817. Miller, W.J., W.J.Pitts, C.M.Clifton, and S.C.Schmittle. 1964. Experimentally produced zinc deficiency in the goat J. Dairy Sci. 47:556. National Research Council, Committee on Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants. 1979. Zinc. University Park Press, Baltimore, Md. Neathery, M.W., W.J.Miller, D.M.Blackmon, F.M.Pate, and R.P.Gentry. 1970. Effect of zinc deficiency in mature goats on feed utilization, hair growth and reproductive characteristics. J. Dairy Sci. 53:682. Neathery, M.W., W.J.Miller, D.M.Blackmon, F.M.Pate, and R.P.Gentry. 1973. Effects of long term zinc deficiency on feed utilization, reproductive characteristics, and hair growth in the sexually mature male goat. J. Dairy Sci. 56:98. Papasteriade, A.A. 1973. Study of conditions due to low levels of zinc in sheep and goats in Greece. Ph.D. thesis. Aristotelian University of Thessalonika, Greece. Schellner, G. 1972. Die Wirkung von Zink- und Manganmangel and Zink- und Manganzufuetterung auf Wachstum, Milch- und Milch-fettleistung und Fruchtbarkeit beim Wiederkaeuer. (Effect of deficiencies of zinc and manganese and supplements of zinc and manganese on growth, yields of milk and milk fat, and fertility in ruminants.) Jahrb. Tierernaehr. Fuetterung. 8:137. Schulze, A., and K.M.Ustdal. 1975. Moegliche Ursachen der Alopezie tuerkischer Angora-Ziegen. (Possible causes of alopecia in Turkish Angora goats.) Berl. Muench. Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 88:66. Sonwane, S.N., and S.P.Arora. 1975. Influence of dietary levels of zinc on its secretion in milk. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 28:99. Manganese Alike, M., A.Hennig, G.Hoffmann, B.Groppel, H.Luedke, and M.Gruen. 1972. Resorption, Exkretion und Inkorporation von 54Mangan aus Manganammoniurnphosphat durch Gefluegel und Wiederkaeuer. (Absorption, excretion and incorporation of 54Manganese from manganese ammonium phosphate by poultry and ruminants.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 22:347. Anke, M., B.Groppel, W.Reissig, H.Luedke, M.Gruen, and G. Dittrich. 1973. Manganmangel beim Wiederkaeuer. 3. Manganmangelbedingte Fortpflanzungs-, Skelett- und Nervenstoerungen bei weiblichen Wiederkaeuern und ihren Nachkommen. (Manganese deficiency in ruminants. 3. Disorders of reproduction, skeleton and nerves caused by manganese deficiency in female ruminants and their progeny.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 23:197. Anke, M., A.Hennig, B.Groppel, G.Dittrich, M.Gruen, and G. Schellner. 1973. Manganmangel beim Wiederkaeuer. 4. Der

OCR for page 82
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Einfluss des Manganmangels auf den Gehalt neugeborener Laemmeran Fett, Protein, Mangan, Asche, Kalzium, Phosphor, Zink und Kupfer. (Manganese deficiency in ruminants. 4. Effect of manganese deficiency on fat, protein, manganese, ash, calcium, phosphorus, zinc and copper contents of newborn kids.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 23:213. Anke, M., B.Groppel, and M.Gruen. 1973. Manganmangel beim Wiederkaeuer. 5. Der Einfluss des Manganmangels auf den Mengen- und Spurenelementgehalt erwachsener weiblicher und maennlicher Ziegen. (Manganese deficiency in ruminants. 5. Effect of manganese deficiency on major and trace element contents of adult male and female goats.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 23:483. Groppel, B. 1969. Vergleichende Untersuchungen ueber den Mangan-, Zink- und Cadmiumstoffwechsel kleiner Wiederkaeuer bei unterschiedlicher Versorgung mit diesen Elementen. (Comparative studies of the Mn, Zn and Cd metabolism of small ruminants during different supplies with these elements.) Ph.D. thesis. University of Jena, East Germany. Hennig, A., M.Anke, B.Groppel, H.Luedke, W.Reissig, G. Dittrich, and M.Gruen. 1972. Manganmangel beim Wiederkaeuer. 1. Der Einfluss des Manganmangels auf die Lebend-masseentwicklung. (Manganese deficiency in ruminants. 1. Effect of manganese deficiency on liveweight.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 22:601. Schellner, G. 1972. Die Wirkung von Zink- und Manganmangel und Zink- und Manganzufuetterung auf Wachstum, Milch- und Milchfettleistung und Fruchtbarkeit beim Wiederkaeuer. (Effect of deficiencies of zinc and manganese and supplements of zinc and manganese on growth, yields of milk and milk fat, and fertility in ruminants.) Jahrb. Tieremaehr. Fuetterung. 8:137. Other Minerals Anke, M., A.Hennig, M.Gruen, M.Partschefeld, B.Groppel, and H.Luedke. 1977. Nickel, an essential trace element. I. The supply of nickel as affecting the live weight gains, food consumption and body composition of growing pigs and goats. Arch. Tieremaehr. 27:25. Askew, H. 1947. The effectiveness of small applications of cobalt sulphate. N.Z. J. Sci. Techol. A 5:186. Barth, J., A.N.Mikalis, J.Y.Harris, and B.H.Bruckner. 1969. Evaluation of clays as binding agents for reduction of radionuclides in milk. Effect of Belle Fourche bentonite on excretion of 134Cs in lactating goats. J. Agric. Food Chem. 17:1347. Barth, J., and A.L.Mullen. 1972. Adaption of artificial rumen and simulated abomasal and intestinal fluids in estimating solubility of radionuclides; solubility of 59Fe and secretion into goats’ milk. J. Agric. Food Chem. 20:1063. Hazzard, D.G. 1969. Percent cesium-134 and strontium-85 in milk, urine, and feces of goats on normal and verxite-containing diets. J. Dairy Sci. 52:990. Hebert, D.M., and I.M.Cowan. 1971. White muscle disease in the mountain goat. J. Wildl. Manage. 35:752. Hennig, A., M.Anke, M.Gruen, M.Partschefeld, and B.Groppel. 1978. Neuere Spurenelemente in der Ernaehrung der landwirtschaftlichen Nutztiere und Laboratoriumstiere. (Newer trace elements in the nutrition of farm and laboratory animals.) Proc. 3rd World Congr. Anim. Prod., Madrid, Spain. Hosseinion, M., T.T.Bazargani, J.Nahani, H.Mohammadiha, and A.Owlia. 1972. Selenium poisoning in a mixed flock of sheep and goats in Iran. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 4:173. Howe, M., J.McGee, and F.W.Lengemann. 1972. Transfer of inorganic mercury to milk of goats. Nature (London) 237:516. Miessner, H. 1927. Fuetterungsversuche mit Blei. (Feeding trials with lead.) Tieraerztl. Wochenschr. 35:297. National Research Council. 1975. Nutrient requirements of sheep. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Panchenko, I.Ya., I.S.Irvin, N.I.Burov, and A.N.Sirotkin. 1974. Nakoplenie strontsiya-90 v organizme razlichnykh zhivotnykh. (Accumulation of strontium 90 in different animals.) Skh. Biolog. 9:124. Philipson, A.T., and H.Mitchell. 1952. The administration of cobalt to lambs on a low cobalt diet. Br. J. Nutr. 6:291. Platten, O. 1951. Cobalt requirement of the goat, p. 12. In Br. Goat Soc. Yearb. Schreckhise, R.G., and R.L.Watters. 1969. Internal distribution and milk secretion of polonium-210 after oral administration to a lactating goat. J. Dairy Sci. 52:1867. Sell, J.L., and K.L.Davison. 1973. Mercury-203 in milk and tissues of cow and goat following intrarummal injection of methyl mercuric (labeled 203) chloride. J. Dairy Sci. 56:671. Sutton, W.W. 1976. Biological transfer of plutonium via in vivo labeled goats’ milk. Proc. Symp. Environ. Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nev. VITAMINS Asdell, H. 1941. Transference of dietary vitamin E into goats’ milk. In Br. Goat Soc. Yearb. Bhargrat, O., and P.Devi. 1944. Vitamin-B inhibitors in cereals and pulses. Indian J. Med. Res. 32:1. Caldas, A.D. 1961. Spontaneous vitamin A deficiency in goats. Biologico 27:266. Caola, G., A.Ferlazzo, and G.Micali. 1972. La citremia nella capra gravida. (Citric acid in blood of pregnant goats.) Atti. Soc. Ital. Sci. Vet. 26:211. Chanda, R., H.M.Clapham, M.L.McNaught, and E.C.Owen. 1951. The digestibility of carotene by the cow and the goat as affected by thyroxine and thiouracil. Biochem. J. 50:95. Chanda, R., and E.C.Owen. 1952. The vitamin-A content of the milk of cows and goats on a comparable diet. Biochem. J. 51:404. Coleman, R., and H.Riemann. 1976. A reminder: Deficiency of folic acid in goat milk. J. Pediatr. 88:900. Davis, O. 1942. Coccidiosis as a cause of vitamin-A deficiency. Nature 170:849. DeLuca, H.F. 1974. Vitamin-D: The vitamin and the hormone. Fed. Proc. 33:2211. DeRuyter de Wildt, J.C., and E.Brouwer. 1929. Over de behoefte van jonge geiten aan vitamine C. (About the need of young goats for vitamin C.) Landbouwk. Onderzoeking. Rijkslandbouwproefstat 35:88. Eveleth, D.F., D.W.Bolin, and A.I.Goldsby. 1949. Experimental avitaminosis A in sheep. Am. J. Vet. Res. 10:250. Ford, J.E., G.S.Knaggs, D.N.Salter, and K.J.Scott. 1972. Folate nutrition in the kid. Br. J. Nutr. 27:571. Frier, H.I., E.J.Gorgacz, R.C.Hall, Jr., A.M.Gallina, J.E. Rousseau, Jr., H.D.Eaton, and S.W.Nielsen. 1974. Formation and absorption of cerebrospinal fluid in adult goats with hypo-and hypervitaminosis A. Am. J. Vet. Res. 35:45. Goto, M., K.Okamoto, S.Kawamura, and M.Takahashi. 1975. Formation of vitamin B group and the amino acid pattern of

OCR for page 83
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries microbial protein in the rumen of the goat fed with protein-free diet containing ureidocompound and hay. Bull. Fac. Agric. Meiji Univ. 33:7. Holmes, A.D., H.G.Lindquist, and E.K.Greenwood. 1945. Variations in fat, ascorbic acid and riboflavin content of goats’ milk. J. Dairy Sci. 28:853. Honeker, A. 1949. Vitamine und Vitaminmangelkrankheiten bei Ziegen. (Vitamins and vitamin deficiency diseases.) Der Ziegenzuechter 40:61. Jenness, R. 1980. Composition and characteristics of goat milk: Review, 1968–1979. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1605. Kuroki, M., M.Yamaguchi, and I.Iwamura. 1956. Observation and discussion on the effect of vitamin B12-administration in goats on the secretion of milk. Bull. Fac. Agric. Univ. Miyazaki 1:171. Linzell, J.L., T.B.Mepham, and M.Peaker. 1976. The secretion of citrate into milk. J. Physiol. 260:739. Majumdar, B.N., and B.N.Gupta. 1960. Studies on carotene metabolism in goats. Indian J. Med. Res. 48:388. Muth, O.H., J.E.Oldfield, L.F.Remmert, and J.R.Schubert. 1958. White muscle disease (myopathy) in lambs and calves. Effects of selenium and vitamin E on lambs. Science 128:1090. National Research Council. 1975. Nutrient requirements of sheep. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 1978. Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 5th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Pavel, J., and J.Zak. 1969. Die Veraenderungen des Gehaltes einiger hydrophiler Vitamine in Beziehung zur Entfaltung der Mikroflora im Pansensaft bei Wiederkaeuem bei normaler und halbsynthetischer Diaet. (Changes in the content of some water-soluble vitamins in relation to the development of the microflora in the ruminal juice of ruminants on normal and semisynthetic diets.) Arch. Exp. Veterinaermed. 23:65. Peaker, M., and J.L.Linzell. 1975. Citrate in milk: A harbinger of lactogenesis. Nature 253:464. Schmidt, H. 1941. Vitamin A deficiencies in ruminants. Am. J. Vet. Res. 2:373. Wites, H. 1942. Vitamin-D inhibitor in hay. Nature 170:871. Zannelli, C. 1958. Influenza dell’alimentazione mista ed esclusiva con sottoprodotti dell’industria agrumaria sulla secrezuone lattea della capra. 5. Influenza sulla vitamina C. (Effect of mixed feeding and feeding only on by-products of the citrus industry on milk secretion in the goat. 5. Effects of vitamin C.) Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 34:41. WATER Anderson, B., and B.Larsson. 1961. Influence of local temperature changes in the preoptic area and rostral hypothalamus on the regulation of food and water intake. Acta Physiol. Scand. 52:75. Asuncion, P.P. 1939. A comparative study of the forage and water consumption of sheep and goats. Philipp. Agric. 28:576. Bergman, H. 1932. Der Wasserbedarf der Ziegen. (Water requirements of goats.) Der Ziegenzuechter 19:146. Brown, G.D., and J.J.Lynch. 1972. Some aspects of the water balance of sheep at pasture when deprived of drinking water. Aust J. Agric. Res. 23:669. Choshniak, I., and A.Shkolnik. 1978. The rumen as a protective osmotic mechanism during rapid rehydration in the black Bedouin goat. Proc. Alfred Benzon Symp., Munkegaard, Copenhagen, Denmark. Dawson, T.J., M.J.S.Denny, E.M.Russell, and B.Ellis. 1975. Water usage and diet preferences of free ranging kangaroos, sheep and feral goats in the Australian arid zone during summer. J. Zool. 177:1. Devendra, C. 1967. Studies in the nutrition of the indigenous goat of Malaya. 4. The free-water intake of pen-fed goats. 5. Food conversion efficiency, economic efficiency and feeding standards for goats. Malays. Agric. J. 46:191. Dunson, W.A. 1974. Some aspects of salt and water balance of feral goats from arid islands. Am. J. Physiol. 226:662. Goatcher, W.D., and D.C.Church. 1970. Taste responses of ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 31:373. Khan, M.S., P.K.Ghosh, and T.O.Sasidharan. 1978. Effect of acute water restriction on plasma proteins and on blood and urinary electrolytes in Barmer goats of the Rajasthan desert. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 91:42. Leitch, O., and J.S.Thomson. 1944. The water economy of farm animals. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 14:197. Lynch, J.J., G.D.Brown, P.F.May, and J.B.Donnelly. 1972. The effect of withholding drinking water on wool growth and lamb production of grazing Merino sheep in a temperate climate. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 23:659. Macfarlane, W.V., and B.Howard. 1972. Comparative water and energy economy of wild and domestic animals. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 31:261. Maloiy, G.M.O., and C.R.Taylor. 1971. Water requirements of African goats and haired-sheep. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 77:203. Maloiy, G.M.O. 1973. Water metabolism of Éast African ruminants in arid and semi-arid regions. Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol. 90:219. Morand-Fehr, P., and D.Sauvant. 1978. Caprins, chap. 15. In Alimentation des ruminant (Ruminant nutrition.) Inst Natl. Rech. Agron., Paris, France. Schmidt-Nielson, K. 1964. Desert animals’ physiological problem of heat and water. Clarendon Press, Oxford, England. Schoen, A. 1968. Studies on the water-balance of the East African goat. E. Afr. For. J. 34:256. Shkolnik, A., A.Borut, and J.Chosniak. 1972. Water economy of the Bedouin goat. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 31:229. Shkolnik, A., A.Borut, I.Chosniak, and A.Maltz. 1974. Water economy and drinking regime of the Bedouin goat. Proc. Symp. Ecol. Res. Developm. Arid Zones Winter Precip., Volcanic Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel, 39. Shkolnik, A., A.Borut, and I.Choshniak. 1979. Water economy of Bedouin goats. Symp. Zool. Soc. London 31:229. Shkolnik, A., E.Maltz, and S.Gordin. 1980. Desert conditions and goat milk production. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1749. Vyas, U.K., P.L.Arya, and S.N.Sharma. 1978. Studies on experimentally produced uremia in sheep and goats. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 91:42. Wildenhahn, V. 1967. Ueber die Gewoehnung von Ziegen an eiskaltes Traenkwasser. (Adaptation of goats to ice-cold water.) Arch. Tierernaehr. 17:135. TABLE OF NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS Garrett, W.N., O.H.Mayer, and G.P.Lofgreen. 1959. The comparative energy requirements of sheep and cattle for maintenance and gain. J. Anim. Sci. 18:228.

OCR for page 84
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Haenlein, G.F.W. 1978. Dairy goats do well on free choice feeding. Hoard’s Dairyman 123:1194. HERBAGE AND BROWSE UTILIZATION Ademosun, A.A. 1970a. Nutritive evaluation of Nigerian forages. 1. Digestibility of Pennisetum purpureum by sheep and goats. Niger. Agric. J. 7:19. Ademosun, A.A. 1970b. Nutritive evaluation of Nigerian forages. 2. The effect of stage of maturity on the nutritive value of Stylosanthes gracilis. Niger. Agric. J. 7:164. Adeyanju, S.A., D.B.A.Ogutuga, J.O.Ilori, and A.A.Adegbola. 1975. Cocoa husk in maintenance rations for sheep and goats in the tropics. Nutr. Rep. Int. 11:351. Askins, G.D., and E.E.Turner. 1972. A behavioral study of Angora goats on West Texas range. J. Range Manage. 25:82. Asuncion, P.P. 1939. A comparative study on the forage and water consumption of sheep and goats. Philipp. Agric. 28:576. Axtmayer, J.H., C.J.Asenjo, and D.H.Cook. 1938. The nutritive value of some forage crops of Puerto Rico. I. Grasses. J. Agric. Univ. Puerto Rico. 22:95. Banerjee, G.C., L.Mandal, A.Mukherjee, and D.N.Roy. 1973. Nutritive value of Pennisetum pedicullatum grass for black Bengal goat. Indian J. Anim. Health 12:143. Baumgardt, B.R., W.J.Byer, H.F.Jumah, and C.R.Drueger. 1964. Digestion in the steer, goat, and artificial rumen as measures of forage nutritive value. J. Dairy Sci. 47:160. Bawa, M.S. 1950. Utility of date fruit as a feed for goat. Indian Farming. 11:328. Becker, M., M.V.Schleinitz, and E.Lagneau. 1939. Versuche ueber kuenstlich getrocknete Gruenfuttermittel. (Studies of artificially dried forages.) Zuechtungskunde 14:51. Bell, F.R. 1959. Preference thresholds for taste discrimination in goats. J. Agric. Sci. 52:125. Bergmann, H. 1947. Kastanien als Ziengenfutter. (Horse chestnuts as goat feed.) Mitteilungsbl. Ziegenzuechter 1:7. Bhandari, D.S., and M.L.Gupta. 1973. Utilization of ardu leaves (Ailanthus excelsa) as a supplement for poor quality roughage. Indian Vet. J. 50:809. Bissell, H.D., and W.C.Weir. 1957. The digestibilities of interior live oak and chamise by deer and sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 16:476. Bredon, R.M., and B.Marshall. 1962. The chemical composition and nutritive value of some common grasses in Uganda. II. The comparison of chemical composition and nutritive values of grasses throughout the year, with special reference to the later stages of growth. Trop. Agric. (Trinidad) 39:13. Butterworth, M.H. 1967. The digestibility of tropical grasses. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 37:349. Butterworth, M.H., C.G.Groom, and P.N.Wilson. 1961. The intake of Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens, Stent.), under wet- and dry-season conditions in Trinidad. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 56:407. Byer, W.J., H.F.Jumah, B.R.Baumgardt, and R.P.Niedermeier. 1961. Digestion in the steer, goat and artificial rumen as measures of the nutritive value of alfalfa harvested at four stages of maturity. Proc. No. P-3, Annu. Meet. Am. Dairy Sci. Assoc., Univ. Wise., Madison. Campbell, Q.P., J.P.Ebersoehn, and H.H.von Broembsen. 1962. Browsing by goats and its effects on the vegetation. Herb. Abstr. 32:273. Carrera, C., and J.C.Blake. 1968. Plantas aprovechadas por el ganado caprino en una zona de matorral desértico y su analisis quimico proximal. (Plants eaten by goats in a bushy desert zone and their proximate composition.) Rev. Mex. Prod. Anim. 1:17. Castle, E.J. 1956a. The rate of passage of foodstuffs through the alimentary tract of the goat I. Studies on adult animals fed hay and concentrates. Br. J. Nutr. 10:15. Castle, E.J. 1956b. The rate of passage of foodstuffs through the alimentary tract of the goat. II. Studies on growing kids. Br. J. Nutr. 10:115. Chenost, M. 1972a. Observations préliminaires sur la comparaison du potentiel digestif et de l’appétit des caprins et des ovins en zone tropicale et en zone tempérée. (Comparison of digestive potential and appetite of goats and sheep in tropical and temperate zones.) Ann. Zootech. 21:107. Chenost, M. 1972b. Observations préliminaires sur les variations saisonnières de la quantité d’aliment ingérée par les caprins en milieu tropical humide. (Seasonal variations in amount of feed eaten by goats in a humid tropical environment.) Ann. Zootech. 21:113. Chenost, M. 1972c. Influence de l’apport d’aliment concentré sur la digestibilité et les quantités ingérées de rations à base de Pangola (Digitaria decumbens) distribué en vert à des chèvres laitières et à des boucs. (Influence of concentrate allowance on digestibility and intake of diets based on Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens) given green to lactating and male goats.) Ann. Zootech. 21:121. Chenost, M. 1973. La valeur alimentaire de quatre graminées et d’une légumineuse tropicales et ses facteurs de variation. (Nutritive value of four grasses and a tropical legume and their variation factors.) Fourrages 54:87. Chenost, M., and P.Bousquet. 1974. Exploitation en vert du Pangola pour la production de lait par des chèvres. 1. Alimentation complémentaire suivant la qualité du forrage. (Use of green Pangola grass for milk production in goats. 1. Supplementary feed according to the quality of the forage.) Ann. Zootech. 23:1. Chenost, M., P.Despois, A.Crude, G.Saminadin, and A.Paul-Urbain-Georges. 1975. La valeur alimentaire du Pangola (Digitaria decumbens, Stent.) et ses facteurs de variation en zone tropicale humide. (Factors affecting feeding value of Pangola grass (Digitaria decumbens, Stent.) in a humid tropical climate.) Ann. Zootech. 24:327. Cordova, F.J., and J.D.Wallace. 1975. Nutritive value of some browse and forb species. Proc. West Sect Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. 26:160. Cory, V.L. 1927. Activity of livestock on the range. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 367. Coblenz, B.E. 1977. Some range relationships of feral goats on Santa Catalina Island, California. J. Range Manage. 30:415–419. Devendra, C. 1967a. Studies on the nutrition of the indigenous goat of Malaya. 3. The requirement for liveweight gain. Malays. Agric. J. 46:98. Devendra, C. 1967b. Studies in the nutrition of the indigenous goat of Malaya. 4. The free-water intake of pen fed goats. Malays. Agric. J. 46:191. Devendra, C. 1971. The comparative efficiency of feed utilization of ruminants in the tropics. Trop. Sci. 13:123. Devendra, C. 1973. Species differences in the digestibility of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) by goats and sheep. Proc. 3rd World Conf. Anim. Prod., Melbourne, Australia. Devendra, C. 1975. The intake and digestibility of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) at four, five and six weeks of growth by goats and sheep in Trinidad. Turrialba 25:226. Devendra, C. 1977a. Studies in the intake and digestibility of two

OCR for page 85
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries varieties (Serdang and Coloniao) of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) by goats and sheep. 1. Long grass. Malays. Agric. Res. Developm. Inst. Res. Bull. 5:91. Devendra, C. 1977b. Studies in the intake and digestibility of two varieties (Serdang and Coloniao) of Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) by goats and sheep. 2. Chopped and pelleted grass fed to sheep. Malays. Agric. Res. Developm. Inst Res. Bull. 5:110. Devendra, C. 1978. The digestive efficiency of goats. World Rev. Anim. Prod. 14:9. Devendra, C. 1980. The potential of sheep and goats in developing countries. J. Anim. Sci. 51:461. Djafar, M.I., and F.Y.Chin. 1972. Nutritive values of four grasses grown in Malaysia. Malays. Agric. Res. 1:110. Edwards, L.C. 1948. Some notes on the food of goats in a semiarid area. E. Afr. Agric. J. 13:221. Ehrlein, H.J., and H.Hill. 1970. Einfluesse des Labmagen- und Duodenalinhaltes auf die Motorik des Wiederkauermagens. (The influence of the contents of the abomasum and the duodenum on the motility of the ruminant stomachs.) Zentralbl. Veterinaermed. Reihe A 17:498. ElHag, G.A. 1976. A comparative study between desert goat and sheep efficiency of feed utilization. World Rev. Anim. Prod. 12:43. Fehr, P.M. 1971. Utilisation des fourrages granules par la chevre laitiére. (Utilization of pelleted forage by dairy goats.) Ann. Zootech. 20:305. Fehr, P.M., and R.Disset. 1971. La luzerne agglomeree pour les chèvres. (Compressed alfalfa for goats.) Rev. Elevage 49:77. Fingerling, G. 1905. Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss von Reizstoffen auf die Futteraufnahme, Verdaulichkeit, Milchsekretion bei reizlosem und normalem Futter. (Effects of taste substances on feed intake, digestibility and milk secretion with bland and normal feed.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 62:11. Fingerling, G. 1906. Neuer Apparat zur getrennten Auffangung von Kot und Harn bei kleineren weiblichen Tieren (Ziegen und Schafen). (Apparatus for separate collection of feces and urine in small female animals—goats and sheep. Z. Biol. 47:72. Fingerling, G. 1907. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss von Reizstoffen auf die Milchsekretion. (More studies on taste substances upon milk secretion.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 67:253. Fingerling, G. 1909. Weitere Untersuchungen ueber den Einfluss von Reizstoffen auf die Milchsekretion. (Further studies on die effects of taste substances upon milk secretion.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 71:373. Fonolla, J., R.Sanz, and A.Gonzalez Moles. 1972. Influencia de la granulación sobre la digestibilidad y rendimiento nutritivo de la harina de alfalfa deshidratada en cabras de raza Granadina. (Effect of pelleting on digestibility and feeding value of dried alfalfa meal for Granada goats.) Av. Aliment. Mejora Anim. 13:343. Fraps, G.S. 1924. Digestion experiments with oat by-products and other feeds. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 315. Fraps, G.S., and V.L.Gory. 1940. Composition and utilization of range vegetation of Sutton and Edwards counties. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 586. French, M.H. 1957. Nutritional value of tropical grasses and fodders. Herb. Abstr. 27:1. Gartner, R.J.W., and I.S.Hurwood. 1976. The tannic and oxalic acid content of Acacia aneura (Mulga) and their possible effects on sulphur and calcium availability. Aust. Vet J. 52:194. Geoffroy, F. 1974. Etudé comparée du comportement alimentaire et merycique de deux petits ruminants: La chevre et le mouton. (Comparison of feeding and ruminating behavior in two small ruminants: Goats and sheep.) Ann. Zootech. 23:63. Gihad, F.A. 1976. Intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization of tropical natural grass hay by goats and sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 43:879. Gihad, F.A., T.M.el-Bedawy, and A.Z.Mehrez. 1980. Fiber digestibility by goats and sheep. J. Dairy Sci. 63:1701. Gomez-Guillamon, L., G.Varela, and J.Boza. 1961. Valor leche del higo chumbo desecado en cabras de raza granadina. (Milk production value of dried prickly pear in goats of Granada breed.) Zootechn. 10:190. Gordon, O., and W.Tribe. 1937. Importance of frequent feeding. Br. J. Nutr. 6:89. Griego, R.R., and J.C.Malechek. 1975. Sheep and goat grazing responses in the pre-Sahara. Proc. West. Soc. Anim. Sci. 26:151. Gupta, J.H., S.K.Pramanik, and B.N.Majumdar. 1967. A comparison of the nutritive value of hybrid Napier, Napier and Jowar grasses with or without starch supplementation. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 68:135. Gusejnov, D.Ja. 1962. O laktogennom dejstvii bojarysnika. (Lactogenic effect of hawthorns.) Veterinarija (Moscow) 39:61. Hamada, T. 1973. Feed utilization and anatomical adaptation of kids after removal of compartments of forestomach or omasal laminae. J. Dairy Sci. 56:473. Hamada, T., H.Hayakawa, and K.Kameoka. 1973. Feed values, ruminal decomposition, and ad libitum intakes of alfalfa hay cube and Italian ryegrass hay by the goat. Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. India 27:11. Hamada, T., T.Okubo, H.Hayakawa, and K.Kameoka. 1974. Estimation of energy and crude protein digestibilities of growing alfalfa, perennial ryegrass, and tall fescue by the continuous digestion experiment. Nippon Sochi Gakkai-Shi 20:22. Heffron, C.L., J.T.Reid, W.M.Haschek, A.K.Furr, T.F. Parkinson, C.A.Bache, W.H.Gutenmann, L.E.St. John, Jr., and D.J.Lisk. 1977. Chemical composition and acceptability of aquatic plants in diets of sheep and pregnant goats. J. Anim. Sci. 45:1166. Hjeljord, O. 1973. Mountain goat forage and habitat preference in Alaska. J. Wildl. Manage. 37:353. Hofmeyr, H.S., D.M.Joubert, F.J.G.Badenhorst, and G.J.van D.Steyn. 1965. Adaptability of sheep and goats to a South African tropical environment Proc. S. Afr. Soc. Anim. Prod. 4:191. Hoppe, P.P., S.A.Ovortrup, and M.H.Woodford. 1977. Rumen fermentation and food selection in East African sheep, goats, Thompson’s gazelle, Grant’s gazelle and impala. J. Agric. Sci. 89:129. Hornby, H.E., and H.J.van Rensburg. 1948. The place of goats in Tanganyika farming systems. I. In deciduous bushland formation. E. Afr. Agric. J. 14:94. Hossain, W. 1960. Evaluation of pipal leaves as a feed for goats. Agric. Pak. 11:139. Huss, D. 1971. Goat responses to use of shrubs in Wildlife Shrubs …Their Biology and Utilization. An international symposium, Utah State Univ., Logan, 7 pp. Huston, J.E. 1976. Relative digestive capacities of cattle, sheep, goats and deer for a common feed. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 3400:36. Huston, J.E. 1978. Forage utilization and nutrient requirements of the goat. J. Dairy Sci. 61:988. Jang, S., and B.N.Majumdar. 1962. A study of comparative digestibilities in different species of ruminants. Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 22:303.

OCR for page 86
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Jones, G.M., R.E.Larsen, A.H.Javed, E.Donefer, and J.M. Gaudreau. 1972. Voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility of forages by goats and sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 34:830. Knight, J. 1965. Some observations on the feeding habits of goats in the South Baringo District of Kenya. E. Afr. Agric. For. J. 30:182. Kostov, K. 1972. Skorost na razrushavaneto v turbukha na zelena masa ot raigras, chervena vlasatka i ezhova glavitsa. (Rate of breakdown in the rumen of the green matter of ryegrass, red fescue and orchard grass.) Zhivotnovud. Nauki 9:105. Kronacher, C., J.Kliesch, and H.Schubert. 1934. Anbau-und Fuetterungsversuche mit der gelben Suesslupine. I. Mitteilung: Gruenfuetteningsversuche mit Suesslupine an Schweinen, Ziegen, Schafen und Kuehen. (Agronomic and feeding studies with yellow sweet lupines using swine, goats, sheep and cows.) Z. Tierz. Zuechtgsbiol. Reihe B 21:1. Lander, P.E., and L.C.Dharmani. 1936. Some digestibility trials on Indian feeding stuffs. X. Green fodders, hays and gram bhusa (chick pea straw). Indian J. Vet. Sci. 6:117. Larsson, S. 1954. On the hypothalamic organisation of the nervous mechanism regulating food intake. 1. Hyperphagia from stimulation of the hypothalamus and medulla in sheep and goats. Acta Physiol. Scand. 12:1. Lee, J.W., D.H.Bae, Y.Y.Park, K.S.Kim, and S.H.Park. 1974. Comparative study on digestibility of nutrients in roughages, concentrates and oil meal by Korean native cattle, native goat, sheep, rabbit, pig and poultry. Res. Rep. Off. Rural Dev. (Korea) 16:91. Louca, A., and A.Papas. 1973. The effect of different proportions of carob pod meal in the diet on the performance of calves and goats. Anim. Prod. 17:139. Maher, C. 1945. The goat: Friend or foe? E. Afr. Agric. J. 11:115. Maheshwari, M.L., and S.K.Talapatra. 1975a. Stall feeding of Jamunapari goats with cowpea fodders. Indian Vet. J. 52:30. Maheshwari, M.L., and S.K.Talapatra. 1975b. Berseem (Egypt, clover) as a fodder for milch goats. Indian Vet J. 52:113. Malechek, J.C., and C.L.Leinweber. 1972a. Chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of forage consumed by goats on lightly and heavily stocked ranges. J. Anim. Sci. 35:1014. Malechek, J.C., and C.L.Leinweber. 1972b. Forage selectivity by goats on lightly and heavily grazed ranges. J. Range Manage. 25:105. Marten, G.C., and R.N.Andersen. 1975. Forage nutritive value and palatability of 12 common annual weeds. Crop Sci. 15:821. Martin, F.H., and C.A.Baile. 1972. Feed intake of goats and sheep following acetate or propionate injections into rumen, ruminal pouches, and abomasum as affected by local anesthetics. J. Dairy Sci. 55:606. McLeod, M.N. 1974. Plant tannins—their role in forage quality. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 44:803. McMahan, C.A. 1964. Comparative food habits of deer and three classes of livestock. J. Wildl. Manage. 28:798. Mehren, M.J., and D.C.Church. 1976. Influence of taste-modifiers on taste responses of pygmy goats. Anim. Prod. 22:255. Mellenberger, R.W., L.D.Satter, M.A.Millett, and A.J.Baker. 1971. Digestion of aspen, alkali-treated aspen, and aspen bark by goats. J. Anim. Sci. 32:756. McCamman-Feldman, B. 1980. A critical analysis of tropical savanna forage consumption and utilization by goats. Ph.D. thesis. University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign. Merrill, L.B. 1975. Advantages of mixed stocking on rangelands. Beef Cattle Sci. Handb. 12:368. Merrill, L.B., P.O.Reardon, and C.L.Leinweber. 1966. Cattle, sheep and goats…Mix’em up for higher gains. Tex. Agric. Progr. 12:13. Merrill, L.B., and V.A.Young. 1954. Results of grazing single classes of livestock in combination with several classes when stocking rates are constant. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Progr. Rep. 1726. Morgen, A. 1912. Ueber die speziellen Wirkungen der Futtermittel auf die Milchproduktion. (Specific effects of feeds upon milk production.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 77:17. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and F.Westhausser. 1913. Ueber den Futterwert der eingesaeuerten Zuckerruebenblaetter fuer Milchtiere. (Feeding value of sugar beet leaf silage for milking animals.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 80:637. Morgen, A., H.Windheuser, O.Schoeler, and E.Ohlmer. 1922. Ueber die Verdaulichkeit verschiedener Fabrikate entbitterter Lupine und ueber die Verwertung derselben bei der Milchproduktion. (Digestibility of different preparations of nonbitter lupines and utilization for milk production.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 99:295. Nastis, A.S. 1977. Consumption, digestion, and utilization by goats of the dry matter and nitrogen in diets containing oak (Quercus gambelii) foliage. M.S. thesis. Utah State University, Logan. Neuhaus, U. 1955. Giftpflanzen fuer Ziegen. (Poisonous plants for goats.) Der Ziegenzuechter 21:1. Neuhaus, U. 1956. Der Naehrstoffgehalt von frischem Laub, Laubheu und Laubreisig. (Nutritive value of green leaves, dry leaves and twigs.) Dtsch. Kleintierz. 15:2. Oates, A.V. 1956. Goats as a possible weapon in the control of the thorn bush. Rhodesia Agric. J. 53:68. Oehmichen, P. 1934. Welche Graeser und Kleearten werden von unseren Ziegen am liebsten gefressen? (Which grasses and legumes are preferred by goats?) Der Ziegenzuechter 29:103. Oh, H.K., M.B.Jones, and W.M.Longhurst. 1968. Comparison of rumen microbial inhibition resulting from various essential oils isolated from relatively unpalatable plant species. Appl. Microbiol. 16:39. Poncet, C. 1972. Utilisation digestive comparée de l’orge, de la banane verte et de la banane ensilée chez la chèvre. (Comparative digestion of barley, green plantain and ensiled plantain by goats.) Stn. Rech. l’Elevage Ruminants, Clermont Ferrand, 776. Provenza, F.D. 1978. Getting the most out of blackbrush. Utah Sci. Rector, B.S., and J.E.Huston. 1976. Nutrient composition of some Edwards Plateau forage plants. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 3399. Sachdeva, K.K., O.P.S.Sengar, S.N.Singh, and I.L.Lindahl. 1973. Studies on goats. 1. Effect of plane of nutrition on the reproduction performance of does. J. Agric. Sci. 80:375. Saraswat, B.L., K.S.Singh, and K.K.Sachdeva. 1974. A study on the chemical composition of Shisham (Dalbergia sissoo) pods at different stages of maturity. Balwant Vidyapeeth J. Agric. Sci. Res. 14:12. Saxena, J.S. 1971. Studies on Jamunapari goats. I. The chemical composition of the herbage upon which Jamunapari goats thrive in their home tract. Indian Vet. J. 48:77. Saxena, J.S., and M.L.Maheshwari. 1971. Studies on Jamunapari goats. 2. Studies on comparative intake of nutrients by browsing goats. Indian Vet. J. 48:173. Saxena, S.K., D.E.Otterby, J.D.Donker, and A.L.Good. 1972. Effect of alkali treatment of oat straw and two levels of soybean meal on ration utilization and faecal composition. Indian Res. J. 6:112.

OCR for page 87
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Schneider, B.H. 1947. Feeds of the world. Their digestibility and composition. W. Va. Agric. Exp. Stn., Morgantown. Sharma, V.V., and P.C.Murdia. 1974. Utilization of berseem hay by ruminants. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 83:289. Sharma, V.V., and N.K.Rajora. 1977. Voluntary intake and nutrient digestibility of low-grade roughage by ruminants. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 88:75. Sherman, P.J. 1977. Tropical forage legumes. FAO Plant Prod. Protect Ser. 2, Rome, Italy. Short, H.L., R.M.Blair, and A.E.Epps, Jr. 1973. Estimated digestibility of some southern browse tissues. J. Anim. Sci. 36:792. Short, H.L., R.M.Blair, and C.A.Segelquist. 1974. Fiber composition and forage digestibility by small ruminants. J. Wildl. Manage. 38:197. Short, H.L., D.E.Medlin, and A.E.Anderson. 1965. Ruminoreticular characteristics of mule deer. J. Mammal. 46:196. Short, H.L., and J.C.Reagor. 1970. Cell wall digestibility affects forage value of woody twigs. J. Wildl. Manage. 34:964. Simiane, M. de, B.Broquat, and L.Huguet. 1975. Les fourrages verts, comment augmenter leur utilisation par la chévre laitiare. (Green forages, how to increase their utilization by the dairy goat.) L’elevage 46:81. Singh, A.P., V.S.Upadhyay, N.C.Verma, and A.Rekib. 1974. Nutritive value of ‘M. P. Chari’ (Sorghum bicolor) at different stages of maturity. Indian J. Anita. Sci. 44:153. Singh, K., M.L.Punj, A.S.Kochar, and I.S.Bhatia. 1972. In vitro studies on the utilization of the carbohydrate polymers of the cell wall of tree leaves by rumen microorganisms. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 25:148. Singh, R.P., K.K.Sachdeva, and O.P.S.Sengar. 1969. Digestible nutrients of grain (Cicer orientinum) bhusa and Chhilka when fed to Barbari goats. Balwant Vidyapeeth J. Agric. Sci. Res. 11. Skjevdal, T. 1970. Kraftfortilskudd til mjolkegeiter pa fjellbeite. (Feed concentrate supply for milking goats in mountain pasturage.) p. 123 In Husdyrforsoksmotet Norges Landbrukshogsk. Sidahmed, A.E., J.G.Morris, and S.R.Radosevich. 1981a. Summer diet of Spanish goats grazing chaparral. J. Range Manage. 34:33. Sidahmed, A.E., J.G.Morris, L.J.Koong, and S.R.Radosevich. Gaines, W.L. 1943. Feeding standard equations for cows and and energy requirements of Spanish goats. J. Anim. Sci. (in press). Staples, R.R., H.E.Hornby, and R.M.Hornby. 1942. A study of the comparative effects of goats and cattle on a mixed grass-brush pasture. E. Afr. Agric. J. 8:62. Talbot, L.M., and M.H.Talbot. 1963. The high biomass of wild ungulates on East African savanna. North Am. Wildl. Nat. Res. Conf. Proc. 28:465. Tessema, S. 1972. Nutritional value of some tropical grass species as compared to some temperate grass species. Ph.D. thesis. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Tetteh, A. 1974. Preliminary observations on preference of herbage species by cattle, sheep and goats grazing on range on the Achimota Experimental Fam. Ghana J. Agric. Sci. 7:191. Thomas, B., and A.Smith. 1954. The nutritive value of Calluna vulgaris (Ling heather). J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 45:1. Tripathi, A.K. 1974. Effect of banana leaves tannin and tannic acid on protein degradation. Indian J. Dairy Sci. 27:179. Upadhyay, V.S., A.Rekib, and P.S.Pathak. 1974. Nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.). De Wit Indian Vet. J. 51:534. Varela, G., J.Ferrer, and J.Boza. 1961. Digestibility trials with goats. Proc. 8th Int. Congr. Anim. Prod., Hamburg, W. Germany. Verma, N.C., and R.Mukherjee. 1972. Ensilage of berseem (Trifoliurn alexandrinum). Indian J. Dairy Sci. 25:295. Van Soest, P.J. 1980. Impact of feeding behavior and digestive capacity on nutritional response. Paper presented at the Technical Consultation on Animal Genetics Resources Conservation and Management, Rome, Italy, June 2-6. Welch, J.G., D.B.Clark, and J.J.Rutledge. 1975. Body size and rumination in cattle, sheep and goats. J. Anim. Sci. 41:432. Wilson, A.D. 1977. The digestibility and voluntary intake of the leaves of trees and shrubs of sheep and goats. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 28:501. Wilson, A.D., J.H.Leigh, N.L.Hindley, and W.E.Mulham. 1975. Comparison of the diets of goats and sheep on a Casaurina cristata-Heterodendrum oleifolium woodland community in Western New South Wales. Aust. J. Exp. Agric. Anim. Husb. 15:45. Wilson, A.D., W.C.Wier, and D.T.Torell. 1971. Comparison of methods of estimating the digestibility of range forage and browse. J. Anim. Sci. 32:1046. Wilson, P.N. 1957. Studies of the browsing and reproductive behaviour of the East African dwarf goat. E. Afr. Agric. J. 23:138. Wilson, P.N. 1958a. The effect of plane of nutrition on the growth and development of the East African dwarf goat. I. Effect of plane of nutrition on the liveweight gains and the external measurements of kids. J. Agrie. Sci. 50:198. Wilson, P.N. 1958b. The effect of plane of nutrition on the growth and development of the East African dwarf goat. II. Age changes in the carcass composition of female kids. J. Agric. Sci. 51:4. Wilson, P.N. 1960. The effect of plane of nutrition on the growth and development of the East African dwarf goat. III. The effect of plane of nutrition and sex on the carcass composition of the kid at two stages of growth, 16 lbs. weight, and 30 lbs. weight. J. Agric. Sci. 54:105. Woods, C.D. 1903. Notes on the Angora goat. Maine Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 98. Zannelli, C. 1958. Influenza dell’alimentazione mista ed esclusiva con sottoprodotti dell’industria agrumaria sui costituenti del sangue della capra. 1. Influenza sul quadro ematologico. (Influence of mixed feeding and feeding only on by-products of the citrus industry on blood constituents of the goat 1. Influence on the blood picture.) Boll. Soc. Ital. Biol. Sper. 34:44. RATION FORMULATION AND EXAMPLES OF TYPICAL RATIONS Agricultural Research Council. 1965. The nutrient requirements of farm livestock. 2. Ruminants. Technical reviews and summaries. Agric. Res. Counc., London, England 11:264. Beger, C. 1907. Untersuchungen ueber die Einwirkung yon Nahrungsfett als Emulsion und als Substanz auf die Milchproduktion. (Effects of feed fat as emulsion and normal upon milk production.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 67:1. Blaxter, K.L. 1965. The nutrient requirement of farm livestock. 2. Ruminants. Agric. Res. Counc., London, England. Cook, L.J., T.W.Scott, S.C.Mills, A.C.Fogerty, and A.R. Johnson. 1976. Effects of protected cyclopropene fatty acids on the composition of ruminant milk fat (lactating cows and goats) diets. Lipids 11:705. Cunningham, H.M., and J.K.Loosli. 1954. The effect of fat-free diets on lambs and goats. J. Anim. Sci. 13:265.

OCR for page 88
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries DeHaas, H.J. 1975. Schafe und Ziegen zur Fleisch-Erzeugung am tropischen Standort (Sheep and goats for meat production under tropical conditions.) Tropenlandwirt 76:48. Devendra, C. 1980. Feeding and nutrition of goats, p. 240. In D. C.Church, ed., Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants. Oregon State University, Corvallis. Dolezel, F., S.Bartos, and A.Jukl. 1973. Vliv stoupajicich davek sacharozy na produkci tekavych mastnych kyselin v bachoru. (Effect of increasing amounts of sucrose on production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen.) Zivocisna Vyroba 18:715. Fehr, P.M. 1971. Le chevreau de boucherie. (Production of small goats for slaughter.) Rev. Elevage 26:121. Fehr, P.M. 1976. Caprins. (Goats.) Tech. Agric. 6:3500. Inst Techn. d’Elevage Orin et Caprin, Paris, France. Fehr, P.M., and R.Disset. 1969. Peut-on alimenter rationnellement les chèvres? (Is it possible to feed goats rationally?) Rev. Elevage Special 45:145. Fehr, P.M., and R.Disset. 1972. Alimentazione delle caprette. (Feeding of young goats.) Inf. Zootec. 19:16. Fehr, P.M., and D.Sauvant. 1975. L’alimentation avant et après la mise bas: Clé du succes en elevage caprin. (Feeding before and after kidding: The key to success in the rearing of goats.) Elevage 37:83. Fehr, P.M., and D.Sauvant. 1978. Nutrition and optimum performance of dairy goats. Livest. Prod. Sci. 5:203. Fehr, P.M., D.Sauvant, J.Delage, B.L.Dumont, and G.Roy. 1976. Effect of feeding methods and age at slaughter on growth performances and carcass characteristics of entire young male goats. Livest. Prod. Sci. 3:183. Fehr, P.M., and M.deSimiane. 1974. Alimentation des jeunes caprins: L’allaitement artificiel des chevrettes. (Feeding young goats: Artificial nursing of kids.) Bull. Tech. Inf. Minist Agric. 290:425. Fingerling, G. 1906. Einfluss fettreicher und fettarmer Kraftfuttermittel auf die Milchsekretion bei verschiedenem Grundfutter. (Effects of fat-rich and fat-poor concentrates on milk secretion with different basic feeds.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 64:299. Fowle, K.E., and D.C.Church. 1973. Effect of nutritionally poor ration, short-term fasting, and refeeding on goats. Am. J. Vet. Res. 34:849. Gaines, W.L. 1943. Feeding standard equations for cows and goats in milk. J. Anim. Sci. 2:304. Geoffroy, F. 1974. Etude comparée du comportement alimentaire et merycique de deux petits ruminants: La chèvre et le mouton. (Comparison of feeding and ruminating behavior in two small ruminants: Goats and sheep.) Ann. Zootech. 23:63. Gieseke, A. 1930. Fuetterungsversuch mit Oelkuchenmischfutter bei Ziegen. (Feeding experiment with oil meals for goats.) Mitt. Landwirtsch. 45:955. Gilch, O. 1930. Ziegenfuetterung auf wissenschaftlicher Grundlage. (Goat feeding scientifically.) Sueddtsch. Landwirtsch. Tierz. 24:65. Grassland Research Institute. 1964. Roughages for goats in lactation. Annu. Exp. Prog. Rep. 16, Hurley, England. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1978a. Dairy goat management. J. Dairy Sci. 61:1011. Haenlein, G.F.W. 1978b. Dairy goats do well on free choice feeding. Hoard’s Dairyman 123:1194. Hino, T., and M.Kametaka. 1974. Effect of diets on the number of protozoa in the rumen, with special reference to the effect of purified diets and sterol in diets. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 45:223. Holmes, W., G.W.Arnold, and A.L.Provan. 1960. Bulk feeds for milk-production. I. The influence of level of concentrate feeding in addition to silage and hay on milk yield and milk composition. J. Dairy Res. 27:191. Huston, J.E. 1976. Considerations in the nutrition of milking goats. Proc. 1st Annu. Nev. Dairy Goat Day, Reno, Nevada. Hutjens, M.F. 1979. Feeding the dairy goat—challenges and opportunities. Dairy Goat J. 57:16. Hutjens, M.F., and L.H.Schultz. 1971. Effect of feeding soybeans or formaldehyde-treated soybeans on lipid metabolism in ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 54:1876. Itabashi, H., and M.Kandatsu. 1974. Effect of rumen ciliate protozoa on the digestibility of food constituents, nitrogen retention and amino acid compositions of the rumen contents. Jpn. J. Zoo. Sci. 45:585. Jahn, S. 1957. Verwendung von Amidschnitzeln bei Wiederkaeuern nach Versuchen an laktierenden und graviden Milchziegen. (Utilization of amid beet pulp by ruminants after experiments with milking and pregnant goats.) Kuehn-Arch. 71:75. John, C.B., and S.K.Talapatra. 1971. Growth studies with Jamunapari goats. 3. Goat as a meat producing animal. Indian Vet. J. 48:602. Kanus, S., K.Dogan, and M.Erdem. 1974. Ispirto mayasi’nin oglaklarin canli agirlik artisi, yem tuketimi ve yemi degerlendirme sayisina etkisi uzerinde arastirmalar. (Effect of distillers’ dried solubles on liveweight gain, feed consumption and efficiency of utilization of feed by kids.) Uretme, Turkey 5:32. Kennett, W.S., and L.S.Bull. 1972. The use of feather meal in ruminant diets. Proc. Md. Univ. Nutr. Conf. Kliesch, J. 1936. Neuzeitliche Fuetterungsversuche an Ziegen. (Modern feeding studies with goats.) Forschungsdienst 1:758. Komaki, H., K.Osafune, and H.Morimoto. 1974. Study of polyethylene-rope as roughage substitute ration for ruminants. I. Effect on digestibility and VFA (volatile fatty acid) in the rumen digesta of the goat. Bull. Coll. Agric. Vet. Med. Nihon Univ. 31:336. Kronacher, C., and J.Kliesch. 1928. Die Koerperentwicklung der Ziege von der Geburt bis zum Alter von einem Jahr unter Beruecksichtigung des Naehrstoffbedarfs und der Naehrstoffverwertung der Laemmer sowie der Ernaehrung und Leistungen der Muttertiers. (Body development of goats including nutrient requirements and utilization by kids and the feeding and production of does.) Z. Tierz. Zuechtungsbiol. 11:150. Lezius, G. 1953. Naehrstoffbedarf und Naehrstoffhaushalt der Milchziege. (Nutrient requirements and balances of dairy goats.) Ph.D. thesis. University of Hohenheim-Stuttgart, West Germany. Lindahl, I.L. 1972. Nutrition and feeding of goats. In D.C. Church, ed., Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants. Oregon State University, Corvallis. Lozano, J.A., and E.Vazquez Salinas. 1972. Algunos efectos de la suplementacion con sorgo antes y despues del parto de cabras estabuladas. (Some effects of sorghum supplementation before and after parturition of goats in stables.) Tierra (Mexico) 27:747. Machens, A. 1930. Fuetterung, Haltung, Pflege der Ziege. (Feeding, management and care of goats.) Anleitungen Dtsch. Ges. Zuechtungskunde Heft 7. Machens, A. 1933. Fuetterungsversuche mit Milchziegenleistungsfutter “Ibeka” und Leistungsfutter “Caprina.” (Feeding studies with special supplements “Ibeka” and “Caprina.”) Der Ziegenzuechter 28:1. Mead, S.W., O.Peck, and H.H.Cole. 1955. Feed mixtures for

OCR for page 89
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries milk goats, feeding trials with milking does compared simple and complex concentrate mixtures as the supplements to roughage. Calif. Agric. 9:11. Morgen, A., C.Beger, and F.Westhausser. 1911. Ueber den Einfluss der aus Futterrueben und Trockenschnitzeln hergestellten Extrakte auf den Fettgehalt der Milch. (Effects of extracts from fodder beets and dry beet pulp upon fat content of milk.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 75:349. Morgen, A., W.Wagner, O.Schoeler, and H.Ohlmer. 1918. Fuetterungsversuche mit Leimkraftfutter an Milchtieren. (Feeding experiments with glue by-products on milking animals.) Landwirtsch. Vers. Stn. 94:219. National Research Council. 1973 and 1978. The nutrient requirements of horses. 3rd and 4th rev. ed. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. Needham, K. 1959. Feeding the milking goat. J. Agric. W. Aust. 8:102. Nitter, G. 1975. Vorlaeufige Ergebnisse mit der Intensivmast von Ziegenlaemmern. (Preliminary fattening results with goat lads.) Kleinviehzuechter 23:316. Opstvedt, J. 1963. Yields from goats on mountain pasture. Sau og Geit 16:57. Opstvedt, J. 1967. Feeding experiments with goats. I. Studies on the effect of energy level and feed combination on feed intake and milk yield, composition and organoleptic properties. Tech. Bull. Inst Anim. Nutr. Agric. Coll. Norway 134:114. Opstvedt, J. 1969. Norwegian experiments on nutrition and milk quality in goats. Inst. Husdyrernaering Foringslaere Saertr. 343:14. Rem, S. 1949. Verfuetterung von Sojabohnen. (Feeding of soybeans.) Der Ziegenzuechter 40:169. Renner, V. 1922. Naehrstoffbedarf und Milchleistung des Rindes und der Ziege. (Nutrient requirements and milk production of cows and goats.) Fruehl. Landwirtsch. Z. 71:335. Riemenschneider, R.W., and N.R.Ellis. 1936. The effect of ingested cottonseed meal upon the distribution of the constituent fatty acids of goat milk. J. Biol. Chem. 114:441. Ritgen, G. 1926. Untersuchungen ueber Leistung, Fuetterung, Wachstum rheinischer Ziegen. (Studies on production, feeding and growth of Rhineland goats.) Ph.D. thesis. Agricultural College, Bonn, West Germany. Robstad, A.M. 1975. Ulik slattetid ved ensilering i relasjon til foring av mjolkegeiter. (Different times for haying in relation to ensilaging in order to produce feed for dairy goats.) Aktuelt Landbruksdep Opplysningstjeneste 1:203. Sachdeva, K.K., O.P.S.Sengar, S.N.Singh, and I.L.Lindahl. 1973. Studies on goats. 1. Effect of plane of nutrition on the reproductive performance of does. J. Agric. Sci., Cambridge 80:375. Sachdeva, K.K., O.P.S.Sengar, S.N.Singh, and I.L.Lindahl. 1974. Studies on goats. 2. Effect of plane of nutrition on milk production and composition. Milchw. 29:471. Schmidt, J., and H.Vogel. 1932. Ziegenfuetterungsversuche mit Herdbuchfutter B und DLG Mischfutter II b. (Goat feeding experiments with herd feed B and DLG feed II b.) Der Ziegenzuechter 33:257. Schmidt, J., H.Vogel, and I.Duckstein. 1932. Vergleichende fuetterungsversuche mit Ibeka-Leistungsfutter und DLG Mischfutter IIb an Ziegen. (Comparative feeding experiments with Ibeka and DLG feed IIb for goats.) Sueddtsch. Landwirtsch. Tierz. 26:209. Schmidt, J., H.Vogel, and I.Duckstein. 1933. Ziegenfuetterungsversuch mit DLG. Milschfutter IIb bei wechselnder Futternorm. (Goat feeding experiments with DLG feed IIb under different standards.) Mitt. Dtsch. Landwirtsch. Ges. 17:360. Schmidt, J., H.Vogel, and I.Duckstein. 1934. Vergleichender Ziegenfuetterungsversuch mit verschiedenen Gruenfutterpflanzen. (Comparative goat feeding experiments with different green plants.) Dtsch. Landwirtsch. Tierz. 38:21. Skjevdal, T. 1972. Supplements of concentrates for dairy goats on mountain pasture. Nor. Landbrukshogsk. 401:190. Skjevdal, T. 1972. Comparison between silage and silage combined with hay as a roughage for milk goats. Sau og Geit. 25:23. Skjevdal, T. 1973. Kraftfortilskudd til geiter pa beite. (Feed supplements for goats on pasture.) Landbrukstidende 79:551. Skjevdal, T. 1974. Potatoes and swedes in the diet of ruminants. III. Studies in lactating goats. Meld. Nor. Landbrukshogsk. 169. Skjevdal, T. 1974. Milk feeding of kids. Meld. Nor. Landbrukshogsk. 53:39. Skjevdal, T. 1979. Effect of feeding various levels of concentrate during the dry period in dairy goats. Meld. Nor. Landbrukshogsk. 58:24. Sutoh, H., S.Uchida, and K.Miyake. 1972. Studies on silagemaking. 19. The relations between the growth stage and silage quality of the green oats. Sci. Rep. Okayama Univ. 40:25. Tanaka, K., I.Nakajima, and H.Hayashi. 1973. Effect of safflower oil supplement on the plasma lipids of goats. Jpn. J. Zool. Sci. 44:19. Tasaki, I. 1951. Studies on the metabolism of dairy goats. I. Metabolism in the fasting condition. Jpn. J. Zootech. Sci. 25:1. Uchida, S., H.Sutoh, and S.Imai. 1972. Studies on silagemaking. 20. Chemical composition of rice plants at different growth stages and feeding value of rice plant silage and rice plant hay. Sci. Rep. Okayama Univ. 40:35. Ulvesli, O., M.Husby, and K.Presthegge. 1952. Forkontroll med geiter og undersokelser av geitemelk. (Feed consumption of goats and studies of goats’ milk.) Tidsskr. Nor. Landbruk 59:118. Williams, H.H., and L.A.Maynard. 1934. The effect of specific dietary fats on the blood lipids of lactating goats. J. Dairy Sci. 17:223. Wilson, P.N. 1957. Effect of contrasted planes of nutrition on the carcass composition of the East African dwarf goat. Nature 180:145. Winter, J., and R.Goersch. 1974. Ziegen als Versuchstiere—ein Beitrag zur Fuetterungsoptimierung. (Goats as experimental animals: A contribution to feeding optimization.) Z. Versuchstierkd. 16:256. Wolter, R. 1971. Rationnement pratique de la vache laitière, de la chèvre et des ovins. (Practical nutrition of the milking cow, the goat, and the sheep.) Vigot Freres 112. Zwagermann, C. 1921. Das Fuettern der Ziegen und Futternormen. (The feeding of goats and feeding standards.) Der Ziegenzuechter 16:362. NUTRITION-RELATED METABOLIC DISORDERS Adam, S.E.I., G.Tartour, H.M.Obeid, and O.F.Idris. 1973. Effects of Ipomoea carnea on the liver and on serum enzymes in young ruminants. J. Comp. Path. 83:531. Alton, G.G. 1973. Brucellosis in goats and sheep. World Anim. Rev. 5:16. Anderson, J.J.B. 1970. Parturient hypocalcemia. Academic Press, New York.

OCR for page 90
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries Anderson, J.J.B., Y.H.Kuo, W.C.Crackel, and A.R.Twardock. 1970. Effects of high and low dietary calcium on the size and half life of the readily exchangeable calcium pool in female goats under two different feeding conditions, p. 147. In J.J.B. Anderson, Parturient hypocalcemia. Academic Press, New York. Barajas Rojas, J.A., and E.L.Biberstein. 1974. The dipteroid agent of ovine posthitis: Its relationship to Corynebacterium renale. J. Comp. Path. 84:301. Binns, W., R.F.Keeler, and L.D.Balls. 1972. Congenital deformities in lambs, calves, and goats resulting from maternal ingestion of Veratrum californicum: hare lip, cleft palate, ataxia, and hypoplasia of metacarpal and metatarsal bones. Clin. Toxicol. 5:245. Crookshank, H.R. 1966. Effect of sodium or potassium on ovine urinary calculi. J. Anim. Sci. 25:1005. Crookshank, H.R. 1970. Effect of ammonium salts on the production of ovine urinary calculi. J. Anim. Sci. 30:1002. Dollahite, J.W. 1961. Shin oak (Quercus havardii) poisoning in cattle. Southwest. Vet. 14:198. Dollahite, J.W. 1972. The use of sheep and goats to control Senecio poisoning in cattle. Southwest. Vet. 25:223. Griffith, D.P., D.M.Musher, and C.Itin. 1975. Urease—the primary cause of infective—induced urinary stones. Investig. Urol. 13:346. Guessous, F., P.M.Fehr, and J.Delage. 1974. Influence de l’acetate et du propionate de Na ajoutés au régime avant et après la mise bas sur le métabolisme, la production et la composition lipidique du lait de chèvre. (Effect of sodium acetate and propionate added to the diet before and after parturition on metabolism, production and lipid composition of the milk of goats.) Ann. Biol. Anim. Biochem. Biophys. 14:251. Gunji, S., K.Shinozaki, and A.Shiga. 1974. Studies on rumen fermentation in ruminants. II. Effects of several chemical additives introduced into rumen on rumen fermentation and blood glucose in goats. J. Fac. Agric. Iwate Univ. 11:281. Guss, S. 1977. Management and diseases of dairy goats. Dairy Goat J. Publ., Scottsdale, Ariz. Hardy, W.T., V.L.Cory, H.Schmidt, and W.H.Dameron. 1931. Bitterweed poisoning in sheep. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 433. Hoar, D.W., R.J.Emerick, and L.B.Embry. 1970. Potassium, phosphorus and calcium interrelationships influencing feedlot performance and phosphatic urolithiasis in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 30:597. Hume, I.D., R.J.Moir, and M.Somers. 1970. Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. I. Influence of the level of nitrogen intake. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 21:283. Idris, O.F., G.Tartour, S.E.I.Adam, and H.M.Obeid. 1973. Toxicity to goats of Ipomoea cornea. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 5:119. James, C.S., and K.Chandran. Enquiry into the role of minerals in experimental urolithiasis in goats. Indian Vet. J. 52:251. Keeler, R.F., K.R.Van Kampen, and L.F.James. 1978. Effects of poisonous plants on livestock. Proc. Joint U.S.-Aust Symp. Poisonous Plants, Academic Press, New York. Kingsbury, J.M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Kromann, R.P., A.E.Joyner, and J.E.Sharp. 1971. Influence of certain nutritional and physiological factors on urea toxicity in sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 32:732. Ku Suan Zan. 1973. Content of volatile fatty acids in the rumen and abomasum of goats continuously given sodium propionate in the feed. Zhivotnovud. Nauki 10:35. Leach, C.E. 1971. The goat owners scrap book. American Supply House, Columbia, Missouri. Lindahl, I.L. 1972. Nutrition and feeding of goats. In D.C. Church, ed., Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants. Oregon State University, Corvallis. Littledike, E.T. 1974. Parturient hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, mastitis-metritis-agalactia complex of swine, p. 355. In B. L.Larson and V.R.Smith, Lactation, vol. II. Academic Press, New York. Mackenzie, D. 1973. Goat husbandry. Faber & Faber, London, England. Majumdar, B., and B.N.Gupta. 1959. Vitamin A deficiency and urinary calculi in goats. Ann. Biochem. Exp. Med. 19:249. Mathews, F.P. 1936. The toxicity of broomwood (Gutierreza microcephala) for sheep, and cattle and goats. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 88:56. McMillan, O., and B.Southcott. 1973. Aethiological factors in ovine posthitis. Aust Vet. J. 49:405. Meites, J., H.D.Webster, F.W.Young, F.Thorp, Jr., and R.N. Hatch. 1951. Effects of corpora lutea removal and replacement with progesterone on pregnancy in goats. J. Anim. Sci. 10:411. Menahan, L.A. 1966. Interrelationships between ketone body production, carbohydrate utilization and fat mobilization in the ruminant. Ph.D. thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Morris, J.G., and E.Payne. 1970. Ammonia and urea toxicoses in sheep and their relation to dietary nitrogen intake. J. Agric. Sci. 74:259. Muir, L.A., E.L.Rickes, P.F.Duquette, and G.E.Smith. 1981. Prevention of induced lactic acidosis in cattle by thiopeptin. J. Anim. Sci. 52:635. Nichol, O. 1937. Vitamin robbery by parasitic worms. Br. J. Nutr. 6:47. Omori, S., and H.Sato. 1973. Some aspects of clinical signs and blood chemical composition of urea poisoning in the ruminants. Bull. Natl. Inst. Anim. India 26:9. Osborne, W.B., and F.A.Widdows. 1961. Sheath rot and testosterone—its effects and side effects on health and production. Wool Technol. Sheep Breed. 8:99. Radloff, H.D. 1964. Factors affecting plasma free fatty acid concentrations in the ruminant. Ph.D. thesis. University of Wisconsin, Madison. Reynolds, M. 1970. Mammary circulatory and respiratory changes associated with parturition in goats, p. 97. In J.J.B. Anderson, Parturient hypocalcemia. Academic Press, New York. Robbins, G.D., H.O.Kunkel, and H.R.Crookshank. 1965. Relationship of dietary mineral intake to urinary mineral excretion and incidence of urinary calculi in lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 24:76. Sato, H., and S.Omori. 1977. Incidence of urinary calculi in goats fed a high phosphorus diet. Jpn. J. Vet. Sci. 39:531. Schultze, A.B., and C.W.Turner. 1948. Relation of endocrine gland weight to body weight in growing and mature female dairy goats. Missouri Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. 427. Schultz, L.H. 1974. Ketosis. In B.L.Larson and V.R.Smith, Lactation, vol. 1. Academic Press, New York. Schwalm, J.W., and L.H.Schultz. 1974. Changes in blood and liver metabolites in experimental diabetes in fed and fasted goats. J. Dairy Sci. 57:606. Schwalm, J.W., and L.H.Schultz. 1976. Blood and liver metabolites in fed and fasted diabetic goats. J. Dairy Sci. 59:262. Shelton, M., and W.C.Ellis. 1965. Buffering agents in all concentrate rations for lambs. J. Anim. Sci. 24:289. Shelton, M., and J.Groff. 1974. Reproductive efficiency in Angora goats. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 1136. Shelton, M., and C.W.Livingston. 1975. Posthitis in Angora wethers. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 167:154. Shelton, M., and J.R.Stewart. 1973. Partitioning losses in repro-

OCR for page 91
Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, Dairy, and Meat Goats in Temperate and Tropical Countries ductive efficiency in Angora goats. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 3187. Smith, D.D. 1975. Grazing studies on selected plutonium-contaminated areas in Nevada. In M.G.White and P.B.Dunaway, The radioecology of plutonium and other transuranics in desert environments. U.S. ERDA, Las Vegas. Speny, O.G., J.W.Dollahite, G.O.Hoffman, and B.J.Camp. 1964. Texas plants poisonous to livestock. Tex. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull. 1028. Tartour, G., S.E.I.Adam, H.M.Obeid, and O.F.Idrus. 1974. Development of anemia in goats fed with Ipomoea earned. Br. Vet. J. 130:271. Twardock, A.R., Y.H.Kuo, W.C.Crackel, and J.J.B.Anderson. 1970. Measurement of calcium kinetics in dairy goats, p. 135. In J.J.B.Anderson, Parturient hypocalcemia. Academic Press, New York. Van Heerden, K.M. 1963. Investigations into the cause of abortions in Angora goats in South Africa. Onderstepoort J. Vet. Res. 30:23. Van Rensburg, S.J. 1964. Possible endocrine mechanisms for gestation failure. Proc. 5th Int. Congr. Anim. Reprod. Artif. Insem., Trento, Italy. Van Rensburg, S.J. 1971. Malnutrition of the fetus as a cause of abortion. J. S. Afr. Vet. Med. Assoc. 42:305. Vercoe, J.E. 1969. Transfer of nitrogen from the blood to the rumen in cattle. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 20:191. Wentzel, D., M.M.LeRoux, and L.J.J.Botha. 1976. Effect of the level of nutrition on blood glucose concentration and reproductive performance of pregnant Angora goats. Agroanimalia 8:59. Wentzel, D., J.C.Morgenthal, C.H.Van Niekerk, and C.S. Roelofse. 1974. The habitual aborting Angora doe. II. The effect of an energy deficiency on the incidence of abortion. Agroanimalia 6:129. Wentzel, D., J.C.Morgenthal, and C.H.Van Niekerk. 1975. The habitually aborting Angora doe. III. Luteal function in normal and aborter does. Agroanimalia 7:15. Wentzel, D., J.C.Morgenthal, and C.H.Van Niekerk. 1975. The habitually aborting Angora doe. V. Plasma estrogen concentration in normal and aborter does with special reference to the effect of an energy deficiency. Agroanimalia 7:35. Wentzel, D., and C.S.Roelofse. 1975. The habitually aborting Angora doe. VII. Induction of abortion by administration of cortisone acetate. Agroanimalia 7:45. Wentzel, D., J.M.van der Westhuysen, J.H.P.van der Merwe, and K.S.Viljoen. 1976. Effect of intrafoetal maternal oestrogen levels and subsequent reproductive outcome of pregnant Angora does. Agroanimalia 8:39. FEED COMPOSITION Devendra, C. 1979. Malaysian feedingstuffs. Malays. Agric. Res. Div. Inst., Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. Garrett, W.N. 1976. Net energy estimation. Personal Comm. Dept. Anim. Sci., Univ. Calif., Davis. Gohl, B.I. 1975. Tropical feeds. FAO, Rome, Italy. Harris, L.E., H.Haendler, R.Riviere, and L.Rechaussat. 1980. International feed data bank system. Int Feedstuffs Inst. Publ. 2, Utah State University, Logan. Harris, L.E., L.C.Kearl, and P.V.Fonnesbeck. 1972. Use of regression equations in predicting availability of energy and protein. J. Anim. Sci. 35:658. Kearl, L.C., L.E.Harris, H.Lloyd, M.F.A.Farid, and M.F. Wardeh. 1979. Arab and Middle East tables of feed composition. Utah State University, Logan. McDowell, L.R., J.H.Conrad, J.E.Thomas, and L.E.Harris. 1974. Latin American tables of feed composition. University of Florida, Gainesville. Moe, P.W., and H.F.Tyrrell. 1976. Estimating metabolizable and net energy of feeds. Proc. 1st Int. Symp. Feed Comp., Anim. Nutr. Req. Comput Diets, Utah State University, Logan. National Academy of Sciences. 1969. United States-Canadian tables of feed composition. National Academy of Sciences Publ. 1684, Washington, D.C. National Academy of Sciences. 1971. Atlas of nutritional data on United States and Canadian feeds. National Academy of Sciences Publ. 1919, Washington, D.C. Sen, K.C., and S.N.Ray. 1971. Nutritive value of Indian cattle feeds and the feeding of animals. Indian Counc. of Agric. Res., New Dehli.

Representative terms from entire chapter:

milk production