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OCR for page 587
Inclex
A
Accumulator columns, 97, 10 7
Acute lethal bioassays, 6, 137-38,
163, 187, 193, 206, 372, 374
Adenosine tr iphosphate (ATP), 153,
160, 468
Advection, 270, 273-76, 289
Aerial monitor ing , 128, 134, 192
Aerobic biodegradation, 305
Africa, 80, 320, 321
Agar medium, 1S4, 161
Airborne Oil Surveillance Systems
{AOSS) I and II, 128
AIREYE system, 128
Alaska, 52, 80, 203, 317, 319
Alboran Sea, 321, 323
Alcohols, pr imary, 292
Aldehydes , 2 9 2, 3 19
Algae. See Phytoplankton
Algal lawn technique, 161
Alicyclic hydrocarbons, 292-93
Aliphatic hydrocarbons, 18, 28,
33, 83, 286, 477
biodegradation, 291-92, 296,
298, 303
See also Alkanes
~ .
Aliphatic olefins, 31
Alkali digestion, 104-6
Alkaline phosphates, 160
Alkanes
analytical methods, 105, 124
biodegradation, 291-92, 296
in biogenic hydrocarbons, 27, 31
in mar ine atmosphere, 67-72, 83
mar ine concentration, 318 '22
marine organism concentration,
331
in petroleum, 18, 31, 32
sorption of, 284-85
Alkenes, 25, 27, 31
Alkylaromatic hydrocarbons, 18,
28, 32, 293-94
Alkylated dibenzothiophene, 33, 36
Alkylated phenanthrene, 33, 36
Alkylbenzenes, 286, 319, 474, 477
Alkylnaphthalenes, 286, 319
Aluminum, 17
American Chemical Society (ACS),
103
Ames assay, 201-2
Ammonium exoretion, 163
Amoco Cadiz spill, 112, 133, 140,
203, 276, 282-83 J 289, 376,
377 r 3801 382, 383 r 391, 393,
398, 410, 411, 414, 417, 423 t
439, 440, 444-45 J 448, 476,
477 ~ 550 ~ 561-66, 573-75
Anaerobic biodegradation, 305
Analytical methods. See
Biological analysis; Chemical
analys is
Aniline, 395, 398
Animals. See Benthic cowaunities;
Fish; Invertebrates; Mar ine
mamnals; Pelagic conununities;
Seab irds; Ver tebrates;
Zooplank ton
Antarctica, 317 .
environments
Anthracene, 293
AOSS I, 128
AOSS lI, 128
587
See also Polar
~.
OCR for page 588
588
Aqueous Volubility. See Dissolved
petroleum hydrocarbons
Arabian (Persian) Gulf, 65, 80, 334
Arctic environment. See Polar
environments
Argo Merchant spill, 276, 320,
376, 384, 424, 550, 557-61,
573-75
Aromatic hydrocarbons, 331, 381,
477
analytical methods, 102, 110,
113, 116, 120, 1~2
biodegradation, 291, 293-94,
296, 298, 302, 303
biological effects, 384, 390, 423
in coal, 29
from combustion sources, 28
fates, 277, 286
in interstitial water, 469
marine concentrations, 318, 319,
321, 322
marine organism concentrations,
334
metabolism of, 308-15
in petroleum, 18, 33, 36
See also Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons
Arrow spill, 133, 287, 376, 379,
383, 409, 411, 414, 417, 42S,
448, 550, 553-57, 573-75
Arsenic, 384
Artificial substrate experiments,
168
Aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase
(AHH), 188, 472
Asphaltenes, 18, 22, 279, 290, 295
Atlantic Ocean, 68-71, 320, 322,
323, 325, 331, 335, 432, 435
Atmosphere
atmospheric inputs of petroleum,
8, 66-72, 80, 82, 83
combustion sources of
hydrocarbons, 28, 36, 95, 134,
330, 479
Auks, 434, 435. See also Seabirds
Australia, 46
Autooxidation, 270, 284, 290
Avoidance response, 189, 400, 422,
427-28
B
Bacter ia, 205, 290
exper imental methods, 153-55
petroleum effects, 398-99, 402
See also Microbial degradation
Baff in Bay, 468, 470
Baffin Island oil spill (BIOS)
program, 464, 466
Ballast discharges, 56-61, 64
Baltic Sea, 321. See also Tsesis
spill
"Beach test, 169
Beaufor t Sea, 4 88
Behavioral responses, 13, 398-401,
486, 490
avoidance response, 189, 400,
422, 427-28
feeding response, 163-64, 189,
396 , 401, 449, 450 , 476
locomotion changes, 164
Benthic communities, 290, 298, 381
Amoco Cadiz spill, 565-66
Argo Merchant spill, 561
Arrow spill, 555-57
Florida spill, 551-52
Ixtoc ~ blowout, 571
petroleum effects, 396, 397,
412-17, 443-46, 448, 468-72,
487, 574
PHC concentrations, 12, 331-35
sampling and data analysis, 97,
180-86, 205-6
Benzanthracene, 18, 36, 397
Benzene, 105, 277, 319, 423, 477
biological effects, 384, 390,
398, 417, 418, 474
microbial degradation, 293
Benzota~anthracene, 286, 293,
296, 384
Benzota~pyrene
biodegradation, 293, 298, 299,
308-15
biological effects, 384, 397
carcinogenicity, 293, 315, 478-81
Benzote~pyrene, 384
Benzofluoranthene, 18, 384
Benzofluorene, 18
Benzoic acid, 294
Benzopyrene, 18, 36
Benzothiophenes, 283
OCR for page 589
589
Betaoxidation, 292, 294
Bilge oil, 56, 63-64, 80, 82
Bioassays . Se Biolog ical analys i s
Biochemical enzyme assays, 139
Biodegradation, 290-316
conclusions, 10-11, 316
factors affecting rate of, 303-6
invertebrates, 297-302
overview, 5-6, 270-71, 290-91
phytoplank ton, 296
research recommendations, 11, 316
vertebrates, 297-98, 302-3
See also Metabolic degradation;
Microbial degradation
Bioenergetics studies, 139, 206
Biogenic hydrocarbons, 26-27, 31,
32, 43, 4S, 67, 331, 334
marine concentrations, 319, 321,
322, 330
Biological analysis, 9, 135-260
acute lethal bioassays, 137-38,
372, 374
berths habitat sampling, 97,
180-82
biodegradation measurement, 155
chromosomal aberration studies,
195-200, 202
chronic bioassays, 138-40
data analys is, 183-86
ecosystem and mesocosm studies,
186, 203-4
f ield studies, 131-33, 140
f ish studies, 187-89
microorganisms, exposure
methods, 164-79
marine mammal studies, 192-95
metabolic effects of oil on
microorganisms, estimation
methods, 154-55
microbial numbers and biomass,
estimation methods, 153-54
mutagenic assays, 201-2
oil-contaminated food, 152
oil-contaminated sediments,
152-53
oil-in-water dispersions, 147,
149-51
overview, 89-93, 135-37
plankton studies, 156-64
recommendations, 204-6
seabird studies, 189-92
surface slicks, 151-52
test organisms, 140-41
water-soluble fractions, 141-47
Birds. See Seabirds
Bokandretok Island, 68
Box corers, 96, 180
Brittany. See Amoco Cadiz spill
~ .
Buccaneer Gas and Oil Field, 446-47
Buchan Gulf, 46
Bunker fuel oils, 23, 27n, 64,
287-88, 303
Bureau of Land Management, 11,
33S, 446
Burn point, 281
Butane, 67, 317
Buzzards Bay. See Flor Ida spill
C
Calcium, 17
California, 46, 72-73, 76, 80,
322, 425, 428, 468, 469, 471
Campeche Bay. See Ixtoc I blowout
Canada, 46, 76, 286, 408, 468, 470
Cape Grim, 68-71
Carbon dioxide evolution
measurement, 155
Carbon-14 uptake measurement, 155,
157-59
Carbon monoxide, 67
Carbon preference index (CPI), 31,
32
Carcinogenicity tests, 200
Carcinogens, 293, 315, 474, 477-82
Caribbean Sea, 317, 320, 321, 323,
325
Caspian Sea, 405
Cell transformation assays, 200
Cellular mechanisms, 159, 206,
316, 371, 395, 486
Census (bird) studies, 191-92
CEPEX mesocosm study, 286, 375,
408, 409
Chedabucto Bay, 487. See also
Arrow spill
Chemical analysis, 5, 9, 94-135
conclusions, 133
gas chromatography, 68' 101,
102, 107, 117-20, 122-23, 155,
161, 325
OCR for page 590
590
gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry, 68, 102, 107,
120, 122, 161
gravimetry, 110-11
high pressure liquid
chromatography, 101, 102, 110,
116-17, 155
hydrocarbons, high molecular
weight, 110-22
hydrocarbons, low molecular
weight, 122-23
nterlaboratory compar ison
programs, 123-28
IR spectrometry, 111-12
measuring hydrocarbons in
atmospheric samples, 68-69
monitoring programs, 131-33
overview, 89-95, 102-4
recommendations, 133-3 5
remote detection and measurement
of oil spills, 128-31
sample cleanup and
fractionation, 107-10
sampl ing and sample
preservation, 9S-99
solvent extraction, 104-7
spilled oil characterizations,
99-102
stable isotope ratios, 23, 31,
32, 36, 102, 121-22
th in layer chromatography, 116,
201-2
UV/F spectrometry, 94, 101, 107,
110, 112-16, 129, 131, 155
Chemical cleanup, 380-83
Chemical composition. See
Hydrocarbon sources
Chemical transformations
autooxidation, 270, 284, 290
See also Photochemical oxidation
~ .
Chemoreception, 400-401
Chromosomal aberration studies,
195-200, 202, 383-89
Chronic bioassays, 137-40, 163, 206
Chronic oiling, 376-77' 445-48,
491. See also Oil seeps;
~ ,
Petroleum inputs
Chrysene, 18, 36, 321, 384, 397
Clean ballast tanks (CBT), 57
Cleanup and control, 379-83
Clyde Estuary, 132
Coal, 29, 330
Coal 0~1 Point, 46, 428, 468, 469,
471
Coastal and offshore habitats,
440, 442-48, 465
Coast Guard, 128
Combustion sources of
hydrocarbons, 5, 28, 36, 95,
134, 330, 479
Cometabolism, 291, 292, 293
Concentrations. See Dissolved
petroleum hydrocarbons
Copper, 17
Coral reefs
petroleum e ffects, 390, 391,
449-53, 488
sampling methods, 182
Corers, 96, 180, 182
Correspondence analysis, 184
Cresol s, 315
Crude oil, chemical composition
17-23, 31-32
Crude oil washing (COW) systems,
57, 59, 61, 62
Culture systems, 160-61, 205
Cumene, 281
Cycloalkanes, 331
biodegradation, 291, 292
in diagenetic hydrocarbons, 28
marine concentrations, 318, 321
in petroleum, 18, 32, 72
Cycloalkenes, 25
Cyclohexane, 3 2, 2 93
Cycloparaffins, 18
Cytochrome P4 50-dependent
metabolism. See Metabolic
degradation
Cytogenic assays, 195-200, 202
D
Dakar, 320
Damped corers, 96
Data analysis
biological data, 183-86
interlaboratory comparisons,
123-28, 133
DDT, 314
Deemuls if ier s, 3 81
Denmark, 432
OCR for page 591
591
Density, of spilled oil, 272
Detoxif ication mechanism, 397 .
See also Metabolic changes
~ _
D iagenetic hydrocarbons, 28
Diatoms . See Phytoplank ton
Diauxie, 291
Dibenzanthracene, 384, 478
Dibenzothiophene, 36, 295, 320
Diesel fuel, 4 76
Dihydrodiols, 293, 312, 315
7 ,12-Dimethylbenzo (a) anthracene,
384, 476, 478
D imethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 109
Direct aqueous in jection , 122, 12 3
Dissolved petroleum hydrocarbons,
316-35
aqueous Volubility, 273, 277, 376
dissolution process, 10, 270,
277-78, 289
h igh-molecular-we igh t compounds,
319-22
in interstitial water, 469
low-molecular-we ight compounds,
317-18
in marine organisms, 331-34
particulate residues (tar
balls), 322-25
research recommendations, 33 5
in sediments, 326-30
summary, 11-12, 316-17, 335
in surface microlayer, 322
volatile liquid hydrocarbons,
318-19
Divers, 96, 97
Diversity indices, 183-84
n-Dodecane, 285
Dominant lethal gene mutation
assays, 198-99
Dosage effects, 376-77
Dredge spoil, 29, 79, 330
Dredges, 97, 180
Drift velocity, 10, 275
Dry-docking oil discharges, S6,
62, 82
Ducks. See Seabirds
Duwamish sediment studies, 124, 128
Dynamic headspace purge, 122
E
ecosystems studies, 203-4, 206
petroleum effects, 14, 436-48,
491
See also Mesocosm (field
enclosure ~ studies
Effects. See Petroleum effects;
and specific animal and plant
species, biological processes,
and environments
Ekofisk blowout, 423
Ekofisk oil field, 445, 447
Electron microscope, 139, 159
Elemental analysis, 102
Elimination processes, 163, 188,
299, 302, 303
Emulsif ication, 10, 270, 279-81,
290
Enclosure exper iments . See
Mesocosm ~ f ield enclosure
studies
Enewetak Atoll, 68-71
English Channel, 448
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA), 11 , 124 , 132, 335
Enzyme analysis, 159, 205
Epifluorescent techniques, 153
Eros tonal sources of petroleum,
43, 45, 49-50, 82
Ethane, 67, 317, 318
Evaporation, 10, 270, 276-77, 289,
415
Exposure methods, 141-53, 164-79
F
Farnesane, 3 5
Fates, 5-6
autooxidation, 270, 284, 290
physical transformations, 9-10,
270, 273-81, 284-90
See also Biodegradation;
~ _
Dissolved petroleum
hydrocarbons; Metabolic
degradation; Microbial
deg r ada t ion; Pho tochemi ca l
oxidation
Fatty acids, 292
OCR for page 592
592
Fecal matter, 287-88, 290
Feeding response. See Food and
feeding response
Fermentation studies, 306
Field studies. See Ecosystems;
Mesocosm (f ield enclosure)
studies; Monitor ing programs
Films (slicks), 151 - 52, 274 - 76 ,
289, 322
Fish
Amoco Cadiz spill, 564-65
Argo Merchant spill, 561
chromosomal aberrations, 384, 3 89
experimental methods, 140, 141,
187-89, 196-97
Flor Ida spill, SS1
hydrocarbon metabolism, 139,
309, 312-15
hydrocarbon uptake, 291, 297-98
302-3
Ixtoc I blowout, 571
petroleum effects, 390, 392-94,
396-98, 400, 417-24, 443, 444
PHC concentratior~s, 3 3 1
Fishery stocks, 422-24
Flame ionization detector (FID)
element specific detectors, 101
Flash point, 281
Floc, 96, 135
Flor Ida spill, 133, 288, 377, 378,
391, 550-53, 573-75
Flow bending, 10 5
Flow-through bioassays, 6, 138,
141, 146-47, 163, 187, 206, 3 75
Fluoranthrene, 36
Fly ash, 29
Food and feeding response
contaminated f ish and seafood,
422-24, 472, 479-80, 482, 489
feeding experiments, 163-64,
189, 194
feeding response changes, 396,
401, 449, 450, 476
oil contamination methods, 1S2
Forth Estuary, 132
Foss il fuel combustion, 5, 28, 3 6,
95, 134, 330
Fractionation of samples, 107-10
Francee See Amoco Cadiz spill
~ . .
Fuel oil sludge, 56, 64, 80, 82
Fuel oils, 23, 285-88, 303, 395,
475
Fungi, 205, 290
exper imental methods, lS3-S5
See alto Microbial degradation
~ .
G
Gas chromatography (GC), 68 , 101,
102, 107, 117-20, 122-23, 1S5,
161, 325
Gas chromatography/mass
spectrometry (GC/M~;), 68 , 102,
107, 120, 122, 161
Gas seeps, 317
Gas str ipping, 122
Gasoline, 23, 25, 474
General M Meigs spill, 411
Geographic location effects, 376
Georges Bank, 320, 322, 331, 443
German Bight, 132
Glass capillary/gas chromatography/
mass spectrometry (GC2/MS)
computer systems, 94, 110, 124
Grab samplers, 96, 135, 180
Gravimetry, 110-11
Gravity corers, 96, 135
Growth
changes in, 395, 396, 403, 407,
421
measurement, 163, 188, 189
Gulf of Alaska, 46
Gulf of Mexico, 51, 80, 287, 288,
468
chronic oiling, 402, 445-47
Ixtoc I blowout, 567-72
PHC concentrations, 318, 319,
321, 323, 325, 331, 335
spills in, 52, 55
Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 132, 42S
H
Habitat sampl ing, 180-82
Headspace gas str ipping, 104, 105,
122
Heneicosahexacne, 31
Heptadecane, 296, 319
Herders, 381
OCR for page 593
593
Hexadecane, 298
n-Hexane, 476
High pressure liquid chromatography
(HPLC), 101, 102, 110, 116-17,
155
High resolution glass capillary
GC, 68, 118
High speed homogenization/
extraction, 10 6
Histochemical studies, 139-40
Histopathology studies, 139-40,
205, 206
Hudson-Rar itan Estuary, 74
Human health, 472-82, 489
Hydrocarbon inputs. See Oil seeps;
Oil spills; Petroleum inputs;
and specific spil 1 incidents
Hydrocarbon sources, 17-42
ancient sediments, 26
anthropogenic hydrocarbons, 29
biogenic hydrocarbons, 26-27
coal, 29, 330
combustion sources, 28, 33 0
crude oil, 17-23
diagenetic compounds, 28
diagnosing sources, 29-37
oil seeps, 25
refined petroleum products, 23,
25
Hydrostatic pressure effects, 305
I
Impact area effects, 376-77
Impacts. See Petroleum effects;
and specif ic animal and Plant
species, biological Processes,
and environments
Indian Ocean, 68-71, 322
Indonesia, 56, 80
Industrial wastes, 29, 72, 74, 80,
82
Infrared (JR) sensors, 129
Infrared ~ IR) spectrometry, 101,
102, 111-12, 155
Inputs. See Oil seeps; Oil
spills; Petroleum inputs;
and specific spill incidents
Integrated Global Ocean Station
Systems (IGOSS), 124, 325
International Association of
Independent Tanker Owners, 58
International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution from
Ships (MARPOL 1973/1978), 57-58
International Convention for the
Prevention of Pollution of the
Sea by Oil (OILPOL 1954/1969),
57-62
International Council for the
Exploration of the Seas
~ ICES), 124, 128, 132 - 33
International Mar itime
Organization ~ ~O), 57 , 58
Intertidal habitats, 437-40, 465,
466
Amoco Cadiz spill, 5 66
Flor Ida spill, 552-53
Ixtoc I blowout, 5 72
Intraperitoneal injection of
hydrocarbons, 169
Introduction experiments, 165
Inver tebrates
chromosome studies, 196
Florida spill, 552-53
hydrocarbon metabolism, 309,
3 12-14
hydrocarbon uptake, 290, 297, 302
Ixtoc I blowout, 572
petroleum ef feats, 3 83, 3 90,
392-94, 397-98, 400-401, 423
Zoe Colocotroni spill, 572-73
See also Benthic communities;
~ .
Pelagic communities;
Zooplank ton
Ionian Sea, 323
I ranian Crude-Norway spill, 133
Ireland, 68-71
I r ish Sea, 132, 320
Iron, 17, 306
Isoalkanes, 285, 291, 292
Isooctane, 25
I soprenoid alkanes, 18, 31, 32,
33, 36, 331
Isotope ratio, 23, 31, 32, 36,
102, 121-22
Italy, 299
Ixtoc I blowout, 55, 102, 113, 276,
279, 283, 288, 318, 319, 550,
567-75
OCR for page 594
594
J
Jet fuels, 23, 25
Joint Air/Sea Interaction (JAS IN)
site, 68-71
Juliana spill, 423
Rattegat f jord, 13 2
Kerosene, 23, 4 76
Kurdistan spill, 272, 276, 404,
425, 550
Kuwait, 334
L
Laboratory dust, 32
Lagoons, 380, 465
Laguna Veneta, 299
Laser backscatter sensors, 130-31
LC50 (median lethal
concentration), 138, 187, 372,
374
Lead, 384
Libya, 321
Life~cycle bioassays, 138-40, 206
Light microscopes, 139
Liquid chromatography, 68
Liver function studies, 13 9
Load-on-top (LOT) procedures, 5 8,
59, 61
Lock Ewe, 375, 408, 409
Locomotion studies, 164
Long Island Sound, 442
Loop Head, 68-71
Los Angeles, 74, 79
Lower Cook Inlet, 52, 203
Lubr icating oils, 23
M
Macrophytes . See Phytoplank ton;
Plants
Malaysia, 80
Mangroves, 182, 437-39, 4S3-58,
488, 573
Manual sediment collectors, 96
Mar ine Ecosystems Research
Laboratory (MERL), 204, 286,
375, 408, 409, 442-44
Mar ine hydrocarbon concentrations.
See Dissolved petroleum
hydrocar bon s
Mar ine mammals
experimental methods, 192-95, 197
hydrocarbon metabolism, 309, 314
hydrocarbon uptake, 291, 298, 303
petroleum effects, 424-30
Marine organisms
hydrocarbon concentrations in,
12, 331-34
monitoring programs, 124, 132
PAN accumulation, 479
petroleum effects on, 398-99,
401-2, 483-86
sampling, 97, 98
solvent extraction, 105-6, 122
See also specif ic an imal and
Explant species
Mar ine terminal spills, 5 6, 6 2-63,
82
Mar ine transportation losses,
56-65, 79-80, 82
MARPOL 1973/1978, 57 - 58
Marsh grass, 182, 439, 552, 56 6
Marshall Islands, 68
Marshes
cleanup, 380
See also Salt marshes
Mass spectrometry (MS), 101, 155
Massachusetts, 318, 319. See also
Argo Merchant spill; Florida
spill
Mechanical cleanup, 3 79-80
Median lethal concentration
{LC50), 138, 187, 372, 374
Mediterranean Sea, 321-23, 335
Mercury, 3 04
Mesocosm If ield enclosure) studies,
9, 135, 165, 168, 186, 203-4,
206, 286, 296, 370-71, 375,
405, 408-9, 442
Metabol ic changes
in animals, 396-98, 40 7
incoral, 452
in f ish, 396-98, 420-21
in marine mamas, 428-29
in microorganisms, 154-55
OCR for page 595
s9s
in phytoplankton, 394-95, 403-4
in seabirds, 431
in seep organisms, 471-72
Metabolic degradation
cytochrome P450-dependent
metabolism (MED activity),
139, 188, 292, 302, 307-9,
313-14, 395, 397, 431
in metazoans, 5-6, 10-11, 307-16
of PAHs in humans, 480
toxicity of metabolites, 378-79,
486
See also Microbial degradation
Metals
biological effects, 384
metallic constituents of crude
oil, 17, 23, 32
trace metal (Ni/V) measurement,
101
Meteorological condition effects,
377
Methane, 317, 318
3-Methylcholanthrene, 384, 478
Methylene chloride, 105
Me~ylnaphthalene, 312, 314, 315,
390-91
Metula spill, 383
Mexico, 46, 49, 468, 470. See
also Ixtoc I blowout
,
Microbial degradation, 5, 11, 291,
316, 439
alicyclic hydrocarbons, 292-93
aliphatic hydrocarbons, 291-92
aromatic hydrocarbons, 293-94
asphaltenes, 295
Ixtoc I blowout effects, 570
measurement of, 155, 306-7
microbial population, measurement
of, 153-54
petroleum effects on, 401-2, 439
in polar environments, 466
resins, 295-96
seep sediments, 468-70
tropical sediments, 458
Microbial oxidation, 33, 95, 279,
290
Micronucleus test, 197-98
Microwave systems, 129
Mineral nutrients, and
biodegradation, 306
Mississippi River, 445-47
Mitotic assays, 198
Mixed function oxidase (MEO)
activity. See Metabolic
degradation
Models, 275, 278, 289. See also
Mesocosm {fief d enclosure
studies
Monitoring programs, 131-33, 140,
168-69, 206, 325
Most probable number (MPN)
technique, 154
Mousse formation, 10, 279-81, 290,
304, 316
Multidimensional scaling, 184
Multiple discriminant analysis, 184
Multiple phase equilibrium, 122,
123
Multivar late analyses, 184
Municipal wastewater. See
Wastewater
Mussel Watch program, 124, 132,
168, 334
Mutagenic studies, 195-202, 383-89
Mutagens, 13, 315, 378-79, 421,
478, 486, 489, 490
N
Nantucket Island. See Argo
Merchant spill
Naphthalene, 477
biological effects, 384, 390,
399, 404, 418, 423
marine concentrations, 319, 320
uptake and metabolism, 293, 296,
298, 303, 312, 314, 315, 395
Naphthenes, 18, 27, 33
Naphthenic acids, 423
Naphthenoaromatic compounds, 18,
32, 33
Naples Reef, 471
Narcotization, 164, 414, 4 70
Narragansett Bay, 287, 326, 330,
408
National Aeronautics and Space
Administration (NASA), 128
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA), 11,
12B, 132, 140, 335
National Science Foundation, 140
OCR for page 596
596
Natural seeps. See Oil seeps
Nets, 97, 157, 161-62
New York Bight, 78, 132, 489
Nickel, 17, 23, 32, 384
Nitrogen, 109, 306. See also
NSO compounds
Nitrogen fixation. 402, 404
Nitrogen-15 isotope dilution, 163
Nonpersistent oil, 61-62
North Sea, 80, 132, 320, 432, 435,
489
Northeast (U. S . ~ Monitor ing
Program, 132, 140
Nor ton Sound, 317
Norway, 334
Nova Scotia, 321. See also
Arrow spill; Kurdistan spill
NSO compounds, 1, 17, 18, 22' 32
36 J 72, 289, 290, 295
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)
spectroscopy, 102, 122
o
Ocean dumping, 72, 78-79, 82
Ocean Pulse Program, 140
Oceanographic condition effects,
377
Offshore Ecology Investigation by
the Gulf Universities Research
Consortium {OEI/GURC), 446
Oil seeps, 25, 43, 45, 80, 82, 320,
325, 375, 464, 488, 549-50
biological effects, 468-72
mar ine terminals, 56, 62-63
nontankers, 56, 65, 82
offshore production, 50, 52-53,
55-56
seepage rates, 45-49
tankers, 56, 65, 80, 82, 549-50,
573-76
See also specif ic spill incidents
Oil type effects, 378
Oil-agar medium, 154
Oil-in-water dispersions, 147,
149-51
Oil-water solutions, 14 ~ -53
OILPOL 1954/1962, 57
OILPOL 1954/1969, 57 - 62
Olefins, 2S, 31, 292, 321, 331,
423
Omegaoxidation, 292, 294
Ordination techniques, 184
Organic solvent extraction, 104-7
Organosulfur compounds, 423
Oslo f jord, 132
Oxygen
and biodegradation, 3 05
See also NSO compounds
Oyster watch, 132, 168
p
Pacific Ocean, 68-71, 319, 321-22
Paraff inic tar, 32
Paraffins, 18, 331
Peck Sh ip spill, 203
Pelagic communities, 12, 97, 287,
298, 331, 3 35, 3 81 , 396
Pentacyclic triterpanes, 28, 33, 3 6
Pentadecane, 319
Pentane, 67
Persian (Arabian) Gulf, 65, 80, 334
Persistent oil, 61-62
Peru, 319
Perylene, 18, 28, 299
Pesticides, 304, 314
Petroleum composition, 1-2
combustion sources compared
to, 28, 29, 36
crude oil, 17-23, 31-32
physical properties, 271-73
ref ined products, 23, 25, 31-32
seep oil, 25
weathered petroleum, 3 2-36
Petroleum effects
factors affecting, 375-78
f indings and recommendations,
6-7, 12-16, 483-91
remedial measures, 379-83, 436,
466
research advances, 4-6, 369-75,
482-83
See also sE>ecific animal and
~?lant species, biological
processes, and environments
Petroleum inputs, 4, 43-83, 326
atmospheric inputs, 8, 66-72
b~lge oil, 56, 63-64
OCR for page 597
597
dry-docking, 56, 62
erosional sources, 43, 45, 49-50
fuel oil sludge, 56, 64
geographical distribution, 79-80
industrial wastes, 29, 72, 74
international oil flow, 43
marine transportation, 56-58
municipal wastewaters, 72-74,
287, 326, 330
ocean dumping, 72, 78-79
offshore production, 50-56
oily ballast, nontankers, 64
production water, offshore, 51-52
refinery wastes, 75-76
research recommendations, 81-83
river discharges, 72, 78
source identification, 134
sugary, 3-4, 81
tanker discharges, 56, S8-62
total annual input, 7-8
urban runoff, 72, 76-78
See also Oil seeps; Oil spills;
and specific spill incidents
.
Petroleum production
international flow, 43, 63
offshore discharges, 50-56, 80,
82
production water, 51-52
U. S. daily use, 74
worldwide offshore, 51
Phenanthrene, 36, 293, 312, 320,
384, 390
Phenols, 312, 315, 384, 398
Phenylacetic acid, 294
Phenylalkanes, 293-94
Phosphodiesterase activity, 160
Phosphorus, 306
Photochemical oxidation, 10, 67,
95, 134, 270, 296
effects, 33, 279, 289-90, 304,
378
mechanism, 281-84
Photosynthesis
changes in, 394-95, 403-4
measurement, 157-59, 161
Physical properties, spilled oil
271-73
Physical transformation, 9-10, 270,
273-81, 289-90
sedimentation, 284-89, 437, 443
Phys illogical changes, 371, 486
in fish, 421-22
in seabirds, 431-32
See also Growth; Reproduction
processes; Respiration
Phytane, 18, 31, 35, 321, 334
Phytoplank ton
Amoco Cadiz spill, 564
analytical methods, 156-61, 205
biodegradation, 290, 296
petroleum effects on, 390,
394-95, 399, 403-4, 409-12,
442, 466
PHC concentrations, 331
Plank ton . See Phytoplank ton;
Zooplank ton
Plants
alkane production, 27
Amoco Cadiz spill, 566
chromosome studies, 196
green plants, biodegradation by,
290, 316
macrophytes, petroleum effects
on, 40 9-12
mangroves, 182, 437-39, 453-58,
488
See also Phytoplank ton
Pleasure craft, 81
Polar bears. See Marine mammals
Polar environments, 13, 382, 407,
414-15, 424-25, 435, 458-68,
488, 490-91
Polar ity fractionation, 109
Pollutant Responses in Mar ine
Animals (PRIMA) Program, 140
Pollution assessment indices, 491
Polybrominated biphenyls, 313
Polychlor inated biphenyls, 304, 313
Polycyclic aliphatic compounds, 333
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
See Polynuclear aromatic
hydrocarbons
Polyouclear aromatic hydrocarbons
~ PARS ~
analytical methods, 105, 106,
109, 117, 124, 161
biodegradation, 293, 296
biological effects, 384, 395,
397, 484-86
biosynthesis of, 27
diagenetic sources, 28
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598
in at''~ospher ic petroleum sources,
67, 72, 83, 94-95
in foss il fuel combustion
products, 36
invertebrate uptake, 299
mar ine concentrations, 320
mar ine input, total annual, 479
mutagenicity/toxicity, 379,
4 76-82
in petroleum, 18, 36
photooxidation of, 281-82
sorption of, 284, 286
Polyolefins, 31
Porphyrins, 18, 22, 290
Port Valdez, 319
Pour point, 272
Pregnancy. See Reproduction
processes
Pristane, 18, 26, 31, 35, 319, 321,
331
Propane, 67, 317, 318
Providence River, 287, 330
Puerto Rico, 203, 572
Puget Sound, 168, 384, 489
Pumping systems, 98, 135
Pyrene, 18, 36, 285
Q
Quinone, 312, 315
R
Radar sensing systems, 129
Reciprocal averaging, 184
Red Sea, 80, 391
Refined petroleum products, 23,
25, 31-32
Refinery wastes, 75-76, 80, 82
Regal Sword spill, 428
-
Remedial measures J 379-83, 436, 466
Remote sensing of oil spills,
128-31, 134-35
Reproduction processes, 206
changes in, 385-92, 422, 449,
476, 484
measurement, 163, 189
in seabirds, 435
Resins, 295-96
Respiration
changes in, 396
measurement, 139, 159, 163, 188
oxygen uptake measurement, 139,
155, 157-59
Retene, 28
Reversed phase HPLC precolumns, 107
Rhine Estuary, 132
Rhode I stand Sound, 326, 330
Rice Univers ity, 446
River discharges, 72, 78, 80, 82
S
Saanich Inlet, 286, 40 8
Sahara dust plume, 70
Salt marshes, 380, 391, 437-40,
447-48
Sampling and sample preservation,
5, 95-99, 135
coral reefs, 182
intertidal habitats, 181
plankton, 156-58, 161-62
sample cleanup and
fractionation, 107-10
spilled oil, 99-100
subtidal habitats, 180-81
vegetated habitats, 182
San Francisco Bay, 287, 288
San Pablo Bay, 2 8 8
Santa Barbara Channel, 46, 49,
425, 468
Santa Barbara spill, 112, 3 76,
383, 425
Santa Monica Bay, 46
Saponification, 105, 106, 109
Sargosso Sea, 12, 320, 322, 323,
331
Satellite monitor ing, 128
Saturated hydrocarbons
analytical methods, 120, 122
fates, 2 86
mar ine concentrations, 3 21
sources, 18, 28, 29, 33, 35, 36
Saudi Arabia, 51, 52
Scheldt Estuary, 132
Scotland, 320, 408, 409
Scott Inlet, 46, 468, 470
Sea grass, 182, 411, 573
"Sea" test, 169
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599
Sea turtles, 571
Seabirds
Amoco Cadiz spill, 564, 574
Argo Merchant spill, 560
census studies, 191-92
experimental methods, 189-91, 197
hydrocarbon metabolism, 309, 314
hydrocarbon uptake, 291, 303
petroleum e f feats, 3 90, 3 91,
430-36
Seals. See Marine mammals
Seasonal change effects, 377-78
Seawater
sampling, 97-98, 135
solvent extraction, 106-7, 122
Sedimentation, 10, 270, 284-90,
437, 443
Sediments
anaerobic sediment, and
biodegradation, 305
ancient sediments, 26
diagenetic hydrocarbons, 28
experimental contamination,
152-53
interlaboratory comparison
programs, 124-28
monitoring program, 132-33
in natural seep areas, 468-69
PHC concentrations, 12, 326-30,
335
removal of oiled sediments,
379-80
sampling, 96, 98
self -cleaning, 466
solvent extraction, 104-5, 122
tarry layers, 383
tray exper iments, 165
See also Benthic communities
~ .
Sediment traps, 96-97
Seep oil. See Oil seeps
Segregated ballast tanks (SBT),
57, 60, 64
Seines, 182
Sewage. See Was tewater
Sieves, 180-81
Silica gel-oil (SGO) medium, 154
Sinkants, 381
Sister-chromatid exchanges, 199,
384
S ize fractionation, 109
Skagerrak f jord, 132, 432 Tar, 295
SLAR (side-look ing airborne
radar ), 128 , 129
Sludge
fuel oil, 56, 64, 80, 82
sewage, 29, 78-79
tar balls, 323, 325
Smother ing, 414, 416
Sodium, 17
Solub il. ity . See Dissolved
petroleum hydrocarbons
Solvent extraction, 104-7
Solvent reflex, 106
South Amer ice, 80, 83
South China Sea, 80
Southampton , U. K., 447
Southern Bight of North Sea, 132
Southwest Research Institute, 446
Soxhlet extractor, 104-6
Specific gravity, 280
Spec tr 0 f 1 uor ome tr y . Se e
Ultraviolet fluorescence
(W/F) spectrometry
Sperm mutation tests, 199-200
Spills. See Oil spills; and
speck ic spill incidents
Spreading, 270, 273-76, 289
Squalene, 31
Static bioassays, 138, 141-46, 163
Static headspace sampl ing, 12 2
Steam distillation, 104, 106
Steranes, 32
Sterenes, 28
Sublethal bioassays, 6, 138-40,
163, 188-89, 206
Sulfur, 109. See also NSQ
compounds
Surface slicks, 151-52, 274-76, 289
Synergistic toxicity, 14, 489, 491
Synthetic oils, 478
T
Tamiahua Lagoon, 46, 49, 468, 470
Tampico Maru spill, 376
Tanio spill, 448
Tanker discharges, 56-65 t 79-80, 82
Tanker spills, 56, 65, 80, 82,
549~50 ~ 573-76 e See also
specif ic spill incidents
OCR for page 600
600
Tar balls, 12, 322-25, 331, 335
Tarry layers, 383, 437
Tasman ia, 6 8-71
Teleosts. See Fish
Temperature effects, 280, 304,
314, 376, 418, 466
Terpenes, 3 9 9
Test organisms, 132, 140-41
Thames Estuary, 132
Thermoregulation, 428-29
Thin layer chromatography (TLC),
116, 201-2
Tissue extraction, 105-6, 122
Toluene, 105, 277, 293, 303, 319,
418, 477
p-Tolu id ine, 3 9 5
Torrey Canyon spill, 3 69, 3 81,
423, 425, 448, 550
Toxic effects, 372, 378-79,
472-82, 489
Toxicity studies, 13, 490, 491.
See also Biolog ical analys is
Transportation losses, 56-65,
79-80, 82
Traps, 182
Trawls, 97, 180
Triterpanes, 28, 32, 33, 36
Tr iterprenoid (hopane ~
hydrocarbons, 27, 36
Tropical environments, 13-14, 434,
449-58, 488, 491
Tsesis spill, 133, 181, 287, 404,
417, 442-45, 550
Tumbler method, 10 S
Turtles, 571
Tyrrhe fan Sea, 32 3
U
Ultrasonic solvent extraction, 105
Ultraviolet absorption, 110, 113
Ultraviolet collectors, 129
Ultraviolet fluorescence (W/F)
spectrometry, 94, 101, 107,
110, 112-16, 129, 131, 155
United Kingdom, 49, 51, 52, 56,
381, 447
United States
daily petroleum usage, 74
offshore petroleum production, 51
Unresolved complex mixtures (UCM),
320, 326, 331, 334
Uranium, 17
Urban air, 32
Urban runoff, 72, 76-78, 80, 82
V
Vacuum degassing, 122, 123
Vacuum stripping, 122, 123
Vanadium, 17, 23, 32, 384
Vancouver Island, 321
Vapor pressure, 272
Vehicle exhaust emissions, 66
Venezuela, 51, 320
Vertebrates
hydrocarbon uptake, 290, 297-98,
316
See also Fish; Marine mammals;
Seabirds
Vertical dispersion, 270, 278-79,
289
Vineyard Sound r 318
Viscosity, 272, 280
W
Wales, 425
Washington, 411
Wastewater, 72-74, 78, 80, 82,
287, 326, 330
Wastewater sludge, 29, 78-79
Water
of fshore production, 51-52
See also Seawater
Water fowl. See Seabirds
Water-soluble fractions, 141-47
Waxes, 295-96
West Falmouth. See Flor Ida spill
Wetlands, 437-40
Whales . See Mar ine manuals
Wild Harbor, 288, 417. See also
Flor Ida spill
Wind ef fects r 275
Woods Hole ~ 319
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X
Xylene, 277, 390
y
Yeasts, 290
exper imental methods, 153-55
See also Microbial degradation
Yucatan Shelf, 317
z
Zoe Colocotroni spill, 572-75
~ ,
Zooplank ton
Amoco Cadiz spill, 564
-
analytical methods, 156-57,
161-64, 205
Argo Merchant spill
Arrow spill, S55
petroleum effects on, 396, 398,
404-7, 409, 442-43, 470
PHC concentrations, 331
sedimentation of oil droplets,
287-88, 290
OCR for page 602
Representative terms from entire chapter:
mar ine
