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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Index

A

ABC News survey, 34-35, 53

Accuracy of prediction, 223-225, 227-228, 278-279, 280

Adolescents. See Youth

Age, 245, 280

and confidence in criminal justice system, 53

and fear of violence, 11-14, 34

and incarceration and sentencing, 51, 309

and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 48

see also Juvenile delinquency;

Older persons;

Youth

Aggression, 235-236

Alarms, 23

Alcohol abuse, 180, 190, 196, 197-198, 280

Altruistic fear, 56-57

American Psychiatric Association, 220, 236

Animal models, 25-26

Antisocial personality disorder, 236, 242, 245

Anxiety, 4-5, 96

Arrest, 168, 222

risk of, 311-312, 332-334, 336

Assault, 35, 86, 92, 93, 99, 105, 107, 142, 151n:16, 173-174, 301, 302, 303, 309

mental health impacts, 96, 98

perceived seriousness of, 46

Attraction to Sexual Aggression (ASA) Scale, 233

Avoidance behaviors, 20, 21-22, 23-24, 26, 54, 55-56

B

Battered women's centers, 101

Behavior. See Lifestyle; Offenders and criminal behavior

Behavioral science model, 188

Benefit-cost analyses, 71-72, 147

of incarceration policies, 71, 132, 349-354

Black population

confidence in criminal justice system, 53-54

fear of, 18-19

homicides, 168

knowledge of others' victimization, 34, 36

and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 47-48

Blood glucose levels, 263, 286n:13

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
×

Bureau of Justice Statistics, 87, 243

Burglary, 18, 20, 30, 35, 36, 177, 300, 303

C

California, 136, 300, 318, 319, 320, 363n:18

Case management, 220, 284n:2

Censoring events, 247, 254, 283

Chicago, Ill., 18-19, 22

Chicago Tribune, 29, 30

Child abuse and neglect, 92, 148, 151n:16, 179, 200-201

classification instruments, 234-235, 242

false accusations of, 139-140

later violent behavior by victims, 81, 122, 180, 201, 238

mental health impacts, 98, 179-180

psychological testing for, 234-235

risk factors, 237

Child Abuse Potential (CAP) Inventory, 234-235

Cities. See Neighborhoods; Urban areas

Citizen patrols and crime-reporting programs, 24

Classification of violent behavior, 217-219, 226-228, 229-247

informal methods, 225-226

research needs, 281-283

types of, 230-245

Clinical predictions, 237

Coefficient alpha, 223

Community treatment facilities, 83

Companionship, 19, 22

loss of, 81, 119

Compensatory value. See Willingness to accept

Conduct disorder, 236

Consequences of violent behavior, 1, 67-69.

See also Costs of violent behavior;

Injuries

Construct validity, 221-222

Consumer product injuries, 89-90

Content validity, 221

Contingent valuation surveys, 85

Corporal punishment, 204

Correctional institutions and inmates, 296-298, 354-358

classification systems, 231-233, 236-237

costs of incarceration, 71-72, 73, 83, 131-134, 136-139

fear of victimization in, 56

offense rates and mix, 307-321

official records, 240-241

overcrowding, 305-307

populations, 298-307, 320-321

public opinion on, 49-50

rates of incarceration, 131-132, 315-320

risk and severity of imprisonment, 312-314

Costs of violent behavior, 67-70, 75, 76, 87-89, 91-122, 141-145

comparisons among offenses, 70-71

conceptual framework, 72-79

criminal justice system, 83, 125-135

death risk, 86, 117-118

direct, 72, 79, 79-81, 80, 85, 87, 91-101

emergency response, 101-106

estimation, 69-72, 78-79, 84-87, 189

to family members, 81, 118-121

fear of crime, 83, 88, 125

fixed, average, and marginal, 76-77

imprisonment, 71-72, 73, 83, 131-134, 136-139

indirect, 85-86, 99-101

injuries, 82, 84-87, 89-91, 91-94, 145-146

literature review, 84-91

medical, 73, 79, 88, 89-94, 145

mental health, 79, 88, 98-99, 114-115, 121, 122, 152n:24-25

monetary, 73-74, 87, 99-101

nonmonetary, 72, 73-74, 79, 81, 85-86, 87-89, 101, 150n:8

to offenders, 73, 83, 84, 136-139, 141

offsetting benefits, 75-76

overdeterrence, 83-84, 139-140

pain, suffering, and quality of life, 73-74, 81, 88, 89, 90, 112-117

and policy analysis, 71-72

preventive measures, 70, 87, 123-125, 135-136

reduction measures, 77-78

research needs, 99, 146-148

and seriousness of acts, 37, 70, 149n:3

societal, 72-73, 82-84, 122-140, 144, 145

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
×

torts, 81, 111-112

victim assistance, 77-78, 101-103, 104

see also Productivity losses

Courts

costs, 83, 126

public confidence in, 49, 53

Crime. See Criminal justice system; Mass media (for news coverage) ; Nonviolent crime; Offenders and criminal behavior

Crime event/criminal profile data, 241-242

Crime seriousness index, 70

''Crime stoppers" programs, 136

Criminal intent, 58-59, 182-183

Criminal justice system

case processing, 126-129, 130, 131

costs, 83, 125-135, 147

legal fees, 83, 129, 131, 132

public confidence in, 49, 53-54

versus public health perspectives, 167-183, 191-210

public opinion, 27-28, 48-54, 59

research activities and researchers, 172, 188-191

sanction policies, 311-321

see also Correctional institutions and inmates

Criminogenic commodities, 170, 190-191, 196-198, 202, 206

Criterion validity, 222

Cross-sectional studies, 219

Cultural influences

and perceived seriousness of crimes, 37

and violence prevention, 171, 203-205, 207, 209-210

Cycle of violence. See Intergenerational violence

D

Dallas, Tex., 16, 17, 21, 22

Dangerous persons, 18-19

Dangerous places, 15-18, 21-22, 24, 55-56

Darkness, 19, 22

Death penalty, 133-134

Deaths, 81

risk, 86, 117-118

Dementia, 235

Demographic characteristics

and confidence in criminal justice system, 53-54

and fear of victimization, 11-15, 33-34

and knowledge of others' victimization, 34, 36

offenders, 228, 245

and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 47-48, 51

and punishments preferred, 51-52

see also Age;

Employment status;

Females;

Gender differences;

Income level;

Males;

Older persons;

Race and ethnicity;

Youth

Desistance, 246-247, 328-330

Deterrence, 49, 52, 59, 71-72, 73, 168, 182, 183, 194, 321, 336-348, 350-351, 356-357

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-III-R), 220, 235-236, 245

Dichotomous dependent variables, 256

Discount rates, 78-79

Discriminate analysis, 256

Disorganized asocial offenders, 241

Dogs, for personal security, 23, 123

Domestic violence, 92, 151n:16, 170, 179, 199, 200-201

mental health impacts, 179-180

see also Child abuse and neglect;

Spousal abuse

Downtown areas, 16

Dramatization of crime, 31-32, 204

Driving while intoxicated, 58, 197-198

Drug abuse, 180, 190, 196-197, 228, 235-236, 240-241, 262, 280, 285-286n:12

Drug offenses, 45, 302, 303, 320, 359n:6

dealers, 86, 87, 150n:10, 228-229, 243

Durkheim, Emile, 26-27

E

Early release programs, 72, 307, 320-321, 328

Economics. See Costs of violent behavior

Educational level, and sentencing, 51

Educational programs, 135, 201, 205-206

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
×

Elderly. See Older persons

Electronic monitoring of offenders, 71

Emergency medical treatment, 89

transport costs, 73, 105-106

Employer costs of injuries, 107

Employment status

prior to offense, 136-137

and victimization risk, 86

Engraving of valuables, 21, 23

Entertainment, crime as, 31-32, 204

Environmental influences, 184-188

fear reactions, 4, 5, 15-19, 57-58

and violence prevention, 201-203

Epidemiological studies, 168-169, 183-188, 243-244

Escorts, 22, 24

Ethnopenologies, 49, 52

Expressive violence, 186

Extortion, 178

F

Failure-time models, 247, 268-272, 282

False imprisonment, 138, 139-140

Family members

of offenders, 138

quality of life costs, 118-121

see also Child abuse and neglect;

Domestic violence;

Spousal abuse

Fear of victimization, 2, 3-28, 167

biological bases, 25-26

community responses, 24-25, 26-28

conceptual issues, 3-5

consequences of, 20-24, 26-27, 177-178

costs, 83, 88, 125

and cues to danger, 4, 5, 15-19, 57-58

and knowledge of others' victimization, 36

lifestyle changes, 26, 83, 124-125

for loved ones, 56-57

measurement of, 5-6

offense-specific, 7-11

physiological indicators, 3, 5-6

and prior victimization, 19-20, 54-55, 96

research needs, 54-57

social distribution, 1, 11-15

sociological impacts, 26-27

surveys of, 3, 6-7, 21-24, 57

see also Public opinion and perception

Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)

crime statistics, 7, 31, 92, 117, 243

offender typologies, 241-242

Females

and fear of violence, 11-14, 18

mental health impacts of victimization, 96, 98

risk reduction measures, 23-24

see also Gender differences;

Rape

Fictional crime, 31-32

Fines, 137

Firearms. See Weapons

Fixed costs, 76, 77

Florida, 300, 302, 303-305, 319, 320

Folk theories. See Ethnopenologies

Frontier justice, 27-28

G

Gallup Surveys, 6, 7, 9, 53

Gangs, 178

Gender differences, 245, 280

fear of violence, 11-14, 18

and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 48

risk reduction measures, 23-24

and sentencing, 51

General Social Survey (GSS), 2, 6, 7, 23, 36, 53

Goetz, Bernard, 28

Gresham's Law, 31

Guns. See Weapons

H

"Habilitation" programs, 135

Haddon matrix, 184, 185, 187

Health consequences. See Injuries

Health insurance, 79, 109-110, 145, 153n:30-31

Hedonic pricing models, 85-86, 87

Home detention, 134

Homicide, 86, 138-139, 168, 173, 266, 303, 309, 320

child witnesses of, 120, 121

costs of, 92, 94, 106, 108-109

family impacts of, 120-121, 145-146

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
×

interpersonal diffusion of knowledge of, 35-36

mass murderers, 191, 241-242

news coverage, 30

perceived seriousness of, 38

risk of, 2, 9, 117-118

in television dramas, 32

"Hosts," 184-187, 191

Household characteristics, 55

Household duties, loss of, 79, 81, 88, 107-108, 118, 153n:28-29

"Human capital" valuation, 74

I

Imprisonment. See Correctional institutions and inmates

Incapacitation of offenders, 49, 52, 71-72, 73, 75-76, 168, 182, 183, 194, 321-336, 341, 344, 346, 349-354, 356-357

Incest, 98

Incidence-based cost estimates, 78-79

Income level

of incarcerated offenders, 137

and knowledge of others' victimization, 36

and victimization risk, 86

Income transfer programs, 110

Index crime rate, 308-309, 360n:8-9

Index of Spouse Abuse, 231

Indigent defense, 83, 129, 131

Information sources, on violence, 1, 2, 28-38, 57-58.

See also Mass media

Injuries, 167-168, 173, 175-176

costs, 82, 84-87, 89-91, 91-94, 145-146

see also Mental health injuries;

Risk of injury and victimization

Innocent parties, 84

Instrumental violence, 186

Insurance, 21, 23, 109-111, 145-146, 153n:30-31

Intergenerational violence, 122, 180

Internal consistency, 223

Interpersonal diffusion of crime news, 34-36, 57

Interrater reliability, 223

J

Jury awards, 85, 86, 88, 89, 98, 114, 115-116, 119

Jury Verdict Research, Inc., 111, 114-115

Juvenile delinquency

arrest records, 238-239

referrals to court, 239

sentencing, 51

K

Kuder-Richardson formula (KR20), 223

L

Laboratory studies, 244

Lambda. See Rate of commission

Late luteal phase dysphoric disorder, 236

Law. See Criminal justice system; Torts

Life insurance, 110, 145-146

Lifestyle, 55, 99, 101

Longitudinal studies, 219, 244

fear of victimization, 54-55

perceived seriousness of violent acts, 58

Losses. See Costs of violent behavior

M

Males

in crime dramas, 32

fear of, 18, 19

and fear of violence, 11, 13

homicides, 168

mental health impacts of victimization, 96

risk reduction measures, 24

see also Gender differences

Marginal costs, 70, 76-77

of incarceration, 73

Mass media, 1, 2, 28-34, 57

and community programs, 25

crime as entertainment, 31-32, 204

crime as filler material, 31

criticisms of crime news coverage, 29-31

Mass murderers, 241-242

Media General/Associated Press survey, 53

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
×

Medical costs, 73, 79, 88, 89-94, 145

Mental health injuries, 94-99, 167, 181

costs, 79, 88, 98-99, 114-115, 121, 122, 152n:24-25

to family members, 119-121

to witnesses, 121-122

Mental retardation, 236

Michigan, 302, 320

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), 231-233, 284n:2

"Mirror image" model, 30-31, 33

Molestation, 96, 97

Moral judgments, 167, 191, 204-205.

See also Normative evaluations

Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD), 58

Multiple personality disorder, 98

Multiplicative model of fear, 8-9

Multivariate scaling techniques, 231-235, 246

Murder. See Homicide

N

National Accident Sampling System (NASS), 93

National Council on Compensation Insurance (NCCI) data base, 93-94, 151-152n:19

National Crime Survey (NCS), 7, 23, 26, 57, 87, 88, 92-93, 95, 127-129, 148, 150-151n:14-17, 311-312

National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS), 93

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS), 93

National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), 93

National Survey of Crime Severity, 38-48

National Survey of Punishment for Criminal Offenses, 50

Neighborhoods, 15-18, 21, 87

and conversations about crime, 34

Neighborhood watch programs, 24-25, 27, 136

News coverage. See Mass media

Newspapers, 28-29, 30

New York, 300, 303, 320

Nicotine withdrawal, 236

Nighttime, 19, 22, 24, 26, 83

Nonviolent crime

interpersonal diffusion of knowledge of, 35-36

news coverage, 30-31

perceived seriousness of, 38, 46

and potential for violence, 176-178, 180-181

Normative evaluations, 49-51, 58

O

Observational studies, 244-245

Occurrence models, 247, 257, 258-268, 282

Offenders and criminal behavior, 174-175, 182-183

career lengths, 328-332, 351, 357

characteristics of, 48-49, 51-52, 228-229, 245

classification of, 217-219, 226-228, 229-247

costs to, 73, 83, 84, 136-139, 141

defendant records, 239-240

disorganized asocial, 241

FBI typology, 239-240

former victims, 122

organized asocial, 241

prediction of, 217, 218-220, 247-281, 284n:2

relationship to victim, 46-47

victimization of, 56, 75-76, 86-87

see also Correctional institutions and inmates;

Criminal intent;

Criminal justice system;

Juvenile delinquency;

Recidivism and recidivists

Official record data, 238-242, 246, 280

Older persons

and fear of violence, 11-14, 22

mental health impacts of victimization, 96

and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 48

risk reduction measures, 23

sentencing of, 51

Opportunity costs, 73, 77

Ordinary least squares (OLS) regression, 256

Organic personality syndrome, 235

Overdeterrence, 83-84, 139-140

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
×

P

Pain and suffering, 73-74, 81, 88, 89, 90, 99, 112-116, 114, 116

Paranoia, 242

Parole, 133

Pennsylvania, 51, 300, 302, 318-319, 320, 365n:21

Perceptions of violence. See Fear of victimization; Public opinion and perception

Persistence of violence, 218, 228, 245-246

Philadelphia, Pa., 15-16, 17, 22

Police

community relations, 24

confidence in, 23, 27-28, 49, 53-54

costs, 73, 83, 103-105, 126, 147

preventive patrols, 71

Policy. See Public policy

Postdiction studies, 219-220

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 94-97, 120-121, 236

Poverty, 203, 207

Predatory behavior, 284n:2

Prediction of violent behavior, 217, 218-220, 247-281, 284n:2

accuracy, 223-225, 227-228, 278-279, 280

methodological problems, 222, 224-228, 247, 254-257

research needs, 281-283

review of studies, 248-254, 257-278

President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration, 3

Pretrial detention, 126

Prevalence, 2, 217, 220

Prevalence-based cost estimates, 78, 149n:6

Preventive and precautionary measures, 192-193

costs, 70, 87, 123-125, 135-136

criminal justice approaches, 194-200

juvenile delinquency, 195-196

personal strategies, 20-21, 22-24, 25-26, 54, 55, 72-73, 123-125

public health approaches, 169, 200-205, 206-207

timing of, 186-187

see also Deterrence

Primary prevention, 193

Prisons. See Correctional institutions and inmates

Probation, 71, 83, 131, 133, 134, 138

Productivity losses, 73, 74, 79, 83, 90, 98, 106-109, 108-109, 135

of incarcerated offenders, 136-137

Property losses, 73, 79, 88-89, 99, 149-150n:7

Property-marking projects, 24, 25

Prosecution, 83, 126

Psychiatric classifications, 235-236

Psychological injury. See Mental health injuries

Psychological tests, 230-235

Public defenders, 83, 129, 131

Public health system, 168

and epidemiological analyses, 168-169, 183-188

operational resources, 207-209

Public opinion and perception, 1-3

of criminal justice system, 27-28, 48-54, 59

effects of victim, offender, and respondent characteristics, 51-52

seriousness of violent acts, 37-48, 58-59

see also Fear of victimization

Public policy

and cost analyses, 69-70, 71-72, 147

criminal justice and public health dichotomy, 192-207

and incarceration, 349-354

policing, 9, 11

and seriousness of violent acts, 37

and violence classification and prediction, 279, 283-284

Public service announcements, 83

Punishment. See Criminal justice system; Deterrence; Incapacitation of offenders; Rehabilitation of offenders; Retributive justice; Sentences to prison

Q

Quality of life, 73, 81, 90, 112-113, 116-117, 118-121

R

Race and ethnicity, 203, 207, 209, 245, 280, 362n:12

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
×

and confidence in criminal justice system, 53-54

and fear, 14-15, 18-19

and juvenile arrests, 238

and knowledge of others' victimization, 36

and perceived seriousness of violent acts, 47-48

and sentencing, 51

Rage, classification of, 235-236

"Ransom" value. See Willingness to pay

Rape, 35, 92, 93, 94, 99, 101, 105, 107, 142, 266, 286n:14, 301-302 , 304, 309

child witnesses of, 120, 121

fear of, 14

mental health impacts, 95-98, 179

perceived seriousness of, 38, 45, 46-47, 58

and sadism, 236

tort actions, 111, 112

Rapid assessments, 230-231

Rap sheets. See Official record data

Rate models, 247, 272-278, 282

Rate of commission, 218, 228, 245-246, 322-328, 350-351

Reactive approaches, 192-193

Recidivism and recidivists, 72, 83, 138, 174-175, 191, 241, 364-365 n:19

career termination, 328-330

drug abusers, 241

juvenile, 238, 329

sentencing of, 51

Regression analysis, 256-257

Rehabilitation of offenders, 49, 52, 72, 135, 168, 182-183, 194

Relative Improvement Over Chance (RIOC) statistic, 225, 278-279, 283

Reliability, 223, 246, 280

Repeat offenders. See Recidivism and recidivists

Research activities and needs, 219-220, 281-283

costs and consequences, 99, 146-148

criminal justice system, 172, 188-191

prediction, 217, 218-220, 247-283, 284n:2

quality measures, 221-225, 279-280

Restitution, 49

Retail businesses, 55-56

Retributive justice, 49, 52, 167, 204

costs, 73, 83

Risk of injury and victimization, 11-12, 177

and fear, 8-9, 10, 12-15, 125

to inmates, 138

public health approaches, 169, 171, 183-184, 187, 202, 203

Robbery, 21, 34, 35, 45, 92, 93, 99, 105, 107, 142, 177, 300, 303, 309, 320, 359n:6

mental health impacts, 95, 96, 98

S

Sadism, 236

Safe School Study, 17

Samples. See Selection bias; Surveys

School days lost, 81, 88, 108

Schools, 17

Seattle, Wash., 17, 21, 22

Secondary prevention, 193

Security systems and devices, 21, 22-23, 25, 56, 83, 125

Selection bias, 226-227, 247, 255, 283

Self-destructive behavior, 245

Self-reports, offender, 240, 242-245, 246, 280.

See also Surveys

Sentences to prison, 50-51, 59, 173, 296, 312-314, 318-319, 320, 337, 349

costs and benefits, 71, 132, 349-354

Serial killings, 191, 241, 242

Seriousness of violent acts, 218

as determinant of fear, 8-9, 10, 37

and interpersonal diffusion of crime news, 35-36

and news reporting, 30-31

public opinion, 37-48, 58-59

and punishment, public preferences for, 37, 49-50

surveys of, 38-48, 70-71

"Seven-stitch rule," 173-174

See. See Females; Gender differences; Males

Sexual violence

psychological testing for, 233, 244

public health perspectives, 178-180

sadism, 236

tort actions, 111

see also Rape

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Shock incarceration programs, 71

Shrinkage, 227-228

Situational analyses and approaches, 170-171, 189, 198-200

Social institutions, public confidence in, 27-28

Sociological analysis, 188-191

Spatial avoidance, 21-22, 26

Spousal abuse, 178, 369n:45

later violent behavior by victims, 122

misdemeanor arrest programs, 71

perceived seriousness of, 46, 47

psychological testing for, 231

Standard psychological tests, 231-235

States victim aid funding, 102-103

State-Trait Anger Scale, 230-231

Statistical limitations, of predictive models, 256-257, 282

Stepwise regression, 227, 256-257

Stochastic selectivity, 355-357

Stress, 96, 180

Stuart, Carol, murder case, 67-68

Suicides, 138-139, 168

Supported Work experiment, 71

Surveys, 188

interpersonal diffusion of crime news, 34-36

of medical costs, 93

offender self-reports, 240, 242-246, 280

of preferred punishments, 49-51

see also National Crime Survey

T

Tay-Sachs disease, 224, 285n:6

Teacher observation studies, 244-245

Teenagers. See Youth

Television, 28-29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 204

Tertiary prevention, 193

Test-retest reliability, 219, 223

Texas, 300, 302, 305, 319

Theft, 35, 36.

See also Burglary;

Robbery

Times of danger, 19, 22

Torts, 81, 111-112

U

Unemployment, 86, 136-137

Uniform Crime Reports (UCR), 7, 92, 117, 127-129, 189, 243, 360-361 n:11

Urban areas, 15, 229

V

Validity of research, 221-222, 279-280

Vandalism, 35

"Vectors", 184-187, 191

Victim assistance programs, 77-78, 101-103, 104

Victimization

careers, 55

lifestyle changes, 99, 101

offsetting benefits of, 75

personal knowledge of others', 34-36

See also Fear of victimization

Victims, 174-175, 181, 218

characteristics and public opinion, 47, 51-52

later violent behavior by, 122

prior criminal behavior of, 86

ratings of seriousness of violent acts, 48

relationship to offender, 46-47

Victims of Crime Act (VOCA), 101-102

Vigilantism, 27-28

W

Wage losses, 73, 79, 83

Wealth effect, 149n:4

Weapons, 190-191, 196, 198, 202-203

injuries, 150n:13

for personal security, 21, 22, 23, 83, 123, 190

White-collar crimes, 46, 58

Willingness to accept (WTA), 74, 85-86, 113, 149n:4

Willingness to pay (WTP), 74, 85-87, 112-113, 116-117, 159n:4

Witnesses, 120, 121-122, 134, 135, 174

Y

Youth

fear of, 18, 19, 22

homicides, 168

violence prevention programs, 201

see also Juvenile delinquency

Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Page 395
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Page 396
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Understanding and Preventing Violence, Volume 4: Consequences and Control. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4422.
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Page 397
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This book analyzes the consequences of violence and strategies for controlling them. Included are reviews of public perceptions and reactions to violence; estimates of the costs; the commonalities and complementarities of criminal justice and public health responses; efforts to reduce violence through the prediction and classification of violent offenders; and the relationships between trends in violence and prison population during a period of greatly increased use of incarceration.

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