NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competence and with regard for appropriate balance.
The report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
This study by the National Research Council's Commission on Life Sciences was sponsored by Department of Defense PO MDA903-91-M5267, Department of Energy grant DE-FG05-91-ER61167, National Institutes of Health PO 263-MD-107969 and 263-MD-12904, National Science Foundation grant BBS9023767, Markey Foundation grant 90-44, and the National Research Council Basic Science Fund.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 94-66103
International Standard Book No. 0-309-05077-4
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Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
COMMITTEE ON THE FUNDING OF YOUNG INVESTIGATORS IN THE BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES
Shirley M. Tilghman (Co-chair),
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Torsten N. Wiesel (Co-chair),
Rockefeller University, New York, New York
Harold Amos,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Pamela J. Bjorkman,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
Donald D. Brown,
Carnegie Institution of Washington, Baltimore, Maryland
Francis J. Bullock,
Arthur D. Little, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts
Nicholas R. Cozzarelli,
University of California, Berkeley, California
William H. Danforth,
Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
Charlotte V. Kuh,
Educational Testing Service, Princeton, New Jersey
Robert T. Paine,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Robin E. Reed,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Rebecca W. Rimel,
Pew Charitable Trusts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Luis Sequeira,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Staff
Peggy Fischer
John E. Burris
Joseph L. Zelibor
Alvin G. Lazen
Norman Grossblatt, Editor
BOARD ON BIOLOGY
Michael T. Clegg (Chair),
University of California, Riverside, California
Ananda M. Chakrabarty,
University of Illinois Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
Gerald D. Fischbach,
Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
Richard E. Lenski,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Barbara J. Mazur,
E. I. du Pont de Nemours, Wilmington, Delaware
Daniel Morse,
University of California, Santa Barbara, California
Mary Lou Pardue,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
Daniel Simberloff,
Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
Michael E. Soulé,
University of California, Santa Cruz, California
Shirley M. Tilghman,
Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
Geerat J. Vermeij,
University of California, Davis, California
Staff
Eric A. Fischer, Director
Paulette A. Adams, Administrative Assistant
COMMISSION ON LIFE SCIENCES
Thomas D. Pollard (Chair),
Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
Bruce N. Ames,
University of California, Berkeley, California
John C. Bailar III,
McGill University, Montreal, Canada
J. Michael Bishop,
University of California Medical Center, San Francisco, California
John E. Burris,
Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Michael T. Clegg,
University of California, Riverside, California
Glenn A. Crosby,
Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
Leroy E. Hood,
University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
Marian E. Koshland,
University of California, Berkeley, California
Richard E. Lenski,
Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
Emil A. Pfitzer,
Hoffmann-La Roche Inc., Nutley, New Jersey
Malcolm C. Pike,
University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
Henry C. Pitot,
University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
Paul G. Risser,
Miami University of Ohio, Oxford, Ohio
Jonathan M. Samet,
University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
Harold M. Schmeck, Jr.,
Armonk, New York
Carla J. Shatz,
University of California, Berkeley, California
Susan S. Taylor,
University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
P. Roy Vagelos,
Merck & Company, Inc., Rahway, New Jersey
John L. VandeBerg,
Southwest Foundation for Medical Research, San Antonio, Texas
Torsten N. Wiesel,
Rockefeller University, New York, New York
Staff
Paul Gilman, Executive Director
Alvin G. Lazen, Associate Executive Director
Solveig M. Padilla, Administrative Assistant
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The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
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The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and of advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
