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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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LITERATURE CITED

1. American Association for the Advancement of Science. 1989. Science for All Americans: A Project 2061 Report on Literacy Goals in Science, Mathematics, and Technology. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science.

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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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13. Culliton, B. 1990. Biomedical funding: The eternal ''crisis.'' Science 250:1652–1653.

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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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27. Howard Hughes Medical Institute. 1991. Blazing a Genetic Trail. Bethesda, Md.: Howard Hughes Medical Institute.

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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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39. Mervis, J. 1991. Research funds go begging, as NIH minority plan gets feeble response. Scientist 5(12):1, 6, 25.

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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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51. Pew Charitable Trusts. 1990. Annual Report 1990. Philadelphia, Pa.: Pew Charitable Trusts.

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62. U.S. Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. 1988. Age Trends of ADAMHA Principal Investigators. ADAMHA Program Analysis Report. U.S. Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration.

63. U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. 1991. U.S. Army Medical Research & Development Command: Broad

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Agency Announcement. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

64. U.S. Army Research Office. 1990. Broad Agency Announcement. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Department of the Army.

65. U.S. Army Research Office. 1990. Research In Progress: 1989. Research Triangle Park, N.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

66. U.S. Bureau of the Census. Series Nos. 995 and 1018, p. 25.

67. U.S. Congress, 2nd Session. Food, Agriculture, Conservation, and Trade Act of 1990. 1990. House of Representatives (Report 101–916).

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69. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. (undated.) New Developments in Biotechnology: U.S. Investment in Biotechnology. OTA-BA-360. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

70. U.S. Department of Commerce, Technology Administration. 1990. Emerging Technologies: A Survey of Technical and Economic Opportunities. Washington, D.C: U.S. Department of Commerce.

71. U.S. Department of Defense. 1988. Research Program and Related Opportunities in Science and Engineering Education . Washington, D.C.: Office of the Secretary of Defense.

72. U.S. Department of Defense. 1990. Critical Technologies Plan, for the Committees on Armed Services. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Defense.

73. U.S. Department of Education. 1991. America 2000: An Education Strategy (Sourcebook). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education.

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75. U.S. Department of Energy, Acquisition and Assistance Management Division. 1900. Acquisition and Assistance Management: Summary

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of Activities, October 1990. ER-64. Washington, D.C.: Acquisition and Assistance Management Division, U.S. Department of Energy.

76. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research. 1985. Application and Guide for the Special Research Grant Program 10 CFR Part 605. DOE/ER-0249. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research.

77. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences. 1991. 1991 Summary Report. DOE/ER-0507P. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy.

78. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Basic Energy Sciences, Division of Energy Biosciences. 1991. Annual Report and Summaries of FY 1991 Activities. DOE/ER-0511P. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy.

79. U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Research, Office of Health and Environmental Research. 1990. Theoretical Ecology Program. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy.

80. U.S. General Accounting Office. 1991. NASA Personnel: Shortages of Scientists and Engineers Due to Retirements Unlikely in the 1990s. GAO/NSIAD-91-185. Washington, D.C.: U.S. General Accounting Office.

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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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98. U.S. National Institutes of Health. (undated.) Post Doctoral Opportunities. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. National Institutes of Health.

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103. U.S. National Institutes of Health, Division of Research Grants, Information Systems Branch. (undated.) DRG Peer Review Trends: Member Characteristics-1979–89. Bethesda, Md.: U.S. National Institutes of Health.

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105. U.S. National Institutes of Health, National Center for Research Resources, Research Resources Information Center. 1990. Program Highlights 1990: Annual Report. Bethesda, Md.: National Center for Research Resources.

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108. U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (undated.) National Marine Sanctuary Program. Washington, D.C.: U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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141. U.S. Office of Naval Research. 1990. Young Investigator Program FY 91. OCNR 11SP90-19. Arlington, Va.: Office of the Chief of Naval Research.

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Suggested Citation:"Literature Cited." National Research Council. 1994. The Funding of Young Investigators in the Biological and Biomedical Sciences. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4746.
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This book brings to light trends in the support of life scientists beginning their professional careers. In 1985, 3,040 scientists under the age of 36 applied for individual investigator (R01) grants from the National Institutes of Health, and 1,002 received awards, for a "success rate" of 33%. In 1993, 1,389 scientists under the age of 36 applied for R01 grants and 302 received awards, for a success rate of 21.7%. Even when R23/R29 grant awards (both intended for new investigators) are added to the R01 awards, the number of R01 plus R23 awards made in 1985 was 1,308, and in 1993, the number of R01 plus R29 was 527. These recent trends in the funding of young biomedical research scientists, and the fact that young nonbiomedical scientists historically have had a smaller base of support to draw upon when beginning their careers, raises serious questions about the future of life science research. It is the purpose of this volume to present data about the trends and examine their implications.

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