|
Items in cart [0] |
Questions? Call 888-624-8373 |
| Copyright © 2009. National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved. Terms of Use and Privacy Statement |
Below are the first 10 and last 10 pages of uncorrected machine-read text (when available) of this chapter, followed by the top 30 algorithmically extracted key phrases from the chapter as a whole.
Intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text on the opening pages of each chapter.
Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.
Do not use for reproduction, copying, pasting, or reading; exclusively for search engines.
OCR for page 153
A P P E N D I X H
PROCEDURES USED TO ESTIMATE
AWARDS, STIPENDS, AND COSTS
ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT PROGRAM SIZE
Table H-1 summarizes the distribution of awards by field
and level and type of award for the fiscal years 1992-1999.~
Increases are concentrated in the behavioral sciences, oral
health, nursing, and health services research and in the
Medical Scientist Training Program (MSTP). In addition,
some postdoctoral awards in the clinical sciences have been
reallocated to the predoctoral MSTP program.2
The number of fiscal year 1993 awards by field was esti-
mated from statistics provided by NIH. The number of
awards for FY 1994-1996 were estimated in several steps.
The FY 1996 awards were first scaled to reflect the
committee's recommended changes. These are summarized
in Table H-2.3 The awards for fiscal years 1997-1999 re-
main unchanged at FY 1996 levels, reflecting the
committee' s recommendations for stable award levels once
their recommended award levels were reached.
STIPENDS
The committee also recommended steps to raise stipends
to make them more competitive with other programs and to
maintain the purchasing power of these stipends by adjust-
ing them for inflation. Specifically, He committee recom-
mended:
· raising the real value of stipends by FY 1996 to more
competitive levels: approximately $12,000 per year in 1994
dollars for predoctoral awards and approximately $25,000
for new postdoctoral awardees with less than two years of
research experience; and
· maintaining the real value of these stipends after FY
1996 through annual increases of three percent per year (the
assumed annual rate of inflation).
Table H-3 summarizes the results of implementing the
153
committee's recommendations with respect to stipend in-
creases. The 1994 levels reflect NIH recommendations ~
an increase of $1,200 for the predoctoral awardees and
$1,000 for the first two steps of the postdoctoral awardees.
Using 1994 as a base and assuming an annual rate of infla-
tion of 3 percent, the committee derived recommendations
for 1996 stipend levels for predoctoral awardees ($12,731)
and for postdoctoral awardees with less than 2 years of re-
search experience ($26,523 and $27,623, respectively). The
1995 stipends were derived by linear interpolation between
the 1994 and the 1996 levels. Stipends rise between 1994
and 1996 by about 12.5 percent per year for predoctoral
awardees and by about 16.3 percent per year for
postdoctoral awardees with less Han one year of research
experience to bring their levels to the targets set by the
committee. The rate of increase moderates after 1996 and
reflects only He three percent per year inflation increase
recommended by the committee.
Because of the relatively low current level of stipends
for postdoctoral awardees win less than two years experi-
ence, the stipend levels of postdoctoral awardees with two
or more years of experience remained unchanged in fiscal
years 1994-1995. But after fiscal 1995 these stipend levels
had to be adjusted in order to prevent "inversion" - i.e., a
situation in which title stipend of less-experienced
postdoctoral awardees is greater than He stipend of more-
experienced postdoctoral awardees. This was accomplished
by raising the stipend level of all postdoctoral awardees by
the same amount.
ESTIMATING INCREMENTAL STIPEND COSTS
The committee has developed incremental cost estimates
for these recommendations. These incremental costs reflect
only He recommended changes in the number of awards
and He stipend levels.
OCR for page 154
APPENDIX H
TABLE H-1 Committee Estimates of Trading Needs for Biomedical and Behavioral Research Personnel,
by Field, Level and Type of Award, 1992 - 1999
Year
Field and type of award19921993199419951996199719981999
Biomedical Sciences8,6879,0079,0079,0079,0079,0079,0079,007
Predoctoral awards4,7775,1715,1715,1715,1715,1715,1715,171
Fellows290360360360360360360360
Trainees4,4874,8114,8114,8114,8114,8114,8114,811
Postdoctoral awards3,9103,8363,8363,8363,8363,8363,8363,836
Fellows1,5501,5331,5331,5331,5331,5331,5331,533
Trainees2,3602,3032,3032,3032,3032,3032,3032,303
Behavioral8571,0211,1471,2741,4001,4001,4001,400
Predoctoral awards534672748824900900900900
Fellows5368768391919191
Trainees481604672741809809809809
Postdoctoral awards323349399450500500500500
Fellows65718192102102102102
Tramees258278318358398398398398
Clinical (non MSTP)3,0122,9742,9752,9182,8602,8602,8602,860
Predoctoral awards819855895895895895895895
Fellows1929202020202020
Trainees800826875875875875875875
Postdoctoral awards2,1932,1192,0802,0231,9651,9651,9651,965
Fellows646880110160160160160
Trainees2,1292,0512,0001,9051,8051,8051,8051,805
Clinical (MSTP)
Predoctoral awards8068228899551,0221,0221,0221,022
Fellows00000000
Trainees8068228899551,0221,0221,0221,022
Postdoctoral awards00000000
Fellows00000000
Trainees00000000
154
OCR for page 155
APPEND H
TABLE H-1 (continued)
Field and tvDe of award1992199319534195351990l>> /l>:~olet,'
. ._, ~ ., if_ hi. ~..~.~
Nursing257236340420500500500500
Predoctoral awards217188290360430430430430
Fellows142112195240285285285285
Trainees757695120145145145145
Postdoctoral awards4048506070707070
Fellows1212152020202020
Trainees2836354050505050
Oral Health213224260345430430430430
Predoctoral awards7797125210290290290290
Fellows012580130130130130
Trainees7796100130160160160160
Postdoctoral awards136127135135140140140140
Fellows3522353535353535
Trainees101105100100105105105105
Health Services9496115240360360360360
Predoctoral awards353055180300300300300
Fellows001085160160160160
Trainees35304595140140140140
Postdoctoral awards5966606060606060
Fellows1217101010101010
Trainees4749505050505050
Total13,92614,38014,73315,15115,57915,57915,57915,579
Predoctoral awards7,2657,8358,1738,5959,0089,0089,0089,008
Fellows5045706868681,0461,0461,0461,046
Trainees6,7617,2657,4877,7277,9627,9627,9627,962
Postdoctoral awards6,6616,5456,5606,5556,5716,5716,5716,571
Fellows1,7381,7231,7541,8001,8601,8601,8601,860
Trainees4,9234,8224,8064,7564,7114,7114,7114,711
155
OCR for page 156
APPENDIX H
TABLE H-2 Recommended Award Levels
for FY 1996, by Field
Field Number of awards
Biomedical
Behavioral
Cl~n~cal
non-MSTP
MSTP
Nursing
Oral Health
Health Services
9,007
1,400
3,994
2,972
1,022
500
426
360
Table H-4 summarizes the budgetary implications of
these recommendations. The budget increases by $116 mil-
lion between 1993 and 1999, a rise of 33 percent, or an
annual rate of increase of 5.4 percent per year. The cost
increase associated with the committee's recommendation
to raise the number of awards is roughly one percent per
year; the remainder, roughly 4.4 percent per year, is gener-
ated from the committee's recommendation to increase sti-
pend levels to more competitive levels and to maintain this
competitiveness through automatic annual cost of living in-
creases.
The costs associated with the recommended increases in
the number of awards and the stipend levels are also dis-
played in Table H-4. The estimated are displayed annually
for the period 1993-1999 by type of award (i.e., predoctoral
vs. postdoctoral, and fellowship vs. traineeship).
Columns (5) and (6) summarize the effects of increasing
the number of awards on the training budget. These esti-
mates hold average training costs constant at 1993 levels.
Thus, the cost changes reflect only changes in the number
of awards recommended. Total training costs rise by roughly
$22 million, or 6 percent between 1993 and 1999. The aver-
age annual rate of increase is less than one percent. All of the
increases are concentrated in the years 1994-1996, the period
over which the committee's recommendations are imple-
mented. Practically all of He cost increase occurs in
predoctoral awards, reflecting the committee's recommen
dation for reallocation from postdoctoral to predoctoral
awards.
The incremental costs associated with both the recom-
mended increases in awards and stipends are displayed in
columns (14) and (15~. Incremental costs, summarized in
columns (8~-~10), are derived by multiplying the recom-
mended stipend increases by the number of awards affected
by these increases. Recall that, for the years 1994 and 1995,
the recommended stipend increases were awarded only to
postdoctoral awardees with two or less years of research
experience. The average fraction of postdoctoral awarders
with two years or less in 1993 and 1994 was used to esti-
mate He number of awards affected by He recommended
stipend increase for fiscal year 1995.4 For subsequent years
it was assumed Hat all postdoctorates were affected. These
incremental costs are cumulated in columns (11~-~13~.
The costs of He recommended stipend increases are sum-
marized in Table H-5. These increases will cost an esti-
mated $94 million-roughly 26 percent of He 1993 ~ain-
ing budget and 81 percent of He $116 million cost
increment associated with all of He committee's recom-
mendations. On an annual basis, these increases will aver-
age out to be roughly 4.4 percent of He 1993 budget, con-
cen~ated mainly in the years 1994-1996. The annual
increases for He years 1997-1999 are roughly 2.5 percent
per year.
NOTES
1. These numbers exclude NRSA support for research training through
Me MARC program and training in Primary Care Research.
2. In particular, 200 postdoctoral traineeships in Me non-MSTP clini-
cal sciences programs are reallocated to predoctoral traineeships in the
MSTP program.
3. The scaling-up was accomplished by linear interpolation in the be-
havioral and MSTP programs. The rate of increase for the other fields
reflected the Committees judgment about Me capability of the training
system to absorb these increases. The increases by type of award within
fields also reflects the Comm~ttee's wish to increase the relative impor-
tance of predoctoral awards in the clinical sciences and in oral health and
health services research.
4. Individuals with more than two years of research experience con-
stituted about 37 percent of Me postdoctoral fellows and roughly 30 per-
cent of the postdoctoral trainees in BY 1992.
TABLE H-3 Recommended Stipend Levels, 1993-1999
Predoctoral
Year Awards
1993 $8,800
1994 $10,000
1995 $11,365
1996 $12,731
1997 $13,113
1998 $13,506
1999 $13 911
$18,600
$19,600
$23,061
$26,523
$27,318
$28,138
$28,982
$19,700
$20,700
$24,161
$27,623
$28,418
$29,238
$30,082
.
$25,600 $26,900
$25,600 $26,900
$25,600 $26,900
$29,062 $30,362
$29,857 $31,157
$30,677 $31,977
$31,521 $32,821
$28,200 $29,500 $30,800
$28,200 $29,500 $30,800
$28,200 $29,500 $30,800
$31,662 $32,962 $34,262
$32,457 $33,757 $35,057
$33,277 $34,577 $35,877
$34,121 $35,421 $36,721
$32,300
$32,300
$32,300
$35,762
$36,557
$37,377
$38,221
156
OCR for page 157
APPENDIX H
to^
I i_,
I ~ I
~ ~1~1
~ ~ ~ £ l
o 321
~ ~ ~] ~
5 ~ tt_
He ~
UP ~ loo a a loo
V~ V~ V~ ~ ~ ~_'
_ OY ~ oo _ ~ ~ _
~o ~ ~ ~ ~o ~ ~ ~
· e ~ e e e ~ ~ _
O ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _
_ _ _ ~ ~
~_ u) O _ 0\ ~b ~U' e
- t- -~ U~ ~00 - C~ CQ
O - ~ \0 ~ ~ ~00 m] ~ ~ _
- ~ ~ ~ O ~ ~- , ~_ ~ d
1^ ~ oo O ~- - ~t ~_
_ _ _ ~ ~ C~ ~O d
~ ·3
° o
~ ~ ~ _ ~D
oo ~ oo C~ oo ~ _ ~ ~
Q ~Ei ~ o _
·~ 5 ,- _
Og ~
o ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~o ~ ~ _
Ch ~) ~ ~, d . ~ ~
00 ~ O ~ \0 ~_ ~ _
_ - ,
·=
O C~
~ 8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ o
~ ~ ~ ~ ~' ~ · ~ -
o~ ~ _ oo
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Z
~ _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
o o
~ ~ ~ _ C~
_ ~C,) ~ ~ _
~ ~ ~ ^ ^ ^ ·~ . ~
oo o o ~ ~ ~_ _ _
-~- ~ ~ ~
o ~ u) ~ ~ - ~ ~ o
oo - ~ ~ ~]. ~
8 ~ ~ ~ ~ o d
_
_ ^ _
_1 ·=
U) ·~
dR dR bE bE UR b ~· ~co 3
a, ~ 0 0 0 ~ ° ~
_ ~ ~ o o oe ~ ~ ~ ~:
~ ~ ~ O O O ~ ~ ~ ~
aa a~
_ ^ _
O t - ) _ 00 00 00 00 e~ ~U) ~ ~ ~
U~ t~ ~
~ t- ~ C~ ~ C~ ~ C ~ ~ ~ _
~ ~ ~ ~_
_ _4 _ - _'
_ ~ e
1_ ~ 00 ~ ~ ~ ~ $
_ ~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ _
_ _ ~
_ 1^0 e4' ~ ~ ~_ ·_ ~~
U} 1^ ~_, U,
_ _I _ _. _ _ O
C) ~
00 ~00 C~ ~ ~ C ~0\
o o oo oo oo oo oo ~ _ 3
0\~ O ~ ~ ~ ~ O ~ O _
_ ~ oo oo oo oo [- '- qi; -
_ _ _ ~ _ o~
o~
_
C~ C~ ~- , ~
~D oo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _
] ~te t_ C~\ 0\
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~_I
~ t~ t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ E _
oe ~c`. ~
-~§ .~ 3 ~ ~ _
_~__- aa w ~
~ e~e ~ ~ t_ 00 < ~
0\ 0\ ~ 0\ ~ 0\ 0\ ~kl e
cr o~ o, o, ox o~ o~
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
157
aa aa ae a~ ~ a ~
oo ~ ox -
oo ~ ~ C~ C~
·····-
_ ~ o C~ ~ ~
_,
_ ~ ~ oo ~ o
~ ~ o ~ ~ ~ _
oo
co ~ ax
o o -
C~ ~ C~
° ~ - o
oo ~ C~
oo ~ ~ _
c~ 0 ~ oo ~ a~
o oo ~ oo ~ o
~ ~ ~ _ oo
~ ~ e~
- ~ ~ ~ - ~
c~ ~ ~ ~
o ~ ~ - ~ t- - '
n
N
~ - ~ ~ ~
~ o, o c~ ~
- - ~ -
O ~ d cr, O
~ ~ ~ ~ oo ~
~ oo ~ ~ ~ ~
c~
o oo ~ - oN
~ ~ o ~ ~ ~
oo cr,
- ~ ~ - ~ ~ ~
o ~ ~ ~ - ~ o
~ 0 ~ oo ~ r~
~ ~ _ e~
C~ ~ - ~ _.
O O - - ~ O
O ~ ~ CS,
O ~t ~ t~ 00 00
~ _ ~
_ ~ ~
%9 - 0 00 %9 - 0 - 0
U) ~ O O O O
~ O O O
·····-
O Ol O O O O
d. ~ ~ 0\ 0\ ~aa aa
00 00 00 00 00 00 _
_ ~ ~ ~ ~ 0\ 0 0
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ^ . ~
O O O O O O O
C~1 ~ ~ C~ ~ C~ C~
Yo ~ ~ ~ ~
oo ~ ~ ~ ~ a,
oN
~ ~ ~ c~ ~ ~ ~
- ~ - - - - ~
~ - ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
oo ~ c~ ~ a~ o,
oo ~ o ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ o - - - -
c~ u~ ~n O O ° °
~ o ~ - - - ~ -
oo oo ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~t da ~ ~t de
~ ~ 8 ~ =° ~ ~
oo co oo oo oo
oo o~
C~
C~ ~ ~ o~
_ _ ~ _ _ _ _
v
os ~
. ~
~ aa
~ _
73 os
ae ~
OCR for page 158
APPENDIX H
Z ~ _
~-
_ ~
~ _
·~^} ~
of
8.e }~
if.! }
·~]
of
8 ~
i''
I
I
U.
·e
~ 8
·g ·8
fig
U]
CQ
e ~
-
~ ~ ~ Vat ~ ~
o ~ to
~ ~ ID 0\ 0\
· e e e e e
~ ~ O - ~ _
0\ C`1 ~ 00 ~ ~- O
~ O ~ - 00 ~ _
°° t- ~ Cat °° °° O
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ e" ~
u) ~ o ~ ~ No ~
o ~ Q ~ ~ ~ ~
oo
o o~ -
~ C~ ~ ~D
- ~ ~D ~ oo ~
o C~ ~ oo o' o o
o, ~ U' ~ ~
o ~ ~ ~ ~ U)
_ C~ ~ ~o
o - - ~ ~ ~ ~o
~D ~ O ~ ~
oo ~ ~ ~o
_ ~ `~ e. ~ 00
_ _ _ _
~ O
O _
_
·! ~
-
_
c~ _
·5
Z~
~^
0D
ed.
3
O _
~i; ~
O ~ \0 ~ _ 00 ~
~ - O ~D 0\ -
c~ O ~ 00 00
_ c~ ~
O O1 \0 ~ - - O
0\ ~ O
\0 -
O `0 ~ ~ \0
_ _
O - O ~ O
0\ ~ oo ~ o~
oo oo 0\ Ch
- ~ t- _ _ _
~ V~ ~ V~
~ ~ ~ O O O
oo O - O O O
e e e e e e
_ ~ ~ O O O
0\ 00
o0 ~ ~
c~ 0\
~ _
u' _ ~
0 o0 00
00 _
0\ 0 0
0\ ~
~D .,
~ O
u) \0
00 o0 00 00
0~ 0\ 0\
~ e~ ~ ~
O O O O
00 00 00 00
00 00 00 00
0\ ~ c~
·~~
3 ~ ~ oo
_ _
C~ C~
oo
_~ _~ _ _ _4 _4 _
C~ C~ ~ C~
oo cr, oo
o ~ ~ ~ o
~ ~ C~
_______
158
"o
V~
~e
~Q
00
- o
e e
_
~ 04
_'
c~
_
~ _
00 ~
0£
a~ ~
OCR for page 159
APPENDIX H
TABLE H-5 Costs of Recommended Stipend Increases, 1994-1999
Year Predoctoral Postdoctoral Total Percent
. .
1994 $9,806 $2,427 $12,233 3.44%
1995 $11,732 $8,394 $20,126 5.66%
1996 $12,296 $22,739 $35,035 9.85%
1997 $3,441 $5,230 $8,671 2.44%
1998 $3,540 $5,387 $8,927 2.51 %
1999 $3,648 $5,545 $9,193 2.58%
1994-1999 $44,463 $49,722 $94,185 26.47 %
; __
a As a percent of 1993 training budget.
159
OCR for page 160
Representative terms from entire chapter:
stipend levels
