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Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond
Realizing the Information Future
The Internet and Beyond
NRENAISSANCE Committee
Computer Science and Telecommunications Board
Commission on Physical Sciences, Mathematics, and Applications
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
Washington, D.C.
1994
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Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond
NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine.
Support for this project was provided by the National Science Foundation (under Grant No. NCR-9223810). Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 94-65572
International Standard Book Number 0-309-05044-8
Additional copies of this report are available from:
National Academy Press
2101 Constitution Avenue, NW Box 285 Washington, DC 20055 800-624-6242 202-334-3313 (in the Washington Metropolitan Area)
B-321
Copyright 1994 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America
First Printing, May 1994
Second Printing, March 1995
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Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond
NRENAISSANCE COMMITTEE
LEONARD KLEINROCK,
University of California at Los Angeles,
Chair
CYNTHIA H. BRADDON,
McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
DAVID D. CLARK,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
WILLIAM J. EMERY,
Colorado Center of Astrodynamics Research, University of Colorado
DAVID J. FARBER,
University of Pennsylvania
A.G. FRASER,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
RUSSELL D. HENSLEY,
Christian Brothers University
LAWRENCE H. LANDWEBER,
University of Wisconsin at Madison
ROBERT W. LUCKY,
Bell Communications Research
SUSAN K. NUTTER,
North Carolina State University
RADIA PERLMAN,
Novell Corporation
SUSANNA SCHWEIZER,
Digital Equipment Corporation
CONNIE DANNER STOUT,
Texas Education Network
CHARLES ELLETT TAYLOR,
University of California at Los Angeles
THOMAS W. WEST,
California State University
ROBERT E. KAHN,
Corporation for National Research Initiatives,
Special Advisor
Staff
MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director
LESLIE WADE, Project Assistant
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COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS BOARD
WILLIAM WULF,
University of Virginia,
Chair
RUZENA BAJCSY,
University of Pennsylvania
JEFF DOZIER,
University of California at Santa Barbara
DAVID J. FARBER,
University of Pennsylvania
HENRY FUCHS,
University of North Carolina
CHARLES GESCHKE,
Adobe Systems Inc.
JAMES GRAY,
Digital Equipment Corporation
JOHN L. HENNESSY,
Stanford University
DEBORAH A. JOSEPH,
University of Wisconsin
RICHARD M. KARP,
University of California at Berkeley
KEN KENNEDY,
Rice University
BUTLER W. LAMPSON,
Digital Equipment Corporation
BARBARA LISKOV,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
ROBERT L. MARTIN,
Bell Communications Research
DAVID G. MESSERSCHMITT,
University of California at Berkeley
ABRAHAM PELED,
IBM T.J. Watson Research Center (until August 13, 1993)
WILLIAM PRESS,
Harvard University
CHARLES L. SEITZ,
California Institute of Technology
EDWARD SHORTLIFFE,
Stanford University School of Medicine
CASMIR S. SKRZYPCZAK,
NYNEX Inc.
LAWRENCE T. TESLER,
Apple Computer Inc.
LESLIE L. VADASZ,
Intel Corporation
MARJORY S. BLUMENTHAL, Director
HERBERT S. LIN, Senior Staff Officer
JAMES MALLORY, Staff Officer
RENEE A. HAWKINS, Staff Associate
GLORIA BEMAH, Administrative Assistant
LESLIE WADE, Project Assistant
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COMMISSION ON PHYSICAL SCIENCES, MATHEMATICS, AND APPLICATIONS
RICHARD N. ZARE,
Stanford University,
Chair
RICHARD S. NICHOLSON,
American Association for the Advancement of Science,
Vice Chair
STEPHEN L. ADLER,
Institute for Advanced Study
JOHN A. ARMSTRONG,
IBM Corporation (retired)
SYLVIA T. CEYER,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
AVNER FRIEDMAN,
University of Minnesota
SUSAN L. GRAHAM,
University of California at Berkeley
ROBERT J. HERMANN,
United Technologies Corporation
HANS MARK,
University of Texas at Austin
CLAIRE E. MAX,
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
CHRISTOPHER F. McKEE,
University of California at Berkeley
JAMES W. MITCHELL,
AT&T Bell Laboratories
JEROME SACKS,
National Institute of Statistical Sciences
A. RICHARD SEEBASS III,
University of Colorado
LEON T. SILVER,
California Institute of Technology
CHARLES P. SLICHTER,
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
ALVIN W. TRIVELPIECE,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory
NORMAN METZGER, Executive Director
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The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by Congress in 1863, the Academy has a mandate that requires it to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Bruce Alberts is president of the National Academy of Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and recognizes the superior achievements of engineers. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent members of appropriate professions in the examination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute acts under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shine is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organized by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associate the broad community of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government. Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Bruce Alberts and Dr. Robert M. White are chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the National Research Council.
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Preface
In winter 1990–1991, the National Science Foundation (NSF) approached the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (CSTB) and asked it to consider undertaking a second study of issues relating to networking for the research and education communities. A new study would revisit issues addressed by CSTB in a 1988 report, Toward a National Research Network (National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.), and more importantly it would address the more complex set of issues that has arisen subsequently, including those associated with NSF plans to recast its role and resources in the National Research and Education Network (NREN) program, a component of the High Performance Computing and Communications initiative. Due in part to the controversy triggered by NSF's original ideas for recasting NSFNET and its attentions to revising its plans, it was not until late 1992 that NSF's request became an approved and funded project.
The Computer Science and Telecommunications Board convened a study committee for this project that chose to call itself NRENAISSANCE, reflecting the fundamental concern with the NREN program and the challenge of meeting research, education, and library community needs in a context marked by much broader information infrastructure concerns. Many of the authors of the 1988 CSTB report are among the authors of this present report, which benefits from their unique insights into both the Internet and other elements of information infrastructure. The committee met in March, June, September, and October 1993 to frame and deliberate over issues; it met again in January 1994 to develop responses to a large number of reviewer comments and a strategy for revising and enhancing its draft report. Over the course of the project the committee
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received a number of inputs from outside itself, most notably several briefings from and consultations with federal officials and representatives of commercial and nonprofit organizations.
The period between the conceptualization and the actual launch of the project in early 1993 saw many changes, most notably a rise in governmental, business, and popular interest in electronic networking and information infrastructure, interest epitomized by the launch of the federal National Information Infrastructure initiative. In the face of these developments, the committee expanded its mission from an examination of issues relating to the NREN program, per se, to an examination of architectural and deployment issues relating to the larger national information infrastructure context in which the NREN program now fits. Consistent with its original charge, the committee paid special attention to the insights, concerns, and needs of the research, education, and library communities. Given the broader focus, however, the recommendations made by the committee are addressed to a broader governmental audience than the National Science Foundation.
NRENAISSANCE is grateful to the many individuals that contributed to its deliberations, including individuals who briefed the committee and others who contributed materials and insights, generally over the Internet. These individuals include Prudence Adler and Ann Okerson, Association of Research Libraries; G. Ernest Anderson, University of Massachusetts; Larry Anderson, Mississippi State University; Eric M. Aupperle, Merit Inc.; William Blumenthal, Kelley Drye & Warren; Hans Bolli, Northern Telecom; Panayot Bontchev, University of Sophia; Laura Breeden, (then FARNET) National Telecommunications and Information Administration; David C. Carver and Karen Sollins, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; John Cavallini and Robert Aiken, Department of Energy; Jill Charboneau, Cornell University; Annette B. Church, California school teacher; Richard Civille, Center for Civic Networking Groups; Robert Collet, CIX and Sprint; Janos Csepai, Budapest University of Economic Sciences; Andrzej Dabrowski, Polish PTT; Bruce Daley, Elaine Wynne Elementary School, Las Vegas, Nevada; Linda Delzeit, California school teacher; D'Ann Douglas, Sallie Curtis Elementary School, Beaumont, Texas; Michael Einhorn, Department of Justice; Robert Gosse and Michael Pollak, Federal Communications Commission; Robert R. Gotwals, Jr., Microelectronics Center of North Carolina; John Gravelle, Merrill Senior High School, Merrill, Wisconsin; Daniel Hartl, Harvard University; Dale Hatfield, Hatfield Associates Inc.; Michael Jeffrey, Nova Scotia Department of Education; Ioan Jurka, Technical University of Timisoara, Romania; Stanley Kabala and Simon Pritikin, AT&T; Thomas Kalil, National Economic Council; Donald Lindberg, HPCC National Coordinating Office and National Library of Medicine; Jack McCue and Howard Palmes,
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BellSouth; Steven Metalitz, Information Industries Association; Paul Mockapetris, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California; Mark Neibert and Janet Dewar, Comsat Corporation; Michael Nelson, Office of Science and Technology Policy; Roger Noll, Stanford University; Antoni Nowakowski, Technical University of Gdansk; Zoltan Pap, Hungarian Telecommunications Company, Budapest; Paul Evan Peters and Joan Lippincott, Coalition for Networked Information; Gary Ragsdale, Federal Express; Michael Roberts, EDUCOM; David Ruth, Cornell University; Steven Ruth, George Mason University; Anthony Rutkowski, Internet Society; Theodore Schell and Ronald Bracewell, Sprint; Richard Snelling, U.S. Olympic Committee; Thomas Spacek, Bellcore; Steve Stephenson, Waiakee Intermediate School, Hilo, Hawaii; Eric Swanson, John Wiley & Sons; Randy Sweeney, Jordan High School, Los Angeles, California; Frank Withrow, Council of Chief State School Officers; Stephen Wolff and Jane Caviness, National Science Foundation; and Anthony Villasenor, NASA.
It is also extremely grateful to the anonymous reviewers who challenged it to sharpen and focus its arguments. The committee gratefully acknowledges the truly outstanding contributions to this report by Marjory Blumenthal, director of the Computer Science and Telecommunications Board, whose efforts were indispensable to the creation of this report. We also acknowledge the assistance of her staff, notably project assistant Leslie Wade, and of the editor, Susan Maurizi. Responsibility for the report, of course, remains with the committee.
Leonard Kleinrock, Chair
NRENAISSANCE Committee
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Contents
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1
Committee and Its Tasks
2
The Vision of an Open Data Network
3
Developing an Open Data Network Architecture
4
Configuring the Components
4
Defining NII Compliance and Setting Standards
6
Factoring in the International Aspect
7
Deploying the Open Data Network
7
Research and Education Concerns
7
Infrastructure Financing: Investments for Research and Education
8
The Government Role
10
Long-term Strategy, Management, and Wise Investment
10
Leadership in Education
11
Technology Research and Development
12
Recommendations
12
The Vision of an Open Data Network
12
Recommendation 1: Leadership and Guidance
13
Recommendation 2: Technology Deployment
14
Recommendation 3: Transitional Support
14
Recommendation 4: K-12 Education
15
Recommendation 5: Network Research
15
1
U.S. NETWORKING: THE PAST IS PROLOGUE
17
Where We Are Today
18
Existing Communications Networks and Increasing Focus on Infrastructure
18
How We Got Here
22
Today in Transition
27
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Visions of the Information Future: What Might It Be?
30
The Internet-based Vision
30
The Entertainment-based Vision
31
The Clinton-Gore Administration's Vision
32
Possible Scenarios for Development of a National Information Infrastructure
32
The Committee's Vision: An Integrated National Information Infrastructure
34
Converging the Visions of the Future
35
Technology Impetus
35
Benefits to the Nation--Last-mile Economics
36
How Can We Converge the Visions?
38
Structure and Content of This Report
38
Notes
40
2
THE OPEN DATA NETWORK: ACHIEVING THE VISION OF AN INTEGRATED NATIONAL INFORMATION INFRASTRUCTURE
43
The Open Data Network
44
Criteria for an Open Data Network
44
Technical, Operational, and Organizational Objectives
44
Benefits of an Open Data Network
46
Open Data Network Architecture
47
An Architectural Proposal in Four Layers
47
The Centrality of the Bearer Service
51
Characterizing the Bearer Service
53
Middleware: A New Set of Network Services
55
Defining the Higher-level Services
59
Basic Higher-level Services
59
More Demanding Higher-level Services
60
Quality of Service: Options for the ODN Bearer Service
65
Best-Effort and Reserved Bandwidth Service
65
Assuring the Service
66
NII Compliance
67
Standards
70
Role of Network Standards
70
Factors that Complicate Setting Standards
71
Network Function Has Moved Outside the Network
71
It Is Hard to Set Standards Without a Recognized Mandate
72
A Bottom-up Process Cannot Easily Set Long-term Direction
72
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A Top-down Approach No Longer Appears Workable
73
Commercial Forces May Distort the Standards-Setting Process
73
Setting Standards for the NII—Planning for Change Is Difficult But Necessary
73
Issues of Scale in the NII
74
Addressing and Naming
74
Mobility as the Computing Paradigm of the Future
76
Management Systems
77
Measurement and Monitoring
77
Security and the Open Data Network
78
Securing the Network, the Host, and Information
78
Developing a Security Architecture
79
Security Objectives and Current Approaches for Reaching Them
80
Computer System Protection
81
Protection of Information in the Host
81
Protection of Information in the Network
82
Authenticating Users
83
Control of Authorized Users
83
Taking a Comprehensive Approach to Ensuring Security
84
Finding and Balancing Opportunities to Build Toward Convergence
84
Development of Standards for Television—An Example
85
Reengineering of the Nation's Access Circuits
86
Cost and Function in Access Circuits
87
Options for Incorporating the ODN Bearer Service
88
Need for Government Action in Balancing Objectives
89
Acting Now to Realize a Unified NII
90
Recommendation: Technology Deployment
91
Research on the NII—Ensuring Necessary Technical Development
91
Research to Develop Network Architecture
92
Defining the Bearer Service
93
Issues for the Lower Levels: Scale, Robustness, and Operations
94
Addressing and Routing
94
Quality of Service
95
New Approaches to Transport Protocols
96
Network Control Functions
96
Mobility as the Computing Paradigm of the Future
97
Management Systems—Monitoring and Control
98
New Technology for Access Circuits
98
Middleware and Information Services Support
99
Navigation and Filtering Tools
99
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Intellectual Property Rights
100
Computer and Communications Security
101
Research in the Development of Software
102
Experimental Network Research
102
Experimental Research in Middleware and Application Services
103
Rights Management Testbed
104
Research to Characterize Effects of Change
105
Recommendation: Network Research
105
3
RESEARCH, EDUCATION, AND LIBRARIES
112
Research
113
Higher Education
119
K-12 Education
122
Lifelong Education
133
Libraries and the Broadening of Public Interest Networking
133
Cross-Cutting Observations
142
Notes
143
4
PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICE
148
Equitable Access
149
Flow of Information
153
Government Information
154
Privacy
156
First Amendment
158
Intellectual Property Protection
160
Broader Consideration of Ethics
165
Notes
166
5
FINANCIAL ISSUES
172
Federal and Other Funding for Networking to Date
172
Cost of Network Infrastructure
176
Paying the Price
183
Imminent Short-term Increases
186
Recommendation: Transitional Support
186
Costs of Local Infrastructure and Access to Services
186
Usage-based Pricing
189
Flat-fee Pricing
191
Covering User Charges (Subsidies and Mechanisms)
193
Deriving Specific Funds
195
Equity
196
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6
GOVERNMENT ROLES AND OPPORTUNITIES
204
Leadership and Vision
205
Leadership in Development and Deployment of Infrastructure
207
Leadership in Education
209
Recommendation: K-12 Education
210
Balancing of Interests
211
Diverse and Fragmented Public and Private Interests
211
Coordination and Management
213
Uncertain Technical Expertise
214
Cross-agency and Uncertain Structure
215
Recommendation: Leadership and Guidance
216
Influencing the Shape of the Information Infrastructure
217
Influence on Architecture and Standards
218
Influence Through Procurement
220
Influence on Future Oversight of the Internet
221
Influence on Network Deployment and Technology Development
223
Support for Experimental Networks
224
Approach to Operational Networks and Intermediate Technologies
224
Research and Development
226
Conclusion
228
Notes
228
APPENDIXES
A FEDERAL NETWORKING: THE PATH TO THE INTERNET
237
B SAMPLE PRINCIPLE SETS
254
C USER SUPPORT SERVICES
262
D STATE AND REGIONAL NETWORKS
265
E INTERNATIONAL ISSUES
269
F KEY TERMS
282
INDEX
287
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