National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: APPENDIX F Key Terms
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 287
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 288
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 289
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 290
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 291
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 292
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 293
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 294
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 295
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 296
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 297
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 298
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 299
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 300
Suggested Citation:"Index." National Research Council. 1994. Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4755.
×
Page 301

Below is the uncorrected machine-read text of this chapter, intended to provide our own search engines and external engines with highly rich, chapter-representative searchable text of each book. Because it is UNCORRECTED material, please consider the following text as a useful but insufficient proxy for the authoritative book pages.

INDEX 287 Index A user charges, 8-10 Accounting. See Financial issues. Acceptable use policy (AUP), 159-60, 282 Acronyms identified, 282-85 Access circuits Addresses for Internet sites, 75, 246-47, bearer service (ODN) and, 88 250 bidirectionality as critical factor, 86-87, Addressing and naming issues, 74-76, 89 94-95 cost considerations, 179, 187 Administration support, 206 definition, 284 goals articulating, 32, 33 network sharing and, 181 limited technical scope of, 13 recommendation regarding, 91 Applications level (ODN), 5, 49 research needed, 98-99 access circuit bidirectionality and, 87 Access costs, 186-88, 201n Access links. See Access circuits; Last- mile connections. Accessibility issues balancing conflicting needs, 150, 152-53, 166n bandwidth requirements, 65-67, 151 basic services, 151 censorship, 158-60 controlling access, 156-58, 169n cost reductions, 37 costs as key factor, 123, 132, 142 costs of infrastructure, 176-83 education (K-12), 132 equity of access, 149-53 government-generated information, 154-56, 168n international concerns, 272-77 Internet as access model, 30-31 libraries, 137-40 navigation and filtering tools, 99-100 network access points (NAPs), 28 payment and pricing, 152-53, 167n, 183-98 privacy concerns, 156-58 research community concerns, 118 residential service, 152, 180-81, 200n satellite dishes, 273 telephone service as pricing model, 37 telephone service example, 149-50 types of access, 40 ubiquity of access, 152, 167n

INDEX 288 basic services, 59-63 research needs, 93-95 diagram, 53 Best-effort service, 65-66, 179, 181, 189-91 information access services, 61-63 BESTNET (educational consortium), 120 interconnection via, 246 Bidirectional communications paths, research and development needs, 103-5 86-87, 89, 110nn Archie (file access service), 61 Bilateral issues. See International issues. Architecture of networks. See Open Data BITNET, 238, 269 Network (ODN) architecture. Branscomb report (network access con- Archives as information providers, 143n cerns), 119, 144n ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Browsing network resources, 60-63, Agency), 103, 104, 109n, 111n, 216, 99-100 237-39 Business issues. See Commercialization ARPANET development, 237-39 issues. Arts and humanities research, 114, 118-19, 144n Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) sys- C tems, 12, 221 Cable television (CATV) issues B-ISDN vs, 58 access circuits bidirectionality, 86-87, 89 bearer service (ODN) and, 56-58, 108nn cable links, 19 definition, 282 high-definition TV (HDTV), 41-42n, 85 federal policy and, 221, 223, 232n interactive possibilities, 31 standards-setting groups, 73 pricing of services, 182, 200n ATM systems, See Asynchronous transfer standards, 85-86, 110n mode systems. technology upgrades, 37 Audio servers, 60 video services delivery, 88-89 AUP (acceptable use policy), 159-60, 282 California as networking leader, 121, 266 B B-ISDN (broadband integrated services digital network), 56-58, 108nn, 282 Backbone network services. See NSFNET; T3 network service; vBNS. Bandwidth accessibility requirements and, 151 allocation of, 65-67, 108 data path symmetry, 87, 110n definition, 282 education (K-12) requirements, 126 limitation as network measure, 52 modem limitations, 37 reserved bandwidth service, 66-67, 108n research requirements, 117-18 BARRnet regional network, 266 map, 24 Bearer service level (ODN), 5, 47-48 ATM and, 56-58, 108nn access circuits bidirectionality, 86-87, 89, 110nn centrality of, 51-52, 93-94 characteristics of, 52-55 diagram, 53 integration options, 88-89 quality of service, 65-67, 93, 95

INDEX 289 CalREN educational network (proposed), Internet oversight, 221-23 266 last-mile considerations, 36-38, 45, CATV. See Cable television issues. 180-81 CCIRN (Coordinating Committee for needs of markets vs communities, 150, Intercontinental Research Networks), 152-53, 166n 270 NSFNET, 242 Censorship issues, 156-60 open system support, 90-91 Centralization issues payment for services and access, Internet administration, 247-49 152-53, 167n user support services, 262-64 privacy concerns, 156-58, 169n CERFnet regional network, 266 public vs private interests, 90-91, map, 24 211-13, 232n CICnet regional network residential connections, 36-38, 45, libraries and, 135 180-81 map, 24 royalties protection, 163, 164 CISE (Computer and Information Science service availability, 150 and Engineering) Directorate, 283 standards setting, 6, 218-20, 71-72 CIX (Commercial Internet Exchange), Communications infrastructure. See 222, 249 Information infrastructure; Net- Clinton-Gore administration's role, 32, 33, works; NII. 205-6 Compliance issues, 6, 67-70 Closed networks Computer networks. See Internet; Net- international concerns, 277-79 works; NII. open networks and, 4, 44, 47 Computer Professionals for Social security of, 45 Responsibility (CPSR) principles, 257 CoCom (Coordinating Committee for Mul- Confidentiality issues. See Privacy issues; tilateral Export Controls), 278 Security issues. Code of Fair Information Practices Congestion problems, 96-97, 189-90, 201n (updates), 254, 258-61 Connectivity issues Collaborative computing, 115 access circuits, 86-89 Collaborative work via networks administration's goals, 32, 33 education, 125-26 circuits (links) in networks, 19 sciences, 115-16, 118 connectivity levels, 245 Collaboratory, 115-16 costs as key factor, 123, 132, 142 Commerce Department and networks, costs of infrastructure, 176-83 210, 280 entertainment industry influences, 31-32 Commercial Internet Exchange (CIX), 222, 249 Commercialization issues. See also Financial issues; Payment and pricing issues; Publishing industry issues. access circuits bidirectionality, 86-87 access restrictions, 119 administration views, 33 censorship, 158-60 costs and scalability, 180-81, 200n customer support services, 263-64 funding partnerships, 174-75 government-generated information, 154-56, 168n intellectual property protection, 160-65, 170nn interconnection services, 176

INDEX 290 international concerns, 272-77 Digital libraries, 132, 136-40, 145-46n Internet access, 245-49 research on, 104, 111n Internet connectivity, 30 Digital object storage services, 60 last-mile connections, 36-38, 180-81, Distribution issues (international con- 284-85 cerns), 274-76 links (circuits) in networks, 19 DOD. See Defense Department and net- payment and pricing, 183-98 works. proposals, 28-30 DOE networks. See Energy Department residential service, 180-81, 200n and networks. satellite links, 273, 280-81n standards setting, 71-72 telephone link limitations, 36-37 E Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Economic issues. See Federal funding Export Controls (CoCom), 278 issues; Financial issues. Coordinating Committee for Intercontinen- Education Department (ED) and networks tal Research Networks (CCIRN), 270 Internet support, 242 Copyright protection, 161, 162-63 leadership role in K-12 issues, 15, 209-10 copyright management (academic), 164 Title II-D program, 242 open issues, 100 Education issues (higher education), technological means, 104-5 119-22 CoRen (Corporation for Regional and copyright management, 164 Enterprise Networking), 267 California networking examples, 121, Cost recovery issues. See Financial issues; 266 Payment and pricing issues; User database sharing, 119, 144n charges. financial considerations, 7-10 CSNET, 238, 269 instructional concerns, 119, 144n CSUnet, 266 library projects, 141 Customer support services, 263-64 network usage examples, 120-21 privacy requirements, 157 D Education issues (K-12), 122-32 censorship, 158-60 DARPA. See ARPA. commercial support, 173 DARTnet (ARPA), 241 costs and scalability, 180-81, 200n Data integrity, 80, 81-83, 161 costs as key factor, 123, 142-43, 173 Data path symmetry, 87, 110n equity in financing, 196-97 Database browsing services, 60, 61-63 Database sharing in education, 121 Decentralization issues, 45 Internet experience, 247-51 network control functions, 96 routing, 94 security concerns, 101-2 user support services, 262-64 DECnet networks, 238 Defense Department (DOD) and net- works, 72, 238, 109n. See also ARPA; ARPANET. Department of … See Commerce …; Defense …; Education …; Energy Department and networks. Digital communications infrastructure. See Information infrastructure; Net- works; NII.

INDEX 291 equity of access, 149-53 Connectivity issues; federal leadership required, 11-12, 15 Social issues. federal policy role, 131-32, 209-10 Fax services, 59 financial considerations, 7-10 Federal Communications Commission HPCC assistance, 242 (FCC), 231n infrastructure deficiencies, 122-24 Federal funding issues, 172-76 Internet access improvements, 242 basis for federal support, 9 learning resources, 126 Internet support as model, 23 network usage examples, 125, 127-30 limitations inherent in, 10-11, 227 personnel training deficiencies, 124 recommendation for, 14-15 privacy requirements, 157 Federal Internet Exchanges (FIXes), 249 teachers' concerns. 124-25, 127-30 Federal Internetworking Requirements Education issues (lifelong education), Panel (FIRP), 215 133, 258 Federal Networking Council (FNC), 230n, Electronic archiving, 114, 141 251, 278 Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) Federal policy issues, 204-33 principles, 256 acceptable use policy, 159-60 Electronic mail. See E-mail. access circuit bidirectionality, 89-90 Electronic money, 55, 58 access circuits reengineering, 86-91 Electronic publishing. See Publishing administration goals and roles, 33, 205-6 issues. agencies involved in, 280 E-mail coordination and management role, as applications-level service, 59 213-16 educational (K-12) uses, 127-30 education (K-12) concerns, 131-32, Internet and, 243 209-10 research uses, 114, 118 export controls, 277-79 Encryption issues, 82-83, 101 government-generated information, Energy Department (DOE) and networks, 154-56, 168n 116, 231-32n, 238 infrastructure deployment, 14, 223-26 Entertainment industry issues infrastructure development, 91-102, financing of NII by, 31 207-8, 217-28 size of customer base, 31 international concerns, 277-79 Equity of access, 149-53 Internet coordination, 250-51 ESnet (DOE network), 283 Internet oversight, 221-23 Ethical issues, 165-66. Internet support as model, 23 See also Accessibility issues; leadership roles, 10-11, 18, 205-10, Legal issues. 216-17 balancing conflicting needs, 150, 152-53, 166n intellectual property protection, 160-65, 170nn policy guidelines, 166 principles of information usage, 254-61 privacy concerns, 156-58, 169n Exchange points on Internet (FIXes, CIX), 249 Export controls and international net- works, 277-79 F Fair information practices, 258-61 Fairness issues, 258. See also Accessibility issues;

INDEX 292 libraries, 135 ubiquity of access, 152, 167n lobbying concerns, 212, 230n user charges, 8-10 ODN as technical framework, 13, Financial transaction services, 60 214-15, 217 FIRP (Federal Internetworking Require- OSI support, 219 ments Panel), 215 procurement role, 220-21 First Amendment protections, 156-60 public vs private interests, 90-91, Fixed costs of networks, 177-78 211-13, 233n FIXes (Federal Internet Exchanges), 249 recommendations, 13-16, 210, 216 Flat-fee pricing, 183, 191-93, 200n research and development, 91-105, 207, FNC (Federal Networking Council), 230n, 217-21, 223-28 251, 278 roles defined, 205 FTP (file transfer protocol), 283 standards, 70-74, 218-20 upgrades, 61 technical scope, limitations, 13, 214-15, Funding issues. See Financial issues. 217 technology role, 207, 217-28 Fiber-optic links G compliance issues, 69 Gateways federal support of, 12 applications-level connections via, 246 international connectivity, 273-74 in networks (figure), 22 Internet and, 249 Gigabit network testbeds, 21, 27, 283 networks changed by, 19-20 Global issues, 269-82. synchronous optical network (SONET), See also International issues. 284 Gopher (information browsing service), Fidonet and international networking, 271 61, 64 File transfer protocol (FTP) upgrades, 61 Gore, Albert (Vice President), 33, 206 Financial issues, 172-202 Government issues. See Federal policy access links, 181 issues; Federal funding issues access circuits, 87, 181 connectivity, 176-83, 199n cost reduction and new technology, 37 H costs as key factor, 142-43 costs of access, 152, 167n HDTV (high-definition TV), 41-42n, 85-86 costs of infrastructure, 176-83, 199n HEPnet, 238 database sharing, 121 education (K-12) concerns, 132 entertainment industry role, 31-32 export controls, 277-79 federal funding, 9-11, 14-15, 23, 172-76, 227 fixed costs, 177-78 funding partnerships, 174-75 geographical cost differences, 180-81 interconnect charges, 183 international concerns, 271-72, 276 last-mile connections, 36-38, 181 link technology and pricing, 37 payment and pricing, 183-99. See also Payment and pricing issues. public financing needed, 9 resource sharing, 178-79, 181 scalability, 180-81, 200n subsidies, 186, 193-95 transitional financing, 186

INDEX 293 High-Performance Computing Act of testbeds for, 104 1991 (PL102-194), 135, 189 Intelsat (satellite transmission provider), High Performance Computing and Com- 273, 280-81nn munications (HPCC) initiative Interactive video as instructional tool, education (K-12) and, 122 120-21 expansion of, 206, 242, 242 Interconnection costs, 182-83 humanities research, 122 International issues, 269-81 IITA as component, 29, 29, 242 connectivity concerns, 272-79 NREN program and, 240-41 cost issues, 271-72 subcommittee (HPCCIT) for, 14 distribution concerns, 274-76 technical roots of NII, 13 export controls, 277-79 Higher-level network services. See Appli- federal agency roles, 270 cations level (ODN) fiber-optics connections, 273 Hospitals and health care issues networks development, 269-70 commercial support, 173 ODN characteristics and, 45, 46 online services potential, 145n research networks, 275-76 privacy requirements, 157 satellite connections, 273, 274-75, HPCC. See High Performance Computing 280-81nn and Communications initiative transmission concerns, 272-74, 276 Humanities and arts research, 114, volunteer networks, 271 118-19, 144n International Organization for Standardiza- Hypertext, 30 tion. See OSI protocols document definition by, 164-65 Internet information access using, 61-62 accessing, 245-49 addresses for, 75, 246-47, 250 administration characteristics, 250-51 I censorship issues, 159 IEPG (Internet Engineering Planning commercialization trends, 103 Group), 270 current status, 243 IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), decentralization issues, 247-51 219, 270 description, 21, 243-49 IITA (Information Infrastructure Technol- development of, 22-23, 237-39 ogy and Applications) program, 29, diversification of (figure), 26 122, 206, 242 educational (K-12) uses, 11, 127-30 IITF (Information Infrastructure Task Force), 206, 213-15, 217 Information infrastructure. See also NII; ODN costs, 177-83 description, 21 federal role, 217-28 networks compared to, 21-22 Information retrieval services, 60, 64, 65 Information retrieval tools, 99-100 Information Superhighway. See National Information Infrastructure (NII) Intellectual property protection, 16-65, 170nn academic publishing, 162-63, 164 commercial publishing, 163-64 copyrights, 161, 163-65 open issues, 100 principles ensuring, 5, 254-61 research needed, 100, 104

INDEX 294 entertainment user base compared, 31 J federal policy issues, 218-22 financial considerations, 8-9 JVNCnet regional network (map), 24 funding partnerships, 174-75 growth (figure), 248 L higher education usage, 121 interconnections, 249 LANs. See Local area networks international aspects of, 247-48, 270 Last-mile connections. journal distribution via, 163 See also Access circuits library access, 137-40 definition, 285 networks constituting, 246-47 economics, 36-38 NII compared to, 18 residential services and, 45, 180-81, 200n NSF expansion of, 23, 238-40 technology and, 36-37 NSFNET as backbone, 21, 27, 239-40 Legal issues oversight of, 221-23, 250-52 censorship, 158-60 privacy issues, 254 intellectual property protection, 160-65, protocols, 276-77. 170nn See also IP; liability concerns, 170n TCP libraries, 138 research activities via, 113-19 personal information usage, 261 routers, 247 privacy concerns, 156-58, 169n services (figure), 244 Liability concerns, 170n technologies comprised by, 246-47 Library issues, 133-41 upgrades to backbone service, 21, 27 accessibility concerns, 137-40 user charges, 251 commercial support, 173 value of, 112 costs and scalability, 180-81, 200n Internet Architecture Board (IAB), 250 costs as key factor, 142-43, 146n Internet Assigned Number Authority, 250 digital libraries, 104, 111n, 132, 136-40, Internet Engineering Planning Group 145-46n (IEPG), 270 equity in financing, 196-97 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), equity of access, 149-53 219, 270 government-generated information, Internet protocols 154-56 international issues, 276-77 interlibrary loan system, 146n OSI protocols vs, 276-77 privacy requirements, 157 Internet Society, 250-51 public library characteristics, 134-37, international role of, 270-80 146n standards setting, 219 Local area networks (LANs) user support via, 263 description, 19 IP (Internet Protocol). Internet access via, 245 See also TCP; TCP/IP ATM and, 57 bearer service of ODN and, 51-54, 93-94, 107-8nn changes to, 50-51 connectivity and, 245 networks using (figure), 248 service features, 54 ISDN (integrated services digital network). See B-ISDN ISO (International Organization for Stan- dardization). See OSI protocols

INDEX 295 as internetwork element, 22 ity, Commercialization, Education, ODN protocol stack and, 5 Entertainment, Ethical, Federal, LosNettos regional network, 266 International, Library, Publishing, Research, Telephone industry. architecture. See Open Data Network M (ODN) architecture. M-bone (multicast backbone), 103, 110n benefits, 36-8 Measuring and monitoring of networks, commercial aspects of, 3 77-78, 98 compliance issues, 6, 67-70 Metropolitan area networks (MANs), 22 development, recommendations for, MichNet, 122 12-16, 209, 210, 214, 215, 216-17, Microwave links, 19 222, 225, 227 Middleware level (ODN) services, 5, 49, development scenarios, 32-33 55, 58 educational (K-12) policy, 209-10 diagram, 53 educational (K-12) possibilities, 11-12 research and development needs, entertainment industry vision of, 31-32 99-102, 103-4 federal roles in, 10-16, 204-8 MIDnet regional network, map, 24 integrated vision of, 34-38 Mobile access technology, federal support international issues, 7 of, 12 Internet as basis for, 2-3 Mobility of computing, 76-77, 97 Internet compared to, 18 Modem bandwidth limitations, 37 Internet vision of, 30-31 Monitoring and measuring networks, last-mile economies and, 36-38 77-78, 98 ODN central to, 2-16, 218-20 Mosaic hypertext interface, 30, 62, 120, openness required for, 3-4 165 principles for using, 245-61 MPEG II (Motion Picture Experts Group) research requirements, 15-16, 226-28 standard, 85 scalability issues, 74-78 Multicast backbone (virtual network), standards issues, 6, 70-74, 218-20 103, 110n unified NII, need for, 90-91 Multicast capabilities, 95, 97 National Institute of Standards and Tech- Multilateral issues. See International issues. nology (NIST), 219, 280 Multimedia National Oceanic and Atmospheric money spent on, 32 Administration. See NOAA products, 32 National Research and Education teleconferencing, 243 N Naming and addressing issues, 74-76, 94-95 NAPs. See Network access points. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) international research networks, 270-71, 276, 278 networking support, 231-32n, 241 National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- tration (NASA). See NASA National Information Infrastructure (NII), 1-13. See also separate issues entries: Acces- sibility, Cable television, Connectiv-

INDEX 296 Network program. See NREN program. NIST (National Institute of Standards and National Science Foundation (NSF). Technology), 219 See also NSFNET. NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmo- CISE Directorate, 283 spheric Administration) commercial developments from, 247 international research networks, 270-71 digital library research, 104, 111n network use and support, 117, 241-42 educational (K-12) support, 118, 122 North Carolina, networking in, 265, 268n international network support, 270 Northwestnet regional network (map), 24 Internet expansion by, 23, 238-40 NREN (National Research and Education NII, expansion of role in, 216 Network) program regional networks study, 266 agencies involved in, 230n, 241-42, supercomputer interconnections, 28 241-42 National Security Agency (NSA), net- development of, 29, 240-41 working role, 280 education (K-12) focus of, 119 Navigation and filtering tools, 99-100 federal funding, 174-75 NEARnet regional network (map), 24 federal policy and, 204-11, 228n Network access points (NAPs), 222, 285 gigabit technology, 27 diagram showing, 29 HPCC initiative and, 240 NSFNET expansions and, 28 IITA and, 242 Network architecture, 4. Internet support, 23, 239-42 See also Open Data Network (ODN) NII and, 2 architecture. NRENAISSANCE Committee, vii-viii Network Communication Protocol (TCP members, iii precursor), 237 recommendations, 12-16 Network Information Center (NIC), 262 NSF. See National Science Foundation; Network services. NSFNET. See also vBNS. NSF Connections program, 119, 122 flexibility required of, 45-46 NSFNET backbone service illustration, 34 ARPANET and, 21, 239-40 Networks, 18-19. cooperative agreement, 283 See also Internet; costs of expansion, 199 NII; developments proposed for, 28-30 NSFNET. federal policy and, 221 broadband, 20 internationalization via, 270 costs of infrastructure, 176-83 Internet and, 21, 239-40 elements of (figure), 20 map, 24 federal expansion of, 23 information infrastructure compared to, 21-22 integrated (figure), 34 NII compliance, 6 principles guiding usage, 254-61 research requirements, 15 as shared resources, 178-79, 181 speeds for end users, 21 technology changes in, 26-27, 223-28 transitions under way in, 27 U.S. lead in, 12 user support services, 262-64 Newsgroups on Internet, 30 NIC (Network Information Center), 262 NII, 1-42. See also National Information Infrastruc- ture.

INDEX 297 next-generation, 28-30 Open networks, 43-47. regional networks and, 239 See also Internet; status 1993 (figure), 24 Open Data Network (ODN). traffic (1991-1994), 25 architecture, 4, 47-65 usage patterns and charges, 231-32n closed networks and, 44, 47 vBNS and, 240 commercial support, 90-91 NTSC (National Television Systems description, 43 Committee) standard, 35, 284 export controls and, 277-79 NYSERnet regional network, 239 international concerns, 277-79 map, 24 Internet example, 4, 43-44 openness defined, 3-4 security and, 45 O Open Systems Environment (OSE), 277 ODN. See Open Data Network Open Systems Interconnection protocol. Office of Science and Technology Policy See OSI protocols. (OSTP), 23, 251 OSE (Open Systems Environment), 277 OMB (Office of Management and Bud- OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) pro- get), 215-251 tocols Open Data Network (ODN), 2-4, 43-47 definition, 284 access circuits, 86-90, 96-97 federal support, 219 addressing and naming, 74-76 OSE as alternative to, 277 benefits, 46-47 OSTP (Office of Science and Technology compliance issues, 67-70 Policy), 23, 251 criteria for, 44, 44 deployment issues, 7-10, 14 P federal roles in, 10-16 mobility of computing, 76-77, 97 Packet-level connectivity, 245-46 monitoring and measuring, 77-78, 98 Payment and pricing issues, 183-98, network control functions, 96-97 201-2nn objectives for, 44-46 access costs, 186-88, 201n openness defined, 3-4 education concerns, 196-97 organizational objectives, 44-46 equity concerns, 196-97 quality of service, 65-67, 93, 95 flat-fee pricing, 183, 191-93, 202n recommendation for, 14 government-generated information, research and development, 91-104 154-56, 168n scalability, 45, 74-78 interconnect charges, 183 security issues, 45, 78-84, 101-2 software development needs, 102-5 standards, 45, 70-74, 85-86 Open Data Network (ODN) architecture, 47-65 applications level, 5, 49, 59-63, 103-5 bearer service level, 5, 47-48, 51-55, 65-67, 88-89, 93-94 closed architecture vs, 4 diagram of, 53 information vs network service, 5 levels described, 47-51, 53 middleware level, 5, 48, 55, 58, 99-102 privacy protection, 5 routing issues, 94-95 security issues, 5, 78-84 summary, 4-5 transport level, 5, 48-49, 106n

INDEX 298 link technology and pricing, 37 filtering and navigating online informa- local infrastructure costs, 186-88, 201n tion, 99-100 open issues, 100 hypertext, 30, 61-62, 164-65 prices of network expansion, 199n information overload management, resource and cost matching, 189-90 99-100 royalties protection, 163, 164 information retrieval services, 61-63 subsidies, 193-95 intellectual property protection, 100, times of usage, 189-90 104, 160-65, 170nn traffic congestion, 183, 189-90 libraries, 138-39, 146n transitional financing, 186 multimedia formatting needs, 105 usage-based pricing, 189-91 navigating and filtering online informa- Personal information, protection of, tion, 99-100 258-61. needs of markets vs communities, 150, See also Privacy issues. 152-53, 166n PHONENET, 238 on-line projects, 141 PREPnet regional network (map), 24 open marketplace of ideas of WWW, Pricing issues. See Financial issues; 61-66 Payment and pricing issues. royalties protection, 100, 163, 164 Privacy issues, 5, 156-58. technological changes, 153-54, 167-68n See also Security issues. user interface requirements, 99-100 individuals' responsibilities, 169n principles for information usage, 254-61 specific privacy needs, 157 Q Property rights. See Intellectual property Quality of service issues, 65-67, 93, 95 protection. Proprietary network architecture, 4 Protocols, 19. R See also OSI; IP; Radio links, 19 TCP; Red Sage project (on-line journals), 163 TCP/IP. Regional networks, 266-68 PTTs (Postal Telephony and Telegraphy map, 24 organizations), 272 NSF Connections program and, 238 Public interest networking. See Education usage types, 266 issues; Remote access services, 59-60 Hospital and health care issues; Research and development for NII and Library issues; ODN needs, 91-104, 110n, 223-228 Research issues. Research community issues, 113-19. Public library issues. See Library issues. Publishing issues archiving electronically, 114 censorship, 158-60 challenges of networks, 53-54, 61-62, 153-54, 167-68n copyright management, 164 copyright protection, 100, 104, 161, 162-63 copyright protection technology, 104-5 digital libraries, 136-40 document definition control, 164-65 educational publishing concerns, 126 electronic distribution, 141, 153, 168n electronic text experiments, 141

INDEX 299 See also Science and technology open systems, 45 research issues. principles guiding, 5, 254-61 access concerns, 119 research needs, 101-2 arts and humanities, 118-19 technological limits, 84 collaborative computing, 115-16 user controls, 83 costs and scalability, 180-81, 200n user security, 254-61 costs as key factor, 142-43 wireless transmission, 109n equity in financing, 196-97 Sesquinet regional network, 239 equity of access, 149-53 map, 24 financial considerations, 7 Social issues. humanities and arts, 118-19 See also Accessibility issues; international concerns, 275-76 Education issues; Internet influenced by, 238-41 Ethical issues; networking applications, 114 Legal issues. networks' influence on research, 9 administration goals, 32, 33 privacy requirements, 157 balancing conflicting needs, 150, scientific research, 113-18 152-53, 166n Research issues. See Research community educational concerns, 119-33 issues; Science and technology federal policy and social needs, 214 research issues. lifelong education, 133 Reserved bandwidth service, 65-67, 108n newsgroups, 30 Residential services connections, 180-81, public vs private interests, 90-91, 200n. 211-13, 232n See also Last-mile connections. Software development research needs, Routers, 19, 247 102-5 Routing network traffic, 94-95, 110n SONET (synchronous optical network) standard, 223, 232n, 284 SPAN (NASA network), 238 S Standards issues, 70-74 Satellite links connectivity and, 71-72 international connectivity, 273, 280-81n consumer-oriented standards, 220, 231n Scalability of ODN, 45-74-78 federal policy regarding, 218-20 Scholarship issues. See Education issues international concerns, 276-77 (higher education); Publishing NII compliance, 6-7, 67-70 issues; Research community issues. OSI protocols, 70, 109n, 219, 276-77 Schools and NII. See Education issues. risks to, 71-72 Science and technology research issues, TCP/IP, 109n 113-19 accessibility, 119 biomedical, 114-15 earth sciences, 113-14, 117, 241-42, 270-71 interdisciplinary possibilities, 115 Internet development role, 238-41 networks' influence on research, 9 physical sciences, 116, 117-18 space sciences, 241, 270-71, 276, 278 visualization applications, 117 Security issues, 78-84 closed systems, 45 data integrity, 80, 81-83 encryption, 82-83, 101 information security, 80, 81-83, 258-61 international concerns, 277-79

INDEX 300 State networks, 266-68 Traffic congestion problems, 189-90, 201n Subscriber loop (last-mile connection, Transmission issues telephones), 285 international concerns, 272-74, 276 Subsidies for user charges, 193-95 Internet vs TV broadcasting, 35-36 SURAnet regional network, 239 satellites, 273 map, 24 TV broadcasting standards (NTSC), 35 Switching technology, analog vs digital, 35 wireless, 108n, 109n Symmetry of data paths, 87, 110n Transport level (ODN), 5, 48-49, 106nn, Synchronous optical network (SONET) diagram, 53 standard, 284 limitations to, 96 protocol requirements, 96, 107-8nn, TWBnet (ARPA), 241 T T1 network service (1.5 Mbps), 21, 27, 286. U T3 network service (45 Mbps) definition, 286 UCNET, 266 map, 24 Universal service expectation, 149-50, upgrade costs, 199 166n upgrade from T1, 21, 27, 239 UNIX systems, 242, 245 TCP (Transport Control Protocol) Usage-based pricing, 183, 189-91 early development, 241 User addressing issues, 74-76, 94-95 multicast limitations, 96 User authentication, 83 ODN transport level and, 5, 51 User charges, 8-10. TCP/IP protocols, 109n. See also Payment and pricing issues. See also IP; free information providers and, 143 TCP. Internet model, 251 Teachers (K-12) and networks, 124-30 libraries and, 136 Telecommunications infrastructure. See sources of, 251 Information infrastructure; National subsidies for, 193-95 Information Infrastructure (NII); User interface requirements, 99-100 Networks. User naming issues, 74-76, 262-63 Telecommunications Policy Roundtable principles, 255 Teleconferencing home education possibilities, 133 multimedia, 243 Telephone industry issues access circuits bidirectionality, 86-87, 89 community access support, 173, 198n equity of access, 149-50, 166n lobbying efforts, 230n PHONENET, 238 technology upgrades, 37 video possibilities, 31 Television (cable). See Cable television issues. Television issues (broadcast) high-definition TV (HDTV), 41-42n NTSC, 35, 284 transmission standard's limitations, 35 Testbeds for network technology, 21, 27 convergence of TV with data, 85-86 Toward a National Research Network (1988), vii, 27

INDEX 301 User privacy protection. See Privacy issues. User support services, 262-64 UUCP, 271 V vBNS (very high speed backbone network service) access possibilities, 28 definition, 286 federal policy and, 221 upgrades, 21, 27, 240 Video (interactive), 63, 120-21 Video services delivery, 63, 88-89 Videoconferencing, 145n Virtual network (multicast backbone), 103, 110n Volunteer networks (Fidonet), 271 VSATs (small satellite dishes), 273 W WAIS (Wide Area Information Servers), 62-63 Westnet regional network, 239 map, 24 White-pages user search services, 262 Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), 62-63 Wide area networks (WANs) description, 19 as internetwork element, 22 ODN protocol stack and, 5 Wireless technology compliance issues, 69 federal support of, 12 limits of, 108n security problems (radio), 109n WWW (World-Wide Web), 61-63, 64 X X.25 protocol, 265, 275, 285

Realizing the Information Future: The Internet and Beyond Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $55.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

The potential impact of the information superhighway—what it will mean to daily work, shopping, and entertainment—is of concern to nearly everyone. In the rush to put the world on-line, special issues have emerged for researchers, educators and students, and library specialists.

At the same time, the research and education communities have a valuable head start when it comes to understanding computer communications networks, particularly Internet. With its roots in the research community, the Internet computer network now links tens of millions of people and extends well into the commercial world.

Realizing the Information Future is written by key players in the development of Internet and other data networks. The volume highlights what we can learn from Internet and how the research, education, and library communities can take full advantage of the information highway's promised reach through time and space.

This book presents a vision for the proposed national information infrastructure (NII): an open data network sending information services of all kinds, from suppliers of all kinds, to customers of all kinds, across network providers of all kinds.

Realizing the Information Future examines deployment issues for the NII in light of the proposed system architecture, with specific discussion of the needs of the research and education communities.

What is the role of the "institution" when everyone is online in their homes and offices? What are the consequences when citizens can easily access legal, medical, educational, and government services information from a single system? These and many other important questions are explored.

The committee also looks at the development of principles to address the potential for abuse and misuse of the information highway, covering:

  • Equitable and affordable access to the network.
  • Reasonable approaches to controlling the rising tide of electronic information.
  • Rights and responsibilities relating to freedom of expression, intellectual property, individual privacy, and data security.

Realizing the Information Future includes a wide-ranging discussion of costs, pricing, and federal funding for network development and a discussion of the federal role in making the best technical choices to ensure that the expected social and economic benefits of the NII are realized.

The time for the research and education communities to have their say about the information highway is before the ribbon is cut. Realizing the Information Future provides a timely, readable, and comprehensive exploration of key issues—important to computer scientists and engineers, researchers, librarians and their administrators, educators, and individuals interested in the shape of the information network that will soon link us all.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!