National Academies Press: OpenBook
« Previous: B COMMITTEE BIOGRAPHIES
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×

Page 299

INDEX

A

Accessibility of tobacco, 19, 199-200, 201

national reduction goals, 19, 210, 284

and price-sensitivity of adolescents, 17, 19, 108, 187-191, 266

surveillance systems, 19, 227, 285

through adults, 206, 246

Acetylcholine, 34, 35

Addiction. See Nicotine addiction/dependence

Adult tobacco use, 5-6, 7, 8, 11, 23, 63

perceived prevalence of, 14, 18, 21, 77, 78, 79

Advertising and promotions, 11, 105-114

African Americans, 112, 114

appeal to children and youths, 18, 106, 116-122, 130-131, 245

expenditures, 11, 105, 107-108, 109, 278

impacts on child and youth tobacco use, 18, 55, 124, 131

market segmentation, 115-116

non-media promotional items, 80, 108, 110, 245-246

Old Joe Camel campaign, 116-117, 120, 129

promotional allowances, 110-111

recall studies, 123-124

research needs, 18, 133-134, 282

value-added promotions, 108, 110

women as targets, 116

Advertising restrictions, 18, 131, 132, 133

constitutional challenges to, 133

effects on smoking prevalence, 124-128

federal, 21-22, 133, 282

health warnings, 245

industry voluntary code, 128-130

insignia, logos, trademarks, 133, 245-246, 282

interstate, 18, 133, 282

on misleading terms, 249

preemption law, 17, 132, 282

public support for, 12

smokeless tobacco promotions, 245

by states, 12, 17, 18, 21, 131-132, 133, 259, 283

total ban, 128, 133

transportation systems, 132, 282

See also Tombstone advertising formats

Advocacy Institute, 269, 274

Advocacy organizations for tobacco control, 93-97, 268-269, 274-275

health professions, 94-95

local coalitions, 12, 17, 21, 93, 94

youth involvement, 96-97

Affective education model, 145

Affordability of tobacco products

relation to consumption, 192

and tax policy, 17, 180-182, 192, 193, 283

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×

Page 300

African Americans

age of onset, 106

as marketing segment, 112, 114

prevalence of smoking, 8-9, 22, 56-57, 63, 75, 98, 262, 282

Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR), 262

Age of onset, 30, 43, 106

daily tobacco use, 5-6, 13, 29, 30, 43, 105

nicotine addiction, 14-15, 29

and risk perception, 14-15

Agonist drug replacement, 42-43

American Cancer Society (ACS), 94, 269, 274

American Medical Association, 94, 95

SmokeLess States program, 21, 95

American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST), 17, 20, 21, 94, 203, 259-260, 286

Anti-tobacco advertising campaigns. 17, 114, 18, 83, 97, 128, 281

youth involvement, 18, 98, 282

Artistic events, 82, 112

sponsorship restrictions, 133, 282

ASSIST. See American Stop Smoking Intervention Study

Australia, warnings and packaging policies, 243, 244

B

Behavioral risk factors, 55

smoking methods, 38-39, 248, 249, 286

Billboards and outdoor advertising, 80, 112, 114, 123

regulation of, 17, 132, 282

Boys

prevalence of use, 8, 10, 75, 78

sales to, 202

smokeless tobacco use, 59, 63, 106

Brand names. See Logos; Trademarks

C

California

anti-tobacco media programs, 17

policy research, 23, 266

Proposition 99, 94, 96, 178, 267-268

targeted control programs, 17, 150, 267

Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program, 261, 268

Canada

advertising restrictions. 125 128

policy research, 23

pricing and taxation policies, 185, 186-187, 189-190, 192

and smuggling of tobacco products, 193, 283

tobacco-free pharmacy program, 225

warnings and packaging policies, 244

Cancer, 3, 248

Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), 266-267, 274

Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 266-267

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

community-based program support, 220, 285

IMPACT program, 21, 260

school-based prevention guidelines, 19, 144, 151, 167, 168, 283

tobacco control grants. 210, 284

Cessation of tobacco use, 22, 105, 118

and addiction, 18, 50-52,  63

desire for, 15, 50-51, 73-74, 163, 167

ethnic differences, 57

interventions, 63, 159-163

perceived ease of, 14

and relapse, 38-39, 41

research needs, 19, 22, 167, 283

smokeless tobacco, 163-167

withdrawal symptoms after, 31, 33, 42, 50

Cholinergic receptors, 34

Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act, 237

Clinic-based interventions, 161-162, 165-166

Clothing, 80, 110

Coalition for America's Children, 92

Coalition on Smoking OR Health, 94, 269

Cocaine, 42, 167

Colorado, tobacco-free school districts, 87

Community intervention programs, 151-154

cessation, 161-162

restrictions, 87-93

and school-based programs, 15, 19, 154-155, 167, 168

smokeless tobacco use, 158

Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act, 239

Comprehensive Smoking Education Act, 236-237, 238

Consumer Product Safety Act, 233, 246

Controlled Substances Act, 246

Cooperative agreements, 21

Counter-advertising. See Anti-tobacco advertising campaigns

Coupons. 108, 110

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×

Page 301

Cultural events and facilities, 82, 120

tobacco-free policies, 97, 281

D

Daily tobacco use

age of onset, 5-6, 13, 29, 30, 43, 105

persistence of, 14, 15

prevalence, 8-9, 46, 47, 56

smokeless tobacco, 8

Deaths from tobacco use, 3, 4, 5, 15, 105

Decision-making skills, of adolescents, 13-15

Department of Defense, 76, 89, 98, 267, 282

Department of Education, 267

Department of Health and Human Services

health warning research and regulation, 245, 286

proposed tobacco-control agency, 247

Developmental factors, 13, 106, 118-119

E

Econometric studies, 124

Educational programs

hazards of tobacco use and smoke, 97, 281

and tobacco ads and promotion, 17

tobacco industry campaigns, 129

youth access laws, 167, 202-203, 219, 285

See also School-based prevention programs

Entertainment, 112-113, 123

and commercial restrictions, 133, 282

Environmental risk factors, 54-55, 63

Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), 22, 76-77, 267

educational programs and messages on, 97, 281

and workplace restrictions, 88-89

Epidemiologic studies, 22, 261-262, 264

Ethnic groups

advertising and promotional responsiveness, 18, 106, 114, 133, 282

age of onset, 106

cessation among, 57

nicotine addiction, 56-58, 63, 64

norms of tobacco use, 20, 262-263, 286

prevalence of smoking, 8-9, 18, 74-75, 262

research, 262-263, 264-265

smokeless tobacco use, 8-9, 18, 58, 59

Ethnographic studies, 134

Experimentation with nicotine

social factors, 11, 18

transition to addiction, 43, 64, 281

F

Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, 40

Fairness Doctrine, 83, 128, 238

Fast-food restaurants, 22, 90-91, 97, 281

Federal Cigarette Contraband Act, 179

Federal Communications Commission (FCC),

Fairness Doctrine, 83, 128, 238

Federal Hazardous Substances Act, 233

Federal Trade Commission (FTC), 237238, 259

Filters and filtration, 62, 121, 248

Finland, advertising restrictions, 125

Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act (FDCA), 234-235, 246

Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 234-235, 246, 247, 250-251, 259

Foreign government policies

advertising restrictions. 124-128

tar reduction, 250

taxes. 17, 19, 184, 192, 193, 283

warnings and packaging, 244

Free sample distribution, 19, 61, 113, 216-217, 226, 285

G

Gender differences

advertising and promotional responsiveness, 18, 133, 282

age of onset, 106

ease of purchase, 202

smoking prevalence, 10, 75

Genetic factors, 55, 64

Girls

nicotine dependence, 50

prevalence of use, 10, 59, 75, 78, 116

sales to, 202

Government buildings, tobacco-free policies, 12, 98, 281-282

Grant programs, 21, 266-267

Grassroots political action, 12, 269

H

Health policies and programs

and excise taxes, 12, 190-191, 192, 283

national child health policy, 19, 168, 283

and prevention policies, 11, 23, 251

and product regulation, 21, 236-237, 246-247, 249, 251, 285-286

to reduce number of initiates, 15

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×

Page 302

tax revenues earmarked for, 17

and tobacco constituent reduction, 250

Health risks, 22, 248

Healthy People 2000, 8, 15, 86-87, 89, 144, 258-259, 276, 287

High School Seniors Survey, 159

Hispanics

cultural event sponsorships, 82

prevalence of tobacco use, 56, 57, 58, 75

I

Image advertising, 119-122, 123

common themes, 21, 55, 58, 120, 131

counter-advertisements, 18, 83, 97, 128, 281

safety and healthfulness, 121-122, 129

and social norms, 21, 55, 80-83, 117-118, 120-121

Indian Health Service, 267

Information-deficit model, 144-145

Informed-choice model, 13

Initiation of tobacco use, 5-6

individual susceptibility, 55-56, 63

price barrier to, 17

reduction goals, 15

research needs, 20, 265, 286, 287

smokeless tobacco products, 15, 58

and tar and nicotine reduction, 250

See also Age of onset

Insignia, restrictions on use, 133, 245-246, 282

Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health, 275-276, 287

International Union Against Cancer, tar reduction policy, 250

Interstate regulation of ads and promotions, 18, 133, 282

L

Labeling. See Warning labels

Latent censorship, 114

Lautenberg amendment, 87

Legislation and statutes, 16

federal preemption of state ad regulation, 12, 17, 18, 131-132, 282

interstate regulation of ads and promotions, 18, 133, 282

mail order distribution, 226, 285

school tobacco ban, 87

tax increase proposals, 17, 19, 193, 283

tobacco products regulation, 20, 246-247, 259, 285-286

on warning labels, 20, 245-246, 286

See also State governments: Youth access laws

"Less hazardous" cigarettes, 247-248

Licensing of tobacco retailers, 19, 210-212, 223, 284, 285

fees earmarked for enforcement, 19, 211-212, 284

Life expectancy, losses, 3

Light and occasional smokers, 37

"Light" cigarettes, 121-122, 248, 249

Local governments, 20

advertising and promotion regulation, 12, 17, 18, 132, 282

outlet control, 224, 225, 285

tobacco-control programs, 12, 17, 21

See also Youth access laws

Logos, 81, 110, 119-120

accompanying warning labels, 245-246, 286

restrictions on use, 133, 245-246, 282

Longitudinal studies, 84, 134, 261-262

Low-yield cigarettes, 37-38, 61-62, 63-64, 121-122, 248

M

Magazine advertisements, 80-81, 111, 122

interstate restrictions, 133, 282

and latent censorship, 114

Mail order distribution, 19, 113-114, 217, 225- 226, 285

Marijuana, 167

Maryland, anti-tobacco media programs, 17

Massachusetts

anti-tobacco media programs, 17

targeted control programs, 17, 267

Mass media, restrictions on brand identification, 133, 282. See also Advertising and promotions

Men

lifetime medical costs, 5

prevalence of use, 7, 8, 78

Michigan

targeted control programs, 17

tobacco-free pharmacy program, 225

Military personnel

impact of pricing policies on smoking, 193, 283-284

smoking prevalence, 73, 75-76

and tobacco-free policies, 89, 98, 282

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×

Page 303

Military stores, 76, 179, 193, 283-284

Model law, 203-204, 213, 220, 224

Model programs, 16, 17

school-based prevention, 144-148, 168, 283

youth access law, 203-204, 213, 220, 224

Monitoring the Future Study, 8, 14, 50, 75

Mortality. See Deaths from tobacco use

Music videos, commercial restrictions, 133, 282

N

National Cancer Institute (NCI), 265, 266

ASSIST program, 17, 20, 21, 94, 203, 259-260, 286

National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse, 105-106

National Institutes of Health, 193, 265

Native Americans, 57, 75, 267

Newspaper advertisements, 111

commercial restrictions, 133, 282

New Zealand

advertising restrictions, 125, 128

pricing policies, 192

Nicotine addiction/dependence, 5-6, 18, 22, 29-31, 63

and age of onset, 14-15, 29

and cessation of tobacco use, 18, 50-52, 63

and characteristics of tobacco products, 18, 58, 60-63, 64, 281

compared to drug addiction, 40-43

definitions and criteria, 30-31, 32

early stages, 18, 29, 43-45, 64, 281

individual susceptibility, 18, 55, 63, 64, 281

neurochemistry, 30, 34-36

and nicotine content reduction, 249-250

perceptions of, 14-15, 63, 122

pharmacologic aspects, 30, 31-37, 45, 49-50, 55

and rationality of personal choice, 13, 41

research needs, 18, 22, 64, 281

and smokeless tobacco use, 39-40, 63

and smoking behavior, 37-38, 38-39, 62, 248

tolerance, 30, 31, 35, 40, 42, 45

and treatment strategies, 63

withdrawal, 30, 31, 33, 35, 37, 50

Nicotine content and delivery

consumer information, 249, 286

control by manufacturers, 60, 62, 63-64, 249

low-yield cigarettes, 37-38, 63-64, 248, 249-250

measurement of yields, 20, 248-249, 286

minimum addiction levels, 64, 250

regulation, 20, 21, 64, 246-251, 286

of smokeless tobacco, 39-40

"Nicotine delivery systems"

in regulatory vocabulary, 251

substitution of, 250

Nicotine replacement therapy, 42-43, 165

Non-media promotional items, 80, 108, 110, 245-246

warning labels, 245-246, 286

Norms, 71-73

community enforcement, 87-88

and prevalence of use among African-Americans, 9, 98, 282

research needs, 20

smoking as acceptable, 22, 71

tobacco-free, 18, 22, 23, 73-77, 131

Norway, advertising restrictions, 125

O

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), 89, 259

Office of Smoking and Health (OSH)

coordination role, 20, 275-277, 287

Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health, 275-276, 287

Old Joe Camel campaign, 116-117, 120, 129

Oral cancer, 3

Organizations. See Advocacy organizations for tobacco control; Youth organizations

Outdoor advertising. See Billboards and outdoor advertising

P

Packaging, 20, 21, 245

nicotine content statement, 249

See also Warning labels

Parental involvement

in community programs, 167

reactions to tobacco use, 18, 84, 98, 282

Parental smoking, 12, 54-55, 84

duty to quit, 98, 282

Peer tobacco use, 13, 54, 85-86

perceived prevalence of, 14, 18, 21, 77, 78, 79-80

Perceptions about tobacco use

addiction potential, 14-15, 63, 122

benefits of, 13-14, 81-83, 123

effects of packaging regulations, 249

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×

Page 304

health risks, 13, 14, 15, 63

overestimates of prevalence, 14, 18, 21, 63, 77-80

as socially unacceptable, 76-77

tobacco-related norms, 14

Pharmacies, tobacco sale ban, 224, 225, 285

Point of sale promotions, 108, 111

regulation of, 17, 132, 282

Policy research, 19, 20, 22-23, 95, 193, 226-227, 262, 266, 269, 287

Prevalence of tobacco use, 73

among adults, 7, 8, 11, 63

among youths, 7-9, 11, 45, 46, 47, 63, 73, 105-106, 278

daily, 8-9, 46, 47, 56

effects of advertising restrictions, 124-128

smokeless tobacco products, 8, 58, 59, 106

Prevention policies and programs

advertising restrictions' role in, 133

as health policy tool, II, 23, 251

research needs, 20, 22-23, 168, 264-266. 283, 286, 287

Prices, 11

price-sensitivity of adolescents, 17, 19, 108, 187-191, 266

research needs, 19, 193, 266

See also Taxes on tobacco products

Print media, 111, 123

interstate advertising restrictions, 133, 282

Productivity losses, 5

Promotions. See Advertising and promotions; Advertising restrictions

Public facilities, tobacco-free policies, 12, 18, 97-98, 281-282

Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act, 238

Pulmonary disease, 3

Q

Quitting. See Cessation of tobacco use

R

Regional differences

norms of tobacco use, 20, 59, 262-263, 286

smokeless tobacco use, 58

Regulation of tobacco products, 16, 20, 21, 233-236, 246

constituents, 20, 21, 246-251, 286

as health policy tool, 21, 236-237, 246-247, 249, 251, 285-286

packaging, 20, 21, 245, 249, 286

proposed agency, 21, 236, 246-250, 285-286

research needs, 20, 248-250, 286

See also Advertising restrictions; Warning labels; Youth access laws

Religious organizations, 93-94

Research programs and methods

advertising recall studies, 123-124

advertising responsivity, 133-134

biochemical markers of exposure, 37, 63, 248

federal support, 20, 261-266, 286-287

interventions, 262-265

multicultural, 262-263, 264-265

policy oriented, 19, 20, 22-23, 95, 193, 226-227, 262, 266, 269, 287

school-based programs, 148-151

smokeless tobacco addiction levels, 39-40

tobacco constituents measurement, 248-249, 286

youth-centered, 263-265

See also Model programs; Surveys

Restaurants, tobacco-free policies, 12, 22, 97, 281

Risk-factor analyses, 22

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

Join Together Project, 93

policy research, 23, 95, 266, 269

SmokeLess States program, 21, 95

Rural areas, smokeless tobacco use, 39, 58

S

Sales to minors, 19, 201-202. See also Vending machines; Youth access laws

SCARCNet, 95, 269

School-based prevention programs, 15-16, 81, 143-151

adequacy of resources, 19, 143-144, 168

CDC guidelines, 19, 144, 151, 167, 168, 283

cessation programs, 160-161

and drug abuse prevention, 167, 168, 283

model programs, 144-148, 168, 283

refusal skills training, 19, 148, 167

smokeless tobacco, 156-157

tobacco-free policies, 19, 22, 86-87, 97, 224-225, 285, 281

Self-help programs, 164-165

Self-service displays, 110-111, 214

Shopping malls, tobacco-free policies, 91, 97, 281

Single cigarette sales, 215-216, 284

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×

Page 305

Smoke, chemistry and byproducts of, 60, 61, 247. See also Environmental tobacco smoke

Smokefree Educational Services (SES), 96, 269

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products, 60-61

addiction, 39-40, 63

cessation interventions, 163-167

and cigarette smoking, 40, 58, 166

prevalence of use, 8, 58, 59

prevention interventions, 155-159

reduction of toxins in, 249

tax increases, 17, 193, 283

warning labels, 239-241, 245

Smoking Control Advocacy Resource Center (SCARC), 95, 269. See also SCARCNet

Smoking machine tests. 61, 62, 63, 248

Smuggling

between Canada and the United States, 193, 283

from military bases, 193, 284

Social cognitive theory, 118-119

Social costs of tobacco use, 4

Social influences, 16, 18

and advertising appeal, 117-119

resistance model, 146-147

See also Norms

Socioeconomic factors

advertising and promotional responsiveness, 18, 106, 133, 282

nicotine addition, 56, 63

Sports and athletics, 21, 58, 80, 81, 82, 112-113, 123, 129, 132

sponsorship restrictions, 133, 245, 282

tobacco-free policies, 91-92, 97, 281

State governments, 20

advertising restrictions, 12, 17, 18, 21, 131-132, 133, 283

industry lobbying efforts, 12, 267-268

outlet control, 224, 225, 285

self-service display bans, 19, 214-215, 284

vending machine restrictions, 19, 212-214, 284

Stop Teenage Addiction to Tobacco (STAT), 95-96, 214, 269

Stop Tobacco Access for Minors Project (STAMP), 96, 269

Stores

licensing programs, 19, 210-212, 223, 284, 285

promotional allowances, 110-111

tobacco-free policies, 12, 91, 97, 281

youth access law enforcement and compliance, 167, 210, 284

Student Coalition Against Tobacco (SCAT), 96-97

Surveys

High School Seniors Survey, 159

National Household Surveys on Drug Abuse, 105-106

smoking restrictions, 76-77

Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey (TAPS), 14, 15, 58, 74, 159

Teen Lifestyle Study, 74, 78, 82, 85

tobacco control policies. 12

Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS), 13, 43-44, 159

Synar Amendment, 199, 204-205, 207-208, 213, 221, 224, 246

T

Taco Bell, 91

Tar content, 61

consumer information, 249, 286

international reduction policies. 250

low yield cigarettes, 37, 61-62, 63, 248, 249, 250

measurement of yields, 20, 248-249, 286

regulation, 20, 21, 246-250, 286

Taxes on tobacco products

and alternative products use, 19, 193, 283

consumption impacts, 17, 19, 181-183, 185-190, 192, 193, 283

earmarking of revenues, 17, 19, 178, 269, 273

economic impacts, 191-192

federal, 17, 19, 177-178, 183, 192, 193, 283

as health policy tool, 12, 190-191, 192, 283

increases, 11, 17, 19, 193, 283

and inflation, 19, 182-183, 193, 283

research needs, 193

and smuggling, 19, 178, 193, 283

state and local, 19, 178-180, 192, 283

Technical assistance, 21, 259-261, 266-267

community-based programs, 220, 285

Teen Lifestyle Study, 74, 78, 82, 85

Teenage Attitudes and Practices Survey (TAPS), 14, 15, 58, 74, 159

Television advertising, 83, 128, 133, 282

Theory of reasoned action, 117-118

Tobacco control policies and programs, 15-16, 23, 87-93

coordination of, 20, 273-277

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×

Page 306

ethical foundation, 12-15

federal support, 17, 21, 210, 284

outlet reduction, 224, 225, 285

political influences, 12, 23

public support, 12, 76-77, 88

state and local programs, 12, 17, 21, 91, 92, 210, 284

tax revenues earmarked for, 12, 17, 19, 269, 273, 287

Tobacco Policy Coordinating Committee, 275

Tombstone advertising formats, 132, 133

interstate restrictions, 133, 282

state and local restrictions, 18, 132

Toxic Substances Control Act, 233

Trademarks, 119-120, 133, 245-246, 282, 286

Transportation systems

advertising restrictions, 132, 282

tobacco-free policies, 97, 281

U

Union of American Hebrew Congregations, 94

United Kingdom

pricing policies, 192

V

Value-added promotions, 108

Vending machines, 201, 202, 212

bans, 12, 19, 212-214, 284

partial restrictions, 213-214

Video arcade games, 133, 282

Videotapes and videodiscs, 133, 282

Visual media, regulation of, 17, 133, 282

W

Warning labels, 20, 236-239, 245-246, 286

effectiveness of, 20, 240-244, 245, 286

on non-media promotional items, 245-246, 286

and smokeless tobacco, 239-241, 245

Washington State, workplace tobacco ban, 89

Whites

age of onset, 106

daily smoking prevalence, 8, 56

prevalence of tobacco use, 56-57, 75, 262

Withdrawal symptoms, 30, 35, 37, 45

after cessation of use, 33, 31, 42, 50

Women

as advertising targets, 116

lifetime medical costs, 5

prevalence of use, 78

smokeless tobacco use, 3, 8

Workplaces, tobacco-free policies, 22, 88-90, 98, 282

World Health Organization, tar reduction policy, 250

Y

Years of potential life lost, 3

Youth access laws, 200-205, 207, 220-222, 285

age limits, 223-224, 285

circumvention of, 19

community involvement, 167, 219-220, 285

education programs, 167, 202-203, 219, 285

enforcement and compliance, 17, 19, 167, 201-202, 210, 222, 227, 284, 285

model law, 203-204, 213, 220, 224

penalties under, 220, 222-223, 285

proposed federal information agency, 210, 284

research needs, 19, 226-227, 285

self-service display bans, 19, 214-215, 284

single cigarette sale bans, 216, 284-285

Synar Amendment, 199, 204-205, 207-208, 213, 221, 224, 246

vending machine restrictions, 19, 212-214, 284

Youth organizations, tobacco-free policies, 92-93, 98, 282

Youth Risk Behavior Survey, 13, 43-44, 159

Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×
Page 299
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×
Page 300
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×
Page 301
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×
Page 302
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×
Page 303
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×
Page 304
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×
Page 305
Suggested Citation:"INDEX." Institute of Medicine. 1994. Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4757.
×
Page 306
Growing Up Tobacco Free: Preventing Nicotine Addiction in Children and Youths Get This Book
×
Buy Paperback | $50.00
MyNAP members save 10% online.
Login or Register to save!
Download Free PDF

Tobacco use kills more people than any other addiction and we know that addiction starts in childhood and youth.

We all agree that youths should not smoke, but how can this be accomplished? What prevention messages will they find compelling? What effect does tobacco advertising—more than $10 million worth every day—have on youths? Can we responsibly and effectively restrict their access to tobacco products?

These questions and more are addressed in Growing Up Tobacco Free, prepared by the Institute of Medicine to help everyone understand the troubling issues surrounding youths and tobacco use.

Growing Up Tobacco Free provides a readable explanation of nicotine's effects and the process of addiction, and documents the search for an effective approach to preventing the use of cigarettes, chewing and spitting tobacco, and snuff by children and youths. It covers the results of recent initiatives to limit young people's access to tobacco and discusses approaches to controls or bans on tobacco sales, price sensitivity among adolescents, and arguments for and against taxation as a prevention strategy for tobacco use. The controversial area of tobacco advertising is thoroughly examined.

With clear guidelines for public action, everyone can benefit by reading and acting on the messages in this comprehensive and compelling book.

  1. ×

    Welcome to OpenBook!

    You're looking at OpenBook, NAP.edu's online reading room since 1999. Based on feedback from you, our users, we've made some improvements that make it easier than ever to read thousands of publications on our website.

    Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features?

    No Thanks Take a Tour »
  2. ×

    Show this book's table of contents, where you can jump to any chapter by name.

    « Back Next »
  3. ×

    ...or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one.

    « Back Next »
  4. ×

    Jump up to the previous page or down to the next one. Also, you can type in a page number and press Enter to go directly to that page in the book.

    « Back Next »
  5. ×

    Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text.

    « Back Next »
  6. ×

    To search the entire text of this book, type in your search term here and press Enter.

    « Back Next »
  7. ×

    Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email.

    « Back Next »
  8. ×

    View our suggested citation for this chapter.

    « Back Next »
  9. ×

    Ready to take your reading offline? Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available.

    « Back Next »
Stay Connected!