National Academies Press: OpenBook

Effects of Past Global Change on Life (1995)

Chapter: REFERENCES

« Previous: TIME AND SPACE SCALES OF VEGETATIONAL AND TAXONOMIC UNITS
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
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Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
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Page 231
Suggested Citation:"REFERENCES." National Research Council. 1995. Effects of Past Global Change on Life. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. doi: 10.17226/4762.
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Page 232

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POLLEN RECORDS OF LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION CHANGE: PLANT COMMUNITY REARRANGEMENTS AND 229 EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS and then shows the grouping of trees into communities whose upper size is determined by the area over which organisms interact directly with each other (Figure 13.6). Modern vegetation maps illustrate the different areas for vegetation regions (Figure 13.2), and Figure 13.4 and estimates from Webb (1988) for the time scale of recent formations fix the time scale for formations (see earlier discussion). The assumption that units with smaller areas exist for shorter times leads to the alignment of ecological units. This alignment illustrates the assumed role of orbital forcing in setting the upper age limit for the phenomena. Were the time scale of orbital forcing to change, then the age limit for formations should be changed. An alignment of evolutionary phenomena was constructed by plotting the temporal and spatial dimensions of genetically related units from individuals up through all levels of taxonomic units. The estimates from the fossil record for the average longevity of each species is 1 to 10 m.y. This fact leads to the evolutionary units being plotted along a different slope from the ecological units. The average pollen dispersal distance sets the size of demes for wind-pollinated trees (Levin and Kerster, 1975; Bradshaw and Webb, 1985). Incipient species represent genetically distinct populations that are evident today or at any time, but disappear within 1000 to 10,000 yr and therefore never fully qualify as species. Stanley (1979) defined them as aborted species. In general, higher taxonomic units such as families will be longer lived and more widely distributed than lower units such as genera, species, populations, or demes. A major result from constructing this figure is its illustration of how the ecological and the evolutionary axes diverge. The observations and theory underlying this divergence have been discussed in the previous section. Such figures as this should be useful in designing studies of how ecological processes influence evolution. These studies should lead to revisions in this figure as better understanding is obtained of the time constants and spatial coverage for each unit plotted. SPACE-TIME PERSPECTIVE When the temporal sequence of maps for spruce pollen is stacked to form a box, the contours among maps can be connected to form a three-dimensional surface in space and time (Webb, 1988; Banchoff, 1990). If contours for several abundance levels are connected, then we have a four-dimensional plot with abundance (a), varying in space (x, y), and time (t). Various cross sections can be removed from this box, such as maps and latitude-time or longitude-time plots. In terms of the space-time box, the maps representing plant distributional data for today are just an arbitrary cross section of a continuously changing four-dimensional distribution. Such a perspective should raise questions about the generality of studies of short-term selection or of plant interaction studies based on data from one such cross section. Evolution occurs in space and time, and the four-dimensional view of taxon distributions and dynamics is needed to represent the ecological theater in which speciation and evolution are part of the play. As pointed out by Bartlein and Prentice (1989) and by Bennett (1990), Holocene- and Quaternary-scale paleoecological research is key to linking short-term studies in microevolution to paleontological studies of macroevolution. Such a linkage will lead to a more complete interpretation of the fossil record and will enable the fossil record to contribute fundamental knowledge to global change research. REFERENCES Allison, T. B., R. E. Moeller, and M. B. Davis (1986). Pollen in laminated sediments provides evidence for a mid-Holocene forest pathogen outbreak, Ecology 67, 1101-1105. Andersen, S. T. (1970). The relative pollen productivity and pollen representation of north European trees, and correction factors for tree pollen spectra, Geological Survey of Denmark II, Series No. 96, 1-99. Anderson, P., P. J. Bartlein, L. B. Brubaker, K. Gajewski, and J. C. Ritchie (1991). Vegetation-pollen-climate relationships for the arcto- boreal region of North America and Greenland, Journal of Biogeography 18, 565-582. Baker, R. G., J. Van Nest, and G. Woodworth (1989). Dissimilarity coefficients for fossil pollen spectra from Iowa and western Illinois during the last 30,000 years, Palynology 13, 63-77. Banchoff, T. F. (1990). Beyond the Third Dimension, Scientific American Library, New York. Barnosky, C. W. (1984). Late Miocene vegetational and climatic variations inferred from a pollen record in northwest Wyoming, Science 223, 49-51. Barnosky, C. W., P. M. Anderson, and P. J. Bartlein (1987). The northwestern U.S. during deglaciation; Vegetational history and paleoclimatic implications, in North America and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, The Geology of North America, W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr., eds., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colo., pp. 289-323. Bartlein, P. J., and I. C. Prentice (1989). Orbital variations, climate, and paleoecology, Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4, 195-199. Bartlein, P. J., T. Webb III, and E. C. Fleri (1984). Holocene climatic change in the northern Midwest: Pollen-derived estimates, Quaternary Research 22, 361-374. Behre, K-E. (1988). The role of man in European vegetation history, in Vegetation History, B. Huntley and T. Webb III, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 633-672. Bennett, K. D. (1985). The spread of Fagus grandifolia across eastern North America during the last 18,000 years, Journal of Biogeography 12, 147-164. Bennett, K. D. (1990). Milankovitch cycles and their effects on species in ecological and evolutionary time, Paleobiology 16, 11-21.

POLLEN RECORDS OF LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION CHANGE: PLANT COMMUNITY REARRANGEMENTS AND 230 EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS Bennett, K. D., P. C. Tzedakis, and K. J. Willis (1991). Quaternary refugia of north European trees, Journal of Biogeography 18, 103-115. Berger, A., J. Imbrie, J. Hays, G. Kukla, and B. Saltzman, eds. (1984). Milankovitch and Climate, Reidel, Dordrecht. Bernabo, J. C. (1981). Quantitative estimates of temperature changes over the last 2700 years in Michigan based on pollen data, Quaternary Research 15, 143-159. Birks, H. J. B. (1986). Late Quaternary biotic changes in terrestrial and lacustrine environments with particular reference to north-west Europe, in Handbook of Holocene Palaeoecology and Palaeohydrology, B. E. Berglund, ed., J.W. Wiley & Sons Ltd., London,pp. 3-65. Birks, H. H., H. J. B. Birks, P. E. Kaland, and D. Moe (1988). The Cultural Landscape-Past, Present, and Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Bradshaw, R. H. W. (1988). Spatially-precise studies of forest dynamics, in Vegetation History, B. Huntley and T. Webb III, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 725-751. Bradshaw, R. H. W., and T. Webb III (1985). Relationships between contemporary pollen and vegetation data from Wisconsin and Michigan, USA, Ecology 66, 721-737. Brubaker, L. B. (1975). Postglacial forest patterns associated with till and outwash in north-central Upper Michigan, Quaternary Research 5, 499-527. Clark, J. S. (1990). Fire and climate change during the last 750 yr in northwestern Minnesota, Ecological Monographs 60, 135-159. COHMAP Members (1988). The development of late-glacial and Holocene climates: Interpretation of paleoclimate observations and model simulations, Science 241, 1043-1052. Coope, G. R. (1978). Constancy of species versus inconstancy of Quaternary environments, in Diversity of Insect Faunas, J. H. R. Gee and P. S. Giller, eds., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, pp. 421-438. Crowley, T. J., D. A. Short, J. G. Mengel, and G. R. North (1986). Role of seasonality in the evolution of climate over the last 100 million years, Science 231, 579-584. Davis, M. B. (1981). Outbreaks of forest pathogens in Quaternary history, IV. International Palynological Conference, Lucknow (1976-77) 3, 216-227. Davis, M. B. (1983). Quaternary history of deciduous forests of eastern North America and Europe. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 70, 550-563. Davis, M. B. (1991). Research questions posed by the paleoecological record of global change, in Global Changes of the Past, R.S. Bradley, ed., Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Studies, Global Change Institute, Boulder, Colo., pp. 385-395. Davis, M. B., R. W. Spear, and L. C. K. Shane (1980). Holocene climate of New England, Quaternary Research 14, 240-250. Delcourt, H. R., P. A. Delcourt, and T. Webb III (1983). Dynamic plant ecology: The spectrum of vegetational change in space and time, Quaternary Science Reviews 1, 153-175. Dexter, F., H. T. Banks, and T. Webb III (1987). Modeling Holocene changes in the location and abundance of beech populations in eastern North America, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 50, 273-292. Earth System Sciences Committee, NASA Advisory Council (1988). Earth System Science: A Closer View, Office for Interdisciplinary Earth Sciences, Boulder, Colo. Edwards, M. E. (1986). Disturbance histories of four snow domain woodlands and their relation to Atlantic bryophyte distributions, Biological Conservation 37, 301-320. Eldridge, N. (1985). The Unfinished Synthesis, Biological Hierarchies and Modern Evolutionary Thought, Oxford University Press, New York. Gaudreau, D. C., S. T. Jackson, and T. Webb III (1989). The use of pollen data to record vegetation patterns in regions of moderate to high relief, Acta Botanica Nederl. 38, 369-390. Gould, S. J. (1985). The paradox of the first tier: An agenda for paleobiology, Palebiology 11, 2-12. Grimm, E. C. (1988). Data analysis and display, in Vegetation History, B. Huntley and T. Webb III, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 43-76. Haury, L. R., J. A. McGowan, and P. H. Wiebe (1978). Patterns and processes in the time-space scales of plankton distributions, in Spatial Patterns in Plankton Communities, J. H. Steele, ed., Proc. NATO Conference on Marine Biology, Erice, Italy, Plenum, New York, pp. 277-327. Heide, K. M., and R. H. W. Bradshaw (1982). The pollen-tree relationship within forests of Wisconsin and upper Michigan, U.S.A., Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 36, 1-23. Hoogheimstra, H. (1989). Quaternary and Upper Pliocene glaciations and forest development in the tropical Andes: Evidence from a long high-resolution pollen record from the sedimentary basin of Bogota, Colombia, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 72, 11-26. Huntley, B. (1990). European post-glacial forests: Compositional changes in response to climate change, Journal of Vegetation Science 1, 507-518. Huntley, B., and I. C. Prentice (1988). July temperatures in Europe from pollen data, 6000 years before present, Science 241, 687-690. Huntley, B., and T. Webb III (1989). Migration: Species' response to climatic variations caused by changes in the Earth's orbit, Journal of Biogeography 16, 5-19. Hutchinson, G. E. (1965). The Ecological Theater and the Evolutionary Play, Yale University Press, New Haven, Conn. Jackson, S. T. (1990). Pollen source area and representation in small lakes of the northeastern United States, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 63, 53-76. Jackson, S. T. (1991). Pollen representation of vegetational patterns along an elevational gradient, Journal of Vegetation Science 2, 613-624. Jackson, S. T., and D. R. Whitehead (1991). Holocene vegetation patterns in the Adirondack Mountains, Ecology 72, 641-653. Jacobson, G. L., Jr. (1979). The paleoecology of white pine (Pinus strobus) in Minnesota, Journal of Ecology 67, 697-726. Jacobson, G. L., and R. H. W. Bradshaw (1981). The selection of sites for paleovegetation studies, Ecology 47, 804-825. Jacobson, G. L., Jr., T. Webb III, and E. C. Grimm (1987). Patterns and rates of vegetation change during deglaciation of eastern North America, in North America and Adjacent Oceans

POLLEN RECORDS OF LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION CHANGE: PLANT COMMUNITY REARRANGEMENTS AND 231 EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS During the Last Deglaciation, Geology of North America, Vol. K-3, W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr., eds., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colo., pp. 277-288. Janssen, C. R. (1966). Recent pollen spectra from the deciduous and coniferous-deciduous forests of northwestern Minnesota: A study in pollen dispersal , Ecology 47, 804-825. Janssen, C. R. (1967). Stevens Pond: A postglacial pollen diagram from a small Typha swamp in northwestern Minnesota, interpreted from pollen indicators and surface samples, Ecological Monographs 37, 145-172. Janssen, C. R. (1981). Contemporary pollen assemblages of the Vosges, Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology 33, 183-313. Kutzbach, J. E. (1981). Monsoon climate of the early Holocene: Climate experiment with the Earth's orbital parameters for 9000 years ago, Science 214, 59-61. Kutzbach, J. E., and T. Webb III (1991). Late quaternary climatic and vegetational change in eastern North America: Concepts, models, and dates, in Quaternary Landscapes, L. C. K. Shane and E. J. Cushing, eds., University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 175-217. Levin, D. A., and H. W. Kerster (1974). Gene flow in seed plants, Evolutionary Biology 7, 139-220. Lutgerink, R. H. P., Ch. A. Swertz, and C. R. Janssen (1989). Regional pollen assemblages versus landscape regions in Monts du Forez, Massif central, France, Pollen et Spores 31, 45-60. McAndrews, J. H. (1988). Human disturbance of North American forests and grasslands: The fossil pollen record, in Vegetation History, B. Huntley and T. Webb III, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 673-697. McDowell, P. F., P. J. Bartlein, and T. Webb III (1990). Long-term environmental change, in The Earth as Transformed by Human Action, B. J. Turner II et al., eds., Cambridge University Press, New York, pp. 143-162. Olsen, P. (1986). A 40-million-year lake record of early Mesozoic orbital climatic forcing, Science 234, 842-848. Overpeck, J. T., R. S. Webb, and T. Webb III (1992). Mapping eastern North American vegetation change of the past 18 ka: No-analogs and the future, Geology 20, 1071-1074. Patterson, W., III, and A. E. Backman (1988). Fire and disease history of forests, in Vegetation History, B. Huntley and T. Webb III, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 603-632. Peterson, G. M. (1984). Recent pollen spectra and zonal vegetation in the western USSR , Quaternary Science Reviews 2, 281-321. Prentice, I. C. (1986). Vegetation responses to past climatic changes, Vegetatio 67, 131-141. Prentice, I. C. (1988). Records of vegetation in time and space: The principles of pollen analysis, in Vegetation History, B. Huntley and T. Webb III, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 17-24. Prentice, I. C., B. E. Berglund, and T. Olsson (1987). Quantitative forest composition sensing characteristics of pollen samples from Swedish lakes, Boreas 16, 43-54. Prentice, I. C., P. J. Bartlein, and T. Webb III (1991). Vegetation change in eastern North America since the last glacial maximum: A response to continuous climatic forcing, Ecology 72, 2038-2056. Ritchie, J. C. (1987). Postglacial Vegetation of Canada, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Ruddiman, W. F., and J. E. Kutzbach (1989). Forcing of late Cenozoic Northern Hemisphere climates by plateau uplift in southern Asia and the American West, Journal of Geophysical Research 94, 18,409-18,427. Solomon, A. M., and T. Webb III (1985). Computer-aided reconstruction of late-Quaternary landscape dynamics, Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 16, 63-84. Stanley, S. M. (1979). Macroevolution Pattern and Process, W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, Calif. Stanley, S. M. (1985). Rates of evolution, Paleobiology 11, 13-26. Thompson, R. S. (1988). Western North American, in Vegetation History, B. Huntley and T. Webb III, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 415-458. Tzedakis, P. (1992). Effects of soils on the Holocene history of forest communities, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, U.S.A., Geographie physique et Quaternaire 46, 113-124. Webb, T., III (1974). Corresponding distributions of modern pollen and vegetation in lower Michigan, Ecology 55, 17-28. Webb, T., III (1981). 11,000 years of vegetational change in eastern North America, Bioscience 31, 501-506. Webb, T., III (1982). Temporal resolution in Holocene pollen data, Third North American Paleontological Convention, Proceedings 2, 569-572. Webb, T., III (1986). Is vegetation in equilibrium with climate? How to interpret late-Quaternary pollen data, Vegetatio 67, 75-91. Webb, T., III (1987). The appearance and disappearance of major vegetational assemblages: Long-term vegetational dynamics in eastern North America, Vegetatio 69, 177-187. Webb, T., III (1988). Eastern North America, in Vegetation History, B. Huntley and T. Webb III, eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp. 385-414. Webb, T., III (1991). The spectrum of temporal climatic variability: Current estimates and the need for global and regional time series, in Records of Past Global Change, R. Bradley, ed., Office of Interdisciplinary Earth Studies, Boulder, Colo., pp. 61-81. Webb, T., III, and P. J. Bartlein (1992). Global changes during the last 3 million years: Climatic controls and biotic responses, Annual Reviews of Ecology and Systematics 23, 141-173. Webb, T., III, R. A. Laseski, and J. C. Bernabo (1978). Sensing vegetation with pollen data: Control of the signal-to-noise ratio, Ecology 59, 1151-1163. Webb, T., III, E. J. Cushing, and H. E. Wright, Jr. (1983). Holocene changes in the vegetation of the Midwest, in Late Quaternary Environments of the United States, Vol. 2, The Holocene, H. E. Wright, Jr., ed., University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 142-165. 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POLLEN RECORDS OF LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION CHANGE: PLANT COMMUNITY REARRANGEMENTS AND 232 EVOLUTIONARY IMPLICATIONS of North America, Vol. K-3, W. F. Ruddiman and H. E. Wright, Jr., eds., Geological Society of America, Boulder, Colo., pp. 447-462. Webb, T., III, P. J. Bartlein, S. P. Harrison, and K. H. Anderson (1993). Vegetation, lake level, and climate change in eastern North America, in Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, H. E. Wright et al., eds., University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, pp. 415-467. Woods, K. D., and M. B. Davis (1989). Paleoecology of range limits: Beech in the upper peninsula of Michigan, Ecology 70, 681-696. Wright, H. E., Jr., J. E. Kutzbach, T. Webb III, W. F. Ruddiman, F. A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein, eds. (1993). Global Climates Since the Last Glacial Maximum, University of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis.

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Effects of Past Global Change on Life Get This Book
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What can we expect as global change progresses? Will there be thresholds that trigger sudden shifts in environmental conditions—or that cause catastrophic destruction of life?

Effects of Past Global Change on Life explores what earth scientists are learning about the impact of large-scale environmental changes on ancient life—and how these findings may help us resolve today's environmental controversies.

Leading authorities discuss historical climate trends and what can be learned from the mass extinctions and other critical periods about the rise and fall of plant and animal species in response to global change. The volume develops a picture of how environmental change has closed some evolutionary doors while opening others—including profound effects on the early members of the human family.

An expert panel offers specific recommendations on expanding research and improving investigative tools—and targets historical periods and geological and biological patterns with the most promise of shedding light on future developments.

This readable and informative book will be of special interest to professionals in the earth sciences and the environmental community as well as concerned policymakers.

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