Breakpoints, 142, 148

Bridge Creek Limestone, 60

Browsers, 13, 190-193

Bryophytes, 157

Buoyancy flux, 111

C

Calcareous nannoplankton, 78-79

Calcium carbonate tests, 212

California, 40, 193

Camels, 192

Capybaras, 125, 195

Caravaca, Spain, 82-83

Carbon, 8, 56, 129

Carbon capture, 169

Carbon dioxide, 26, 43, 112, 127

Carbon isotopes, 3, 30, 87-88, 95, 100, 102, 240

Carbonate dissolution, 75-76

Cardiocarpus, 141

Caribbean, 54, 58, 121

Carnivores, 190-195

Cascade Range, 119

Caspian Sea, 212

Casuarina, 181

Catastrophism, 8-9

Cats, 193

Cenogram, 189

Cheetahs, 239

Chelation, 136

Chemical weathering, 103, 129

Chenopod scrub, 176

Chert, 24

Chimpanzees, 234, 236, 239

China, 41-42, 123, 130, 199

Chitinozoans, 43

Chlamytheres, 195

Chronofaunas, 185-205

Chronostratigraphy, 49, 58, 59, 74, 185

Circulatory systems, 29

Clay, 103

Climacograptids, 41

CLIMAP, 126

Climate curves, 148-149

Climatic changes, 4-15

Australia flora and climatic changes, 174-182

coal swamp ecosystems, 140, 147-149

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 72-91

Eocene-Oligocene, 5-8

human genus origin, 240-241

Neogene ice age, biotic effects, 119-123

terminal Paleocene mass extinction, 94-105

Climatic forcing factors, 110, 127

Climatic stability, 108-115

Cloud, Preston, 21

Coal, 134-152, 157, 166

Coal balls, 135-147

Coal seams, 136-138

Coal swamp, 10, 11

climatic change effects, 134-152

Coelenterates, 29

Coevolution, 21

Collagen manufacture, 29

Colombia, 53, 54, 57

Colorado Plateau, 127

Complex Mesophyll Vine Forest, 176

Compression floras, 149

Concretions, 136

Condylarthra, 190

Conifers, 157-158, 164, 167

Conodonts, 43

Continental growth, 24

Continental margins, 201

Continental red beds, 22-23

Continental shelf, 73-91, 101

Convergence, 193

Corals, 10, 111, 113

Cordaites, 141, 145

Coriolis deflection, 36

Coryphodontidae, 190

Craton, 147-148

Creodonta, 190

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 73-91, 97

Cryosphere, 9-10

Cyanobacteria, 24

Cycads, 157-159, 164

Cyclostratigraphy, 50, 58

Cypress, 124, 190

D

Dark shale, 39

Darwin, Charles, 182

Deep dwellers, 87-90

Deep mantle outgassing, 49, 62, 63

Deep-sea

Cretaceous-Tertiary mass extinction, 73-91, 97

Paleocene mass extinction, 94-105

Deep-Sea Drilling Project (DSDP), 84, 95, 167

Deep water, 39-42, 102, 111, 130

see also North Atlantic deep water

Deep-sea cores, 119

Deer, 194, 199

Delayed recovery, 13-15

Demes, 229

Dermopterans, 190

Desert, 119

Detrivores, 139

Diagenesis, 23, 56

Diamictites, 35

Dinocerata, 190

Discoasters, 97

Disseminules, 140

Dob's Linn, Scotland, 39

Domed swamps, 136

Drake Passage, 201

Dust, 120, 127, 128

Dysaerobism, 102

E

Ecomorphs, 139, 140, 146, 189

Ecosystems, 10-15, 80

coal swamp ecosystems, 134-152

high-resolution stratigraphy, research needs, 16

land mammals (Cenozoic), 185-205

planktonic foraminifera, 211-212

plant communities (Quaternary), 221-229

Ecotones, 137, 141, 224

Edaphic constraints, 138, 151, 178

Ediacaran fauna, 28, 29

El Kef, Tunisia, 4, 75, 76, 77, 80-82

Elephas, 199

Ellesmere Island, 190

Emergent properties, 135

England, 53, 143

Entamebas, 28

Environmental tolerances of organisms, 113-113, 212

Eolian transport, 192

Epicontinental sea, 58

Epifaunal forms, 96

Equisetites, 159, 164

Equus, 199

Ericridaceae, 176

Ethiopia, 123

Eubrontothere, 191

Eucalyptus, 176-178

Euglenids, 28

Eukaryotes, 24-25, 26, 28

Europe, 54, 120, 123, 124, 188, 190, 198

Euryhaline, 218

Eustasy, 148

Evaporation, 110

Evolution, 10, 151-152, 179

Australia flora and climatic change, 174-182

high latitude vegetation (Cretaceous/Cenozoic), 157-169

human genus, 234-241

late Paleocene, 95-96

oxygen and proterozoic evolution, 21-31

Front Matter (R1-R16)

Overview and Recommendations (1-20)

1. Oxygen and Proterozoic Evolution: An Update (21-33)

2. Impact of Late Ordovician Glaciation-Deglaciation on Marine Life (34-46)

3. Global Change Leading to Biodiversity Crisis in a Greenhouse World: The Cenomanian-Turonian (Cretaceous) Mass Extinction (47-71)

4. Cretaceous-Tertiary (K/T) Mass Extinction: Effect of Global Change on Calcareous Microplankton (72-93)

5. Terminal Paleocene Mass Extinction in the Deep Sea: Association with Global Warming (94-107)

6. Tropical Climate Stability and Implications for the Distribution of Life (108-117)

7. Neogene Ice Age in the North Atlantic Region: Climatic Changes, Biotic Effects, and Forcing Factors (118-133)

8. The Response of Hierarchically Structured Ecosystems to Long-Term Climate Change: A Case Study Using Tropical Peat Swamps of Pennsylvanian Age (134-155)

9. The Late Cretaceous and Cenozoic History of Vegetation and Climate at Northern and Couthern High Latitudes: A Comparison (156-173)

10. The Impact of Climatic Changes on the Development of the Australian Flora (174-183)

11. Global Climatic Influence on Cenozoic Land Mammal Faunas (184-208)

12. Biotic Responses to Temperature and Salinity Changes During Last Deglaciation, Gulf of Mexico (209-220)

13. Pollen Records of Late Quaternary Vegetation Change: Plant Community Rearrangements and Evolutionary Implications (221-232)

14. Climatic Forcing and the Origin of the Human Genus (233-244)

Index (245-250)