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Clean Ships Clean Ports Clean Oceans: Controlling Garbage and Plastic Wastes at Sea
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Clean Ships Clean Ports Clean Oceans: Controlling Garbage and Plastic Wastes at Sea
Index
A
Accidental discharge of debris, 43, 46 n.10
Accountability
in port management, 163-165
recommendations, 6, 243, 244
Administration and management
of Annex V implementation effort, 9, 192-196, 251
of education and training activities, 7, 175, 185-187
of MARPOL, 15
of model education program, 184
organizational and operational change to reduce debris, 69, 74-76
port governance, 155-156, 159-160, 163-165, 168
for U.S. Navy Annex V compliance, 24
of vessel garbage system, 3-6
See also Leadership
Agriculture, U.S. Department of, 6, 12, 21
See also Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
AIDS, 53 n.14
Air pollution, 15, 152
American Association of Port Authorities, 156
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), 20, 148, 168
Annex V and, 6, 20, 168
cargo fleet regulation, 101, 230
enforcement procedures, 200, 201
information gathering activities, 99-100, 211, 220, 249
quarantine requirements, 160-163
recommendations for, 6, 12, 243, 245
statistical data, 22
Annex V of MARPOL
control strategy, 16, 63
on data collection, 2
discharge restrictions, 16, 264-267
disposal equipment performance standards, 148
enforcement of. See Enforcement of Annex V
exceptions, 267
fleets covered by, 19
goals of, 1
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hazard evolution model, 3
implementation of. See Implementation of Annex V
offshore industry regulations, 45
on port reception facilities, 20, 140
scope, 16
signatories, 15-16
text of regulations, 263-268
U.S. ratification, 1, 18
U.S. regulatory regime and, 19-20
APHIS. See Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
Army Corps of Engineers, 165
B
Beach cleanups and surveys, 2, 23, 26, 34, 80, 181
amount of plastic items, 49
appearance of heavy items, 49
for monitoring Annex V effects, 214-216
plastic debris in, 218
sampling technique, 219
Benthos
debris accumulation in, 2
marine debris in, 34
plastic debris in, 218-219
recommendations for monitoring debris in, 241, 242
Biodegradable plastics, 33 n.1
Birds
entanglement with marine debris, 54-55
ingestion of plastic debris, 55
C
California, 26
Cargo-associated waste, 16, 271
Cargo fleet, 2
access to garbage management technology, 229
crew complement, 43-44
disposal records, 229-230
educational efforts, 105-106, 180, 230
information gathering in, 99-100
interventions to improve Annex V compliance, 10, 12, 101-106
mandated off-loading at U.S. port calls, 168
regulatory structure, 100-101
size of, 43
strategic objectives for Annex V compliance, 229-231
Center for Marine Conservation, 177, 181-182, 203, 215, 216
Clean Water Act, 115
Coast Guard
cargo fleet regulation, 10, 99, 100, 230
commercial fisheries oversight, 94
compliance measures in, 110, 111, 147
data gathering by, 211, 220, 248, 249
education and training activities, 176
enforcement in civil cases, 8, 10-11, 199-200
in enforcement of Annex V, 7, 8, 21, 196-197, 230, 248-249
in enforcement of MARPOL, 1, 146
fleet characteristics, 45
leadership role in Annex V implementation, 192
monitoring shipboard garbage disposal records, 10, 201
National Safe Boating Week activities, 178-179
opportunities for increasing compliance of recreational boaters,86
port facility oversight, 6, 20, 164
recommendations for, 10-11, 244, 245, 248, 249
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in regulation of passenger day boats and ferries, 107
regulation of port reception facilities, 20
Commercial fishing fleet, 2
access to garbage management technology, 11, 227
diversity of practice in, 90
enforcement of Annex V in, 7, 228-229
garbage disposal practices, 40, 92
ghost fishing, 56
information-gathering activities in, 87, 90-93
interventions to promote Annex V compliance, 11-12, 94-95, 98-99
net recycling program, 26-27
port facilities, 157, 226-227
private efforts for debris reduction, 43
regulatory environment, 84, 92-94
size of, 41-42
strategic objectives for Annex V compliance, 226-229
types of debris produced by, 42-43
Compactors, incinerators, pulpers, and shredders
Annex V guidelines, 283-288, 295-312
Annex V restrictions, 16
comminuters, 148-149
compactor technology, 147-148
current research activity, 147
incinerator technology, 150-154
on-board utilization, 3-4, 6, 18
pulper and shredder technology, 148-150
in recommendations, 246, 247
technical standards, 111
U.S. Navy policy and practice, 24, 120 nn.12-14, 120-121, 234-235
use in commercial fleet, 95
use in cruise ship industry, 127
Congress, United States, recommendations for, 9, 250, 252
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species, 213, 214
Corporate culture, 69, 74-76
Crabs, 56
Cruise ships, 2, 10, 12
Annex V control mechanisms, 126
debris produced by, 46-47
education projects, 180
information on garbage generation and management, 125-126
interventions for Annex V compliance, 126-127
mandated off-loading at U.S. port calls, 168
objectives for Annex V compliance, 236-238
on-board treatment/destruction technology, 147
as source of maritime debris, 40
vessel design, 127
waste management system, 151
D
Data collection and management for Annex V compliance and enforcement , 8, 11, 32, 84-85, 210-214, 220, 248, 249
beach surveys, 23, 214-216, 219
characteristics of maritime garbage, 36-40
on effects of debris in marine environment, 2, 11
environmental monitoring, 214-220, 241-242
garbage off-loading statistics, 22
identifying vessel garbage, 33-35
information exchange opportunities, 182-183
international efforts, 11, 212-214
legal discharge, 32-33
lost fishing gear, 95
marine accidents involving debris, 53
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on-board garbage records, 8, 10, 11, 94 n.3, 115-116, 136, 201
plastics in marine environment, 217-220
port-issued garbage receipts, 7, 9, 10, 11
recommendations, 9, 10, 11, 241-242, 248, 249
repeat violators, 200-201
research needs, 2-3
shortcomings of, 2, 57
standardization, 215-216
surveillance of disposal practices, 201-203
trawl surveys, 219
wildlife impacts, 54, 55-56, 57, 216-217
Dispersal of marine garbage, 48-52, 57
Disposable commodities, 35-36
Dolphins, 55
Dunnage, 16, 44
E
Economic issues
access to on-board garbage management systems, 11-12
agency funding for Annex V compliance efforts, 22
beach cleanup costs, 15 n.1
cost of marine debris effects, 15
economic incentives for Annex V compliance, 25, 78-79, 98-99, 106
funding for education and training efforts, 187-188
garbage maintenance on research ships, 132, 136
interventions in offshore industry, 116-117
payment for vessel garbage disposal, 166-167, 168-169, 230, 243
shoreside garbage disposal, 158
tariff for garbage disposal cost, 167
in technology acquisition, 246
technology development activities, 79, 154-155, 168
vessel garbage management system, 6
Education and training
for cargo ship sector, 105-106, 230
commercial fishing fleet, 95, 227, 228
for cruise ship industry, 126, 237
definition, 173
for employees in maritime industry, 175
federal role, 185-189
funding issues, 187-188
good examples of, 179
guidelines for Annex V implementation, 272-274
for implementation of Annex V, 6-7, 76-77, 176-177
industry projects, 180-181
information exchange opportunities, 182-183
international efforts, 182
for management, 175
as marine debris control strategy, 76-78, 173
Marine Debris Information Offices, 177-178
model program, 183-185
Navy projects, 181
objectives for small public vessel sector, 232
for offshore industry, 116, 234
opportunities for improvement, 188-189
port projects, 179-180
private organization for, 187
public awareness, 8, 11, 22, 86, 174, 181-182
publicly chartered independent foundation for, 7, 250
recommendations for, 10, 249-250
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for recreational boating community, 87, 178-179, 226
for research fleet, 133-136, 238-239
Sea Grant program, 178
sectoral focus, 76-77
strategic role of, 6, 173, 174, 183-184
targeting of groups for, 184-185
types of, 174-175
Enforcement of Annex V
by Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, 200
Annex V guidelines, 289-292
in cargo fleet, 100-101, 230-231
in commercial fishing fleet, 93-94, 95, 228
in cruise fleet, 237-238
definition, 7 n.3
handling of civil cases, 8, 10-11, 199-200
international monitoring of, 18, 201-202
liability issues, 165-166
in Navy, 117-121, 124
obstacles to, 22, 84, 196-198
in offshore industry, 114-116
opportunities for improvement, 7-8, 198-203, 208
participants in information gathering, 84-85
in passenger cruise ship industry, 126
in passenger day boat and ferry sector, 107
penalties, 7
port state authority, 7, 198-199
private sector efforts, 78
public awareness, 8, 11, 22
recent trends, 197
recommendations, 10-11, 247-249
record-keeping for, 8, 201
in recreational boating community, 87
repeat offenders, 200-201
in research fleet, 132-133
responsibility for, 1, 8
role of, 78
in special areas, 8, 16, 27-28
surveillance activities, 201-203
U.S. policy, 18
Environmental concerns
Annex V enforcement in sensitive areas, 8
effects of marine debris, 52, 53-54
human health risks from marine debris, 52-53
monitoring Annex V effects, 210, 214-220
private efforts for Annex V compliance, 26
scientific monitoring of debris impacts, 241-242
Environmental Protection Agency, 48
in data collection effort, 212, 216
education and training activities, 176
funding for Annex V compliance efforts, 22
Gulf of Mexico Program, 27-28
hazardous waste management strategy, 80-81
on integrated solid waste management systems, 141
leadership role in Annex V implementation, 192-194
port facility oversight, 164, 168
in port management of vessel garbage, 6
recommendations for, 9, 11, 242, 244, 245
in regulation of offshore industry, 114-115
regulatory authority, 21
research vessel, 127-130
surveillance program, 203
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F
Ferries. See Passenger day boats and ferries
Fish, 55.
See also Commercial fishing fleet
Food waste, 8, 16, 148-149, 271
Foreign fleet compliance, 228-229
Fur seals, 54, 216-217
G
Gas exchange in marine environment, 1, 54, 217
Ghost fishing, 56
Gulf of Mexico, 27-28, 50, 116
special areas designation, 204 n.12, 206-207
H
Hazard evolution model
application to marine debris analysis, 66-67
application to seafarer community, 79
for assessment of Annex V, 3, 63, 66-67, 79-81
characteristics, 64-66
conceptual development, 64
economic incentives in, 78-79
educational interventions, 76-78
government and private regulation in, 78
organizational and operational change in, 69, 74-76
sectoral analysis, 79
significance of, 80-81
technological innovations in, 68-69
Hazardous waste, 53, 166
produced by offshore industry, 45
Health risks, 52-53
Historical practice, 13
Hypoxic marine environment
debris as cause of, 1, 2, 54, 217
definition, 2 n.1
I
Implementation of Annex V
APHIS and, 20, 168
assessment of effectiveness of, 210, 220, 223-224
certificate of compliance, 100-101
economic incentives, 78-79
education and training for, 6-7, 76-77, 173, 174, 176-177
evaluation criteria, 224
federal government role, 167-168
by foreign fishing fleets, 228-229
guidelines for, 269-292, 294-312
hazard evolution model for analysis of, 3, 63, 66-67, 79-81
international monitoring of, 18
knowledge base for, 32
liability issues as obstacle to, 165-166
obstacles to, 1, 19-21, 63
opportunities for, 28-29, 240
organizational implications, 69, 74-76
overarching issues, 7-8, 191, 208
private efforts, 26-27
recommendations, 8-12, 223, 241-253
role of strategic planning in, 222
scientific monitoring, 241-242
sectoral objectives, 3, 83
in special areas, 204-208
state initiatives, 25-26
strategy design, 83-85, 143, 223
successful efforts, 22
technology assistance for, 167-168
trends, 22-23
U.S. agencies involved in, 21
U.S. experience, 21-23
Incinerators. See Compactors, incinerators, pulpers, and shredders
Individual behavior, 76, 77
research personnel, 132-133
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Inspections
MARPOL, 146
port facilities, 163, 164
sanitation, 144-145
Integration of shoreside and marine garbage management, 5, 6
Annex V provisions, 140
commercial fishing fleet and, 227
development of plan for, 143, 222
international comparison, 156-157
opportunities for improvement, 159-169
in passenger day boat and ferry sector, 231
port components, 155, 157-159
port governance and, 155-156, 159-160
principles of, 141-142
recommendations, 9, 242-245
system functioning, 140-141
See also Port management of vessel garbage
Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, 11
International Coastal Cleanup Campaign, 215
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships. See Annex V of MARPOL; MARPOL 73/78
International Maritime Organization, 1, 7, 11, 85
monitoring of port facilities, 202
on port facilities, 156 n.7, 245
in promotion of Annex V compliance, 28
role of, 15
special areas protections, 206
International practice
data collection, recommendations for, 242
education and training, 182
monitoring Annex V compliance, 212-214
monitoring shipboard garbage disposal, 201-202
port management, 156-157, 231
International Safety Management Code, 104-105
International Whaling Convention, 213
Interventions to reduce marine debris hazard
after debris discharge, 80
in cargo fleet, 101-106
in commercial fishing fleet, 43, 94-95, 98-99
conceptual basis of strategy selection, 84-85, 223-225
in cruise ship industry, 126-127
economic incentives, 78-79
educational, 76-78
government and private regulation, 78
hazard evolution model, 3, 66-68
in Navy, 117-124
in offshore industry, 116-117
organizational and operational, 69, 74-76
in passenger day boat and ferry sector, 107
in recreational boating community, 86-87
in research fleet, 133-136
in small public vessel sector, 111
source reduction, 143-144
technological innovations, 68-69
types of, 68
upstream focus, 64, 80-81, 188, 224
J
Justice, U.S. Department of, 10
L
Leadership, 7, 9
of education and training efforts, 185-187
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importance of, in Annex V implementation, 191, 208
Navy role, 194, 236
new national commission for, 194-196, 251-253
organizational structure for, 191-196
recommendations for, 250-253
Legal issues
evolution of MARPOL agreements, 15-19
handling of civil cases, 8, 10-11, 199-200
liability, 165-166
obstacles to enforcement of Annex V, 22, 196-198
port state authority, 7, 18, 198-199, 248
punishment of repeat violators, 200-201
recent trends in enforcement, 197
Liability issues, 165-166
Lobster, 56
London Dumping Convention, 213, 214
M
Manatees, 55-56
Marine Debris Information Offices, 177-178
Marine Entanglement Research Program (MERP), 2, 6, 22, 176, 180,187, 216 n.2, 242
Marine Mammal Commission, 21
Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act (MPPRCA), 1, 19-20
education and training activities, 176
foreign-flag ship compliance, 100
monitoring activity, 34
obstacles to, 22
Maritime Administration
in enhancement of vessel garbage management, 6
leadership role in Annex V implementation, 194
mission, 21
recommendations for, 12, 247
research and development activities, 154, 168, 247
MARPOL 73/78, 1, 15
administration of, 15
Annex 1 compliance, 213-214
signatories, 15
structure and scope, 15
See also Annex V of MARPOL
Medical waste, 52-53, 53 n.14
Merchant marine, 36
MERP. See Marine Entanglement Research Program
Minerals Management Service, 11, 21, 45, 116, 202
leadership role in Annex V implementation, 194
mission, 85
Movement and persistence of marine debris, 51-52
MPPRCA. See Marine Plastics Pollution Research and Control Act
N
National Marine Fisheries Service, 11-12
commercial fisheries regulation, 84-85, 92-94, 229
education and training activities, 176, 177, 227
in promoting Annex V compliance, 93
research and development activities, 154-155, 168, 246
research on debris effects on wildlife, 54
surveillance of garbage disposal practices, 202
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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
data collecting capability and practice, 2-3, 48, 216, 217-218
education and training activities, 176, 187
leadership role in Annex V implementation, 194
recommendations for, 11, 242
research fleet, 127, 132, 133
Sea Grant Marine Survey, 12, 95
National Park Service, 21, 216
National Safe Boating Council, 179
National Science Foundation, 132
National Sea Grant College Program. See Sea Grant program
Navy, United States, 2
Annex V compliance, 23-25, 120
Annex V enforcement, 124
auxiliary fleet, 45, 107-111
command and control structure, 117
debris produced by, 46
fleet characteristics, 46
garbage management education and training projects, 181
garbage management technologies, 117-121, 147
information about garbage generation and management, 117
leadership role in Annex V implementation, 194, 236
MPPRCA compliance, 19-20
objectives for Annex V compliance, 234-236
operations in special areas, 120
plan for Annex V compliance, 117
research and development activities, 154, 234-235
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 251
O
Odor-barrier bags, 145
Offshore industry, 2
characteristics, 45
control structure, 114-116
debris produced by, 45-46
intelligence gathering mechanism, 111-114
interventions to improve Annex V
compliance, 116-117
strategic objectives for Annex V
compliance, 233-234
Oil pollution, 15, 51
Operational wastes, 16, 271
Organizational structure and functioning, 69, 74-76
cargo ship sector, 104-105
for effective garbage management, 142
Navy garbage management, 117
offshore industry, 116
port governance, 155-156
U.S. enforcement of Annex V, 196-198
P
Packaging, 136
cargo-related garbage, 16
disposable items, 35-36
industry education, 7
in MARPOL conventions, 15
reducing plastic waste in military supplies, 25, 111
source reduction strategies, 143-144
Paper, 49, 149
Passenger day boats and ferries, 2
control structure for, 107
debris generated by, 44
intelligence gathering mechanisms, 106
interventions to improve Annex V
compliance, 107
objectives for Annex V
compliance, 231
types of ships in, 44
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Persistence of debris in marine environment, 48-50
Plastic debris
Annex V restrictions, 16
beach surveys, 23, 218
behavior in marine environment, 49-50
benthic surveys, 218-219
biodegradable, 33 n.1
compaction, 147-148
definition, 271
disposal by U.S. Navy, 23, 24-25
distribution on beaches, 49
ecological effects, 53-54, 217
efforts to reduce in cruise ship industry, 127
entanglement of marine wildlife, 54-55
fishnet recycling program, 26-27
industry efforts at debris management, 181
ingestion by wildlife, 55-56
monitoring in marine environment, 33, 217-220, 241
on-board storage, 24, 144-145
packaging, 144
recommendations for monitoring, 11, 241
research needs, 2-3
Plastics Reduction in the Marine Environment, 25
Port management of vessel garbage, 3
accountability, 163-165
Annex V guidelines, 288-289
Annex V requirements, 20, 140
cargo fleet operations and, 101, 106, 229-230
Coast Guard oversight, 10
commercial environment, 140-141
commercial fishing fleet, 94, 157, 226-227
cost of, 78-79
cruise ship industry, 47, 126-127, 237
education and training for, 175, 179-180
EPA oversight, 11, 168
inadequacy of, 144, 155
liability issues, 165-166
MARPOL provisions, 268
for Navy, 117
offshore industry, 114, 233-234
opportunities for improvement, 6, 7-8, 9, 168-169
payment for, 166-167, 168-169
quarantine requirements, 162
record keeping, 211, 212
recreational boating sector, 225-226
recycling, 145, 159, 168
regulatory responsibility, 6
reporting of inadequate facilities, 10, 85, 202, 245, 293
research fleet, 131, 132, 238-239
sectoral diversity, 140
small public vessel sector, 232
in special areas, 206
strategies, 157-159
technical standards, 10
technological innovations, 69
U.S. regulation, 20
See also Integration of shoreside and marine garbage management
Private regulation, 78
in offshore industry, 116
reporting of non-compliance, 84-85
Public vessels, 2, 10
debris generated by, 44-45
information gathering mechanisms, 107-110
military compliance with MPPRCA, 19-20
objectives for Annex V
compliance, 232-233
regulatory structure, 110-111
types of, 44
Pulpers. See Compactors, incinerators, pulpers, and shredders
Pycnocline, 48-49
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Q
Quarantine of foreign garbage, 6, 20, 160-163
R
Recreational boating
control structure, 86
education and training programs, 178-179, 226
enforcement of Annex V, 7
intelligence-gathering apparatus, 85-86
objectives for Annex V
compliance, 225-226
opportunities for Annex V
compliance, 86-87
as source of maritime debris, 36-37, 40-41
Recycling
opportunities in marine environment, 6, 222-223
private efforts, 26
promoting in recreational boating community, 87
recommendations for promoting, 9, 243, 244
shoreside facilities, 145, 159, 168
U.S. Navy policy and practice, 25, 235
Repeat violators, 200-201
Research fleet, 2, 47-48
control mechanisms for garbage management, 132-133
disposal challenges for, 130-131
information about garbage generation and management by, 127-131
objectives for Annex V
compliance, 238-239
S
Sanitation
definition, 3 n.2, 144 n.1
monitoring of vessels, 144-145
on-board garbage handling and, 3-5, 144
Sea Grant program, 178, 187, 228, 247
Sewage, 15, 50
Shipping Industry Marine Debris Education Plan, 180
Shore Protection Act, 115
Shredders. See Compactors, incinerators, pulpers, and shredders
Sorting, 143
Source control, 3, 143-144
Sources of vessel garbage, 2
Annex V application, 35
cargo ships, 43-44
commercial fishing fleet, 42-43
cruise ships, 46-47
current understanding, 35-37, 57
offshore industrial activities, 45-46
passenger day boats and ferries, 44
recreational boats, 40-41
research needs, 57
research vessels, 47-48
small public vessels, 44-45
U.S. Navy, 46
Special areas, 8, 16, 204 n.11
characteristics, 50
disposal practices in, 204
growth of, 204 n.13
Gulf of Mexico, 27-28
MARPOL definition, 263
MARPOL provisions, 203-204, 265-267
movement and persistence of debris in, 50-51
MPPRCA requirements, 20
Navy in, 120
port facilities, 206
research vessels in, 130-131
Wider Caribbean, 204, 206, 208
State, U.S. Department of, 10, 11, 194
Office of Ocean Affairs, 21
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State governments
initiatives for Annex V
compliance, 25-26
marine police, 11
port facility oversight, 164-165, 168
Submerged debris, 50
Superfund, 165
T
Technology for debris management
access to, 11, 226, 229
comminuters, 148-149
compactors, 147-148
costs of, 246
demonstration projects, 246
enhancing research and development, 154-155
garbage storage, 145
government role in research and development, 167-168
in hazard evolution model, 64, 68-69
incinerator, 150-154
marine debris monitoring, 34-35
Navy research and development in garbage maintenance, 117-121, 232, 234-235
on-board garbage handling, 3, 4, 5-6, 68-69, 147-155
pulpers and shredders, 148-150
recommendations, 12, 245-247
research and development costs, 79
See also Compactors, incinerators, pulpers, and shredders
Texas, 25-26
Total Quality Management, 76, 104, 175
Turtles
entanglement with marine debris, 54
ingestion of plastic debris, 55
U
United Nations, 15, 251
Convention on the Law of the Sea III, 18, 199
See also International Maritime Organization
University National Oceanographic Laboratory Systems, 48
V
Vessel design, 127
Vessel garbage
amounts, 36-40, 57
composition, 13, 16, 33-34
disposal trends, 22-23
emergence of social concern, 13-14
evolution of legal environment, 15-19
fate of, 48-52, 57
historical practice, 13
identification of, 33-35
management system, 3-6
negative effects of, 14-15, 52-57
opportunities for improving management system, 5-6, 9, 159-169
submerged, 50
See also Sources of vessel garbage
W
Washington state, 26
Whales, 55
Wildlife
entanglement in marine debris, 54-55, 216
ingestion of plastic, 55-56
monitoring Annex V impacts on, 216-217
recommendations for research on interaction with debris, 11
World Bank, 207, 237-238
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Z
Zero-discharge, 8, 224-225, 251
in commercial fishing sector, 226
objectives for offshore industry, 233
objectives for U.S. Navy, 234-236
in passenger day boat and ferry sector, 231
in recreational boating sector, 225
research vessel operations, 238
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