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SOURCES, FATES, AND EFFECTS OF SHIPBORNE GARBAGE 57 The fourth finding, which is multifaceted, is that available data on the sources, fates, and effects of marine debrisâparticularly vessel-generated debris âare often of poor quality, incomplete, and out of date. Because this problem may be too diffuse to be obvious, the specific deficiencies are enumerated here: Sources: Detailed, comprehensive data on garbage generation have been collected only for the Navy, and neither U.S. nor international Annex V compliance and enforcement regimes support the gathering of such data for other maritime sectors. Amounts of garbage generated and discarded overboard by the various fleets can only be estimated. Fates: Knowledge concerning the fates of vessel garbage is derived primarily from beach surveys, and the percentage of beach debris that comes from vessels is unknown. Few data are available on debris that ends up in sediments or the benthos. Effects: Although the harm to individual animals is apparent, the ecological effects of marine debris (including frequency of harm to wildlife and population impacts) cannot be established on the basis of surveys and other information gathered to date. Even for endangered species subject to continuous monitoring, cause-effect relationships have yet to be established. Part of the problem is that data on effects of marine debris have been gathered largely by individual researchers, working without an overall program of data collection. There is little centralized data analysis, and reporting on wildlife interactions with debris is not standardized. The value of systematically compiling and maintaining a database on debris interactions with wildlife is demonstrated by the information collected on West Indian manatees. Another problem is that no systematic effort coordinates the exchange of information on wildlife interactions with marine debris, other than through NMFS workshops and proceedings, and published literature on the topic remains scarce. There are fundamental barriers to the development of comprehensive knowledge about the effects of marine debris on wildlife. It is and will remain difficult to detect entangled and dead animals at sea and to distinguish the effects of marine debris from other impacts. Indeed, the true magnitude of the effects of marine debris on wildlife may never be defined absolutely. REFERENCES Alig, C.S., L. Koss, T. Scarano, and F. Chitty. 1990. Control of plastic wastes aboard naval ships at sea. Pp. 879-894 in Proceedings of the Second International Conference on Marine Debris, 2-7 April 1989, Honolulu, Hawaii (Vol. II), R.S. Shomura and M.L. Godfrey, eds. NOAA- TM-NMFS-SWFSC-154. Available from the Marine Entanglement Research Program of the National Marine Fisheries Service (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), Seattle, Wash.
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