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Index
A
Abusive relationships, 96-97
ACT-UP, 93
ADAMHA. See Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration
ADAMHA Reorganization Act of 1992 (PL 102-321), 19, 157, 158, 162, 165, 166
and grant review process, 22, 176-177
implications for services and research, 35-36, 245
Addiction. See Alcohol use;
Injection drug use;
Substance abuse;
Withdrawal syndrome
Advisory councils, 22, 170, 176, 177-178, 179, 181
Africa, 51, 52, 60, 100-101, 112, 115
African Americans, 39-40, 67, 90, 94, 97
in research, 34, 95, 102-103, 106-107, 204, 239, 248
AIDS Advisory Council, 170
AIDS clinical trials units (ACTUs), 226
AIDS dementia complex (ADC), 12-13, 31, 42, 125-134, 141
research recommendations, 17-18, 151
treatment, 13, 134
AIDS in Multiethnic Neighborhoods (AMEN) study, 73-74, 230
AIDS Risk Reduction Model (ARRM), 85
Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration (ADAMHA), v, 35, 37
budget process, 21, 171, 172-175
grant review process, 22, 177
history of, 159-162
reorganization, vi-vii, 3, 19, 20, 21, 35, 36, 37, 42, 43, 158-168, 171, 174-175, 185, 240, 245
See also National Institute of Mental Health;
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism;
National Institute on Drug Abuse;
Office of Substance Abuse Prevention;
Office of Treatment Improvement;
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Alcohol Research Centers, 201, 203
Alcohol use, 61, 69, 70, 73
immune system effects, 13-14, 26, 134-135, 198, 201, 202
intervention and outreach, 106-107, 247-248
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and HIV seroprevalence rates, 40, 64, 69, 70, 203
and sexual behavior, 49, 63-66, 80, 118, 203-204
Amyl nitrite, 49
Anal intercourse, 4, 48-49, 51, 99, 118
Anal warts, 4, 50
Animal models, 16, 18, 79, 133, 151
Antiaddictive drugs, 82
Antinarcotic drugs, 15, 18, 152
Antipsychotic drugs, 15, 18, 152
Anxiety, 15, 140, 141, 144
Applied research, 24, 25, 188, 189
Aseptic meningitis, 12, 125
Asia, 51
Astrocytes, 13, 128, 130
Asymptomatic stage. See Latency period
Avoidant coping, 16, 143.
See also Cognitive coping strategies;
Coping behavior
AZT (zidovudine), 18, 138, 152
B
Backloading, 55
Basic research, 2, 24-25, 40, 188, 189
deficiencies in, 2, 40-41
funding allocations for, 190-191
See also Theoretical models
Behavioral epidemiology, viii, 3, 5, 30, 33, 41, 226, 237-238
Behavior change interventions, 2, 9-10, 28, 30, 40, 41, 83, 98-121, 203, 220, 229, 252
community focus, 9, 114-116, 212-213, 214
evaluation of, 10, 11, 33, 119-121, 122, 123, 203, 216, 238
individual focus, 9, 88-89, 99, 108-111, 114
injection drug use, 111, 114, 116, 212-213, 214
maintenance, 9, 10, 11, 41, 116-119, 122, 123
models of, 9, 10, 83-88, 98-99, 118-119, 121-122, 227
research support, 11, 123
sexual behavior, 99, 108-111, 114-115
study examples, 100-109
See also Preventive interventions;
Relapse prevention
Bereavement, 16, 145
support services, 145, 244
Biomedical/biobehavioral research, 24, 188
NIAAA activities, 25-26, 201-203
NIDA activities, 27-28, 209-210
NIMH activities, 30, 225-226
Bleach 215, 250
Blood, 1, 39, 51, 53, 58, 66
Blood-brain barrier, 13, 133
Blood transfusion, 1, 39, 52, 66
Booting, 53-54
Brain, 3, 6, 12, 13, 17, 42, 78, 80, 124
Budget process, 3, 20, 42, 157-158, 171-172, 173, 185
of ADAMHA, 21, 171, 172-175
of NIAAA, 21, 174, 175-176
of NIDA, 21, 174, 175-176
of NIH, 20-21, 168, 169-172, 175-176
of NIMH, 21, 174, 175-176
See also Funding for HIV/AIDS research and programs
Butyl nitrite, 49
C
California Partners' Study, 50-51
Caregiving, 16-17, 30, 145-151
coping behavior of, 19, 141, 147, 148, 153
formal, 17, 148-149, 150
informal, 16-17, 146-148
mental health of, 16-17, 146-149, 149-151
research recommendations, 19, 149-151, 153
stress, 15, 17, 30, 150
Cases of AIDS. See Incidence;
Prevalence
Center for AIDS Intervention Research (CAIR), 231
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies (CAPS), 145, 227, 230, 231, 251 -252
Center for Biopsychosocial Study of AIDS, 230
Center for Mental Health Services (CMHS), vi, 20, 35, 163, 166, 241 , 243-244, 254
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Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP), vi, 35, 240, 244
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT), vi, 20, 35, 163, 240, 241, 243, 248, 249, 251
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 38, 62, 85, 95, 252, 253, 254
Central nervous system (CNS), 12-13, 15, 17-18, 30, 34, 124, 125-134, 151, 209, 225-226, 238-239
opportunistic infections of, 12, 125, 126
and sexual behavior, 10, 122
See also AIDS dementia complex;
Brain;
Neurobiology
Cerebral toxoplasmosis, 12, 125
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), 13, 127, 128
Cervical secretions, 50
Class. See Socioeconomic status
Clinical trials, 226
Cocaine, 10, 53, 54, 55, 61, 81, 82, 118, 122.
See also Crack cocaine
Cofactors of transmission, 48
in sexual practices, 48-51, 53, 59-66
Cognitive coping strategies, 16, 143, 144.
See also Avoidant coping;
Coping behavior
Cognitive impairment, 6, 77.
See also AIDS dementia complex;
Mental health and illness;
Seriously mentally ill
Collaborative research, 30-31, 34, 229-232, 238-239
and grant review process, 23, 185
and service programs, 34, 36-37, 43, 240, 245-254
Commercial sex workers, 52, 69, 96, 110-111, 113, 115.
See also Sex-for-crack exchanges
Community factors, 5, 8-9, 10-11, 24, 76, 88-89, 93-94, 118, 123
activism, 93-94
highrisk settings, 4-5, 56-57, 71-75, 76
See also Cultural factors;
Social networks;
Social norms;
Social
science research;
Social-structural research
Community intervention and outreach, 10-11, 88, 102-103, 104-105, 108-109, 114-116, 123, 228
for alcohol users, 247-248
for commercial sex workers, 115
for drug users, 5, 28, 116, 212-213, 214, 216, 241, 243, 249-250
for gay men, 91, 93-94, 114
and mental health services, 241, 243-244, 252-253
models of, 86-87
for Native Americans, 247-248
stress among workers, 17, 150-151
for youth, 244, 248, 251
See also Demonstration projects;
National AIDS Demonstration Research Program
Comprehensive Community Treatment Program (CCTP), 35, 241, 243
Concurrent epidemics and health events, 5, 6, 50, 71, 75, 76, 77
Condoms, 51, 83, 84, 92, 97, 111, 114, 115
and drug use, 60, 75, 116
female, 111, 112-113
Contracts and contract proposals, 181, 192, 193
Cookers, 54-55
Cooperative agreements (U01s), 181, 192, 193
Cooperative clinical research (R10/U10) awards, 192
Coping behavior, 15, 16, 19, 30, 141, 142-145, 153
of caregivers, 19, 141, 147, 148, 153
NIMH research, 19, 153
Cortical dementias, 128
Cost-effectiveness of interventions, 9, 11, 33, 121, 122, 123, 238
Cost-to-benefit ratio, 121, 122
Cottons, 54, 55
Counseling services, 99, 110, 244
Couples, 8, 11, 55-56, 89, 91, 92, 110, 123.
See also Drug-running partners;
Sexual partners
Crack cocaine, 34, 59-63, 210, 211, 238
and sexual behavior, 28, 59, 60-63, 75, 211
Crack houses, 4-5, 59, 76
CRISP (Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects) system, 177, 299-300, 301
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Cross-disciplinary research, 24, 25, 42-43, 78, 189-190
on drug abuse treatment, 15, 33-34, 83, 238
and grant review process, 22, 23, 182-184, 185
on preventive interventions, 9-10, 122, 124
Cryptococcal meningitis, 12, 125
Cultural factors, 5, 7, 8-9, 10-11, 24, 33, 34, 76, 87, 93, 123, 238
affecting research-service collaboration, 36-37, 245-246, 254
coping strategies, 16, 19, 145, 153
in treatment and disease progression, 19, 152
See also Community factors;
Ethnography
Cultural sensitivity, 8, 89, 94-95
Cytokines, 126, 131, 133
Cytomegalovirus (CMV), 126
D
Data collection, vii, 24, 34, 186-187, 239, 299-303.
See also Surveillance and data collection
Deaths from HIV/AIDS, 1, 40, 67, 68
Dementia, 128-129.
See also AIDS dementia complex
Demonstration projects
mental health services, 19, 153, 243-245, 252-253
outreach for injection drug users, 249-250
research projects (R18s), 25, 34, 116, 192, 193, 207, 212-213, 214 , 217, 220, 238, 249
service delivery, 20, 30, 163, 241, 248-250
See also Community intervention and outreach;
National AIDS Demonstration Research Program
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), 38, 158
budget review process, 21, 170, 171
See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration;
National Institutes of Health;
Public Health Service;
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Depression, 15-16, 17, 30, 118, 140-141, 142, 143, 144
among caregivers, 16-17, 30, 145
among health care professionals, 17, 149
among people with HIV/AIDS, 15-16, 30, 141-144
Diaphragms, 112
Diffusion Theory, 86-87
Disease progression and pathogenesis, 3, 11-12, 17-19, 24, 124-126, 129-133, 136-137, 151-152
basic research, 2, 41-42
central nervous system injury, 11-13, 124-126, 129, 133
and epidemiologic study, 66
and mental illness, 11, 12, 15, 18, 124, 140, 152
research recommendations, 17-19, 151-152
social-structural factors, 10, 123
Division of Research Grants (DRG), 177, 182
Dopamine systems, 10, 81-82, 122
Drug-running partners, 55-56, 91-92
Drugs. See Cocaine;
Crack cocaine;
Heroin;
Injection drug use;
Needle
exchange;
Pharmacologic interventions;
Substance abuse
Dual review systems, 22, 177-178.
See also Grant review process
Dyads. See Couples;
Sexual partners
Dysphoria, 17, 147
E
Efficacy beliefs, 84
Emotional distress, 16, 30, 143
Enemas, 48
Epidemiological research, 5-6, 24, 76-77, 120, 122, 188-189
NIAAA activities, 26, 203
NIDA activities, 28, 210-212
NIMH activities, 226
See also Behavioral epidemiology;
Incidence;
Prevalence;
Surveillance and data collection
Ethnography, 33, 34, 88, 238, 239
in drug use settings, 5, 56, 60, 211-212
Evaluation research, 2, 9, 10, 11, 33, 119-121, 122, 123, 238
Experimental studies. See Pre-post
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comparison studies;
Randomized controlled trials
Extramural research grants, 25, 189, 190, 191, 192, 205, 220, 228.
See also Grant review process
F
Families, 11, 19, 24, 123, 146-148, 150, 153
Female condom, 111, 112-113
Female-to-male transmission, 51-53.
See also Heterosexual transmission
First independent research support and transition (FIRST) awards, 192
Fisting, 48, 49
Frontloading, 55
Funding for HIV/AIDS research and programs, 26, 27, 29, 31, 32, 35 , 187, 198, 205, 221, 232-235, 241-244
Funding mechanisms, 191-198, 201, 202, 207, 208, 223, 224
G
Gay and bisexual men, 1, 39, 40, 66, 69, 70, 75, 79
alcohol use, 64
caregiving, 146, 147, 150
coping strategies, 16, 144, 145
intervention and outreach, 91, 93, 99, 114-115, 118, 203-204, 248, 252
mental health and illness, 16, 144
sexual behavior, 48-49, 70, 91, 99, 114-115, 117, 118-119
Gay Men's Health Crisis (GMHC), 93
Gender, 6, 7, 10, 11, 34, 79, 87, 92, 95-97, 122-123, 239
in coping strategies, 16, 145
in treatment and disease progression, 19, 152
Genital warts, 4, 50, 51
Gonorrhea, 4, 50
Gp120 (glycoprotein), 13, 130-132
Grant analysis methodology, 299-303
Grant review process, 3, 20, 42, 157-158, 176-185
of NIAAA, 23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185
of NIDA, 23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185
of NIH, 22-23, 177, 178-179, 181, 183
of NIMH, 23, 179, 181-183, 185
scoring and rating systems, 22-23, 178, 183-184, 185
Group counseling, 99
H
Health Belief Model, 84, 85
Health care professionals
attitudes toward patients, 17, 89, 149
mental health of, 17, 148-149, 150-151
training programs for, 20, 163, 231-232, 241, 243-244, 252
Health care services and access, 8, 18-19, 24, 67, 90, 152
for drug users, 14, 18-19, 136, 138-140, 152, 241, 243-244, 248
and family caregivers, 148
for gay men, 93
Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), 38, 241, 252, 253, 254
Hemophiliacs, 1, 39, 40, 70
Hepatitis, 14, 49, 137
Heroin, 53, 55, 61, 80, 81, 82
Herpes, 4, 13, 50, 51, 129
Heterosexual transmission, 1, 4, 39, 48, 50-53, 66, 67, 96-97
and crack cocaine, 60-63
HHS. See Department of Health and Human Services
Hierarchical diffusion, 67-68
Hispanic/Latino Americans, 39-40, 67, 74, 94, 97
in research, 34, 100-101, 106-107, 230, 239, 248
HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, 227, 230, 231, 251 -252
HIV Neurobehavioral Research Center, 230-231
Homeless youth, 41, 251
Homosexuality. See Gay and bisexual men;
Lesbians and bisexual women
Hypodermic needles, 4, 53-54, 57, 58.
See also Injection drug use, paraphernalia;
Needle exchange
Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, 16, 141
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I
Immune system, 15-16, 28, 30, 42, 125, 127, 130-131, 141-142, 205, 209-210, 225, 226
alcohol effects, 13-14, 26, 134-135, 198, 201, 202
See also Psychoneuroimmunology
IMPAC (Information for Management, Planning, Analysis, and Coordination) data system, 177
Incidence, 1, 39, 40, 66-68, 69
of drug use, 70-71
Indian Health Service, 247
Infants, perinatal HIV transmission, 1, 39, 66, 97, 210
Informal caregivers, 16-17, 146-148
Initial review groups (IRGs), 177, 178, 181.
See also Grant review process
Injection drug use, 1, 4-5, 15, 28, 39, 40, 47, 53-58, 66, 69, 75, 78, 82, 91, 135-140, 210-212, 213-215
and caregiving, 147, 150
and clinical trials, 18, 152
coping strategies, 145
data collection, 70-71, 211
intervention and outreach, 71, 100-109, 111, 114, 116, 212-213, 214 , 250
paraphernalia, 4, 53-55, 71, 250
seropositivity rates, 40
and sexual behavior, 53, 59, 63, 75, 91-92
social norms in, 92
See also Needle exchange
Intervention. See Behavior change interventions;
Community intervention
and outreach;
Pharmacologic interventions;
Preventive interventions;
Services programs and delivery;
Treatment
Intramural research programs, 181
Intravenous drug use. See Injection drug use
Investigator-initiated grants (R01s), 25, 179, 192, 193
Italian Study Group on HIV Heterosexual Transmission, 51
IV drug use. See Injection drug use
J
Jacking, 54
Job Corps, 40, 69, 70
K
Kaposi's sarcoma, 49
Kicking, 53
L
Latency period
and AIDS dementia complex, 13, 128, 133
and epidemiological studies, 52, 66
Latinos. See Hispanic/Latino Americans
Lesbians and bisexual women, 53
Leukoencephalopathy, 12, 125
Levo-alpha-acetylmethadol (LAAM), 82, 210
Liver disease, 135, 137, 138
Loss. See Bereavement
Lymphatic system, 14, 125, 135
Lymphoma, 12, 124, 125
M
Macrophages, 130-131
Mason categories, 188
Mathematical modeling, 24, 120-121, 122
Media campaigns, 115
Mediating variables, 9, 98
Men, 1, 34, 39, 40, 49, 66, 67, 96, 239.
See also Female-to-male transmission;
Gay and bisexual men;
Heterosexual transmission
Meningitis, 12, 125
Mental health and illness, 3, 6, 13, 15-16, 72-73, 142-145
among caregivers, 16-17, 146-149, 149-151
and drug use, 15, 72, 73
among health care professionals, 17, 148-149, 150-151
and HIV disease progression and pathogenesis, 11, 12, 15, 18, 124, 140, 152
and HIV treatment, 12, 18, 140, 152
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intervention and outreach, 241, 243-245, 252-253
research recommendations, 6, 18, 77
seroprevalence among patients, 40, 69, 70, 71, 73
See also AIDS dementia complex;
Depression;
Emotional distress;
Psychoneuroimmunology;
Seriously mentally ill;
Stress
Methadone, 14, 18, 82, 111, 138, 152, 251
Methods to extend research in time (MERIT) awards, 192
Microglia, 13, 131
Military recruits and personnel, 69
Motherhood, 97
Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS), 118, 142, 226
Multi-disciplinary research. See Cross-disciplinary research
Multi-Site HIV Prevention Trial, 227
N
National AIDS Behavioral Surveys (NABS), 230
National AIDS Demonstration Research Program (NADR), 116, 191, 212 -213, 214, 217, 220, 249
National AIDS Program Office (NAPO), 38, 172, 254
National Cancer Institute, 232, 233
National Center for Research Resources, 233, 234
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, 233, 234
National Institute of Allergies and Infectious Diseases, 232, 233, 234
National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), vi, vii, viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 16, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 76, 77, 78, 122, 123, 151 , 152, 153, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163, 236-237, 238, 239, 255, 256
AIDS coordinator position, 20, 29, 31, 33, 165, 168, 223, 237
budget process, 21, 174, 175-176
collaborative activities, 17-18, 19, 30-31, 34, 37, 38, 151, 152, 229-232, 254, 255
grant review process, 22-23, 179, 181-183, 185
research portfolio and funding allocations, 23-24, 25, 29-30, 31, 42, 189-191 192, 193, 221-229, 232, 233, 234, 235
service linkages, 240, 243, 247, 251-253
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), vi, vii , viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 40, 41, 42, 43, 76, 77, 78, 122, 123, 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 236-237, 238 , 239, 255, 256
AIDS coordinator position, 20, 25-26, 31, 33, 165, 168, 237
budget process, 21, 174, 175-176
collaborative activities, 17, 18, 19, 30-31, 34, 37, 38, 151, 229-232, 254, 255
grant review process, 22-23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185
research portfolio and funding allocations, 23-24, 25-26, 31, 42, 189-191, 193, 198-204, 232, 233, 234, 235
service linkages, 240, 247-248
National Institute on Child Health and Human Development, 225, 233 , 234
National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), vi, vii, viii, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, 18, 19, 40, 41, 42, 43, 47, 62, 76, 77, 78, 122, 123 , 151, 152, 153, 157, 158, 160, 161, 162, 163, 236-237, 238, 239, 255, 256
AIDS coordinator position, 20, 26-27, 31, 33, 165, 168, 199, 200, 208-209, 237
budget process, 21, 174, 175-176
collaborative research activities, 18, 19, 20, 30-31, 34, 37, 38, 229-232, 254, 255
grant review process, 22-23, 179, 180, 181, 182-183, 185
research portfolio and funding allocations, 23-24, 25, 26-28, 31, 42, 189-191, 192, 193, 205-221, 232, 233, 234, 235
service linkages, 240, 241, 247, 248-251
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National Institute on Neurological Disorders and Stroke, 225-226, 233
National Institutes of Health (NIH), v, 3
budget process, 20-21, 168, 169-172, 175-176
funding allocations, 31, 32, 232-233
grant review process, 22-23, 177, 178-179, 181, 183
restructuring of, vi, 19, 20-21, 35, 157, 158, 165, 168-171
See also National Institute of Mental Health;
National Institute
on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism;
National Institute on Drug Abuse;
Office of AIDS Research
National surveys, 5, 69, 76
Native American Prevention Project on AIDS and Substance Abuse, 203 , 247-248
Navajo Tribe, 203, 247
Needle exchange, 33, 93, 102-103, 116, 121, 215, 216, 238, 250
community opposition, 8, 94-95
Neurobiology, viii, 25, 31, 78
of drug addiction, 6-7, 80-83, 122
NIMH research support, 17-18, 151, 225-226, 228-229
of risk behavior, 6-7, 41-42, 78-79, 122
of sexual behavior, 6-7, 10, 78-79, 122
See also Brain;
Central nervous system;
Mental health and illness;
Peripheral nervous system;
Psychoneuro-immunology
Neurochemical systems, 10, 79, 122
Neuropathology, 13, 129-132, 151
New York, 40, 55, 74
NIAAA. See National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
NIDA. See National Institute on Drug Abuse
NIH. See National Institutes of Health
NIH Revitalization Act of 1993, vi, 19-21, 157, 168, 169, 170, 235
NIMH. See National Institute of Mental Health
Nimodipine, 13, 132
Nitrite inhalants, 49
NMDA receptors, 131-132
Noradrenergic systems, 10, 122
Norms. See Social norms
O
Office of AIDS Research (OAR), vi, 3, 19-21, 33, 42, 157, 168-171, 172, 175, 176, 185, 237
and collaborative research, 33, 237
emergency discretionary fund, 20, 169, 170-171
and institute program coordination, 33, 169, 235, 237
new budget authority, vi, 20-21, 157, 168-171
Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 21, 171
Office of National AIDS Policy (ONAP), 38, 254, 256
Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP), 158, 163, 172
Office of Substance Abuse Prevention (OSAP), 163.
See also Center for Substance Abuse Prevention
Office of Treatment Improvement (OTI), 163.
See also Center for Substance Abuse Treatment
Opioids and opioid peptide receptors, 10, 14, 80-81, 122, 138, 210
Opportunistic infections, 134
of central nervous system, 12, 125, 126
and drug interactions, 18, 152
Oral-genital intercourse, 4, 48
Outcome measures, 9, 11, 30, 84, 98, 117-118, 120, 123
Outreach. See Community intervention and outreach
P
Parental caregivers, 147-148, 150
Pathogenesis. See Disease progression and pathogenesis
Peer review, 22-23, 171, 176, 177, 181, 184.
See also Grant review process
Pentoxyphilline, 13, 132
Peptide T, 225
Perinatal HIV transmission, 1, 39, 66, 97, 210
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Perinatal 20 Treatment Research Demonstration Program, 210
Peripheral nervous system (PNS), 12, 125
Peripheral neuropathy, 12, 125
Phagocytes, 14, 135
Pharmacologic interventions, 18, 42, 152
for AIDS dementia complex, 131-32, 134
for drug abuse, 14-15, 18, 152
and drug interactions, 14, 15, 18, 138, 152
experimental, 93
PL 102-321. See ADAMHA Reorganization Act of 1992
PL 103-43. See NIH revitalization Act of 1993
Poliovirus, 13, 129
Political sensitivities, 2, 4, 40, 47, 89
Poppers. See Nitrite inhalants
Posttraumatic stress disorder, 17, 149
Pre-post comparison studies, 9, 98
Prevalence, 39-40, 47, 69-70, 112
data limitations, 76, 92
risky behaviors, 4-5, 47, 70, 71-76
Prevention Demonstrations for HighRisk Youth Program, 35, 244
Preventive interventions, 2, 4, 40
assessment and evaluation of, 2, 9, 10, 24, 98-99, 119-121, 122
basic research, 2, 9-10, 41, 121
for highrisk settings, 5, 76
study examples, 100-109
See also Behavior change interventions
Prisoners, 34, 238
Program announcements (PAs), 25, 193, 194-197, 229-230.
See also Requests for applications
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), 12, 125
Prostitution. See Commercial sex workers;
Sex-for-crack exchanges
Psychiatric disorders. See AIDS dementia complex;
Mental health and
illness;
Seriously mentally ill
Psychoactive drugs, 14, 18, 81, 152, 249
Psychometrics, 184
Psychoneuroimmunology, 15-16, 30, 141-142
NIMH research support for, 16, 30, 141, 190, 225
Psychosocial factors, 6, 7-8, 24, 43, 78, 83, 140-141, 188, 189
in behavior change, 9-10, 84-88, 118
and caregiving, 12, 15, 124, 141, 145-151
NIAAA research activities, 26, 203-204
NIDA research activities, 28, 213-215
NIMH research activities, 30, 221, 227
in risky behavior, 5, 83-84, 118
in sexual behavior, 6, 7, 83, 87-88, 92-93
See also Community factors;
Coping behavior;
Gender;
Mental health
and illness;
Psychoneuroimmunology;
Relationships
Public Health Service (PHS), vi, 43, 171, 177
interagency coordination, 6, 34, 38, 77, 237, 238, 254-255
services programs, 157
See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and mental Health Administration;
National Institutes of Health;
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services
Administration
Q
Qualitative sociology, viii, 3, 41, 76
Quality of life, 67
and AIDS dementia complex, 12, 126
Quinolinic acid (QUIN), 131, 225
R
Race/ethnicity, 7, 10, 11, 34, 67, 94-95, 118, 123
and coping strategies, 16, 19, 145, 153
discrimination, 8, 90, 95, 97
in treatment and disease progression, 19, 152
as variable in research, 10, 11, 19, 34, 118, 123, 152, 153, 239
See also African Americans;
Hispanic/Latino Americans
Randomized controlled trials, 9, 98, 119-120
Rectal douching, 48-49
Relapse prevention, 11, 116-119, 123
Relationships, 24, 30, 89
among drug users, 55-56, 75, 96
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Requests for applications (RFAs), 25, 193, 194-197.
See also Program announcements
Research career program awards, 192
Research Center on Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of AIDS Dementia, 231
Research centers, 25, 30-31, 192, 193, 230-231, 251-252
Research program projects (PO1s), 192
Research project grants (RPGs), 178, 179, 181, 192
Rifabutin, 138
Rifampin, 138
Runaway youths, 41, 99, 108, 251
Running partners, 55-56, 57.
See also Drug-running partners
S
SAMHSA. See Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
San Francisco Cohort Study, 69
San Francisco Men's Health Study, 142
Scientific advisory committees, 176, 181.
See also Advisory councils
Self-efficacy, 7, 84, 98, 118
Self in Relation Theory, 87-88
Self-reported data, 9, 117-118
Semen, 49, 51
Seriously mentally ill, 6, 71, 72-73, 77
Seroprevalence Monitoring System, 211
Services programs and delivery, 34-38
and ADAMHA reorganization, 19, 157, 158, 163
balance with research, 174, 241, 243
collaboration with researchers, 34, 36-37, 43, 240, 245-254
demonstration programs, 20, 163, 241, 248-250
interagency coordination, 34, 37, 43, 240, 253-254, 255
training, 249-250
See also Community intervention and outreach;
Preventive interventions;
Treatment
Sex. See Gay and bisexual men;
Gender differences;
Heterosexual transmission;
Lesbians and bisexual women;
Men;
Sexual behavior;
Sexual orientation;
Sexual partners;
Women
Sex education, 99
Sex-of-crack exchanges, 60, 61-63.
See also Commercial sex workers
Sexual behavior, 4-5, 47-53, 75, 78, 230
and alcohol use, 49, 63-66, 80, 118, 199, 203, 204
and crack cocaine, 28, 59, 60-63, 75, 211-212
intervention and outreach, 91, 93, 98-99, 100-109, 110-111, 114-119
national surveys, 2, 40, 83
neurobiological factors, 6-7, 10, 78-79, 122
psychosocial factors, 6, 7, 83, 87-88, 92-93
research on, 2, 4, 5-6, 10, 11, 40-41, 76-77, 122, 123, 227
among seriously mentally ill, 72-73
Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), 4, 6-7, 48, 50, 51, 53, 75
and drug uses, 59, 60, 62, 243
health care worker training programs, 241
See also Gonorrhea, Herpes, Syphilis
Sexual orientation, 4, 48
coping strategies, 19, 153
See also Gay and bisexual men;
Heterosexual transmission;
Lesbians
and bisexual women
Sexual partners, 1, 39, 50-52
of drug users, 1, 39, 63, 66, 93, 116, 205, 211-212, 213, 214, 241 , 249
multiplicity of, 4, 48, 52, 83, 118
networks, 67-68, 71-74, 93
Sex workers. See Commercial sex workers
''Shooting galleries," 4-5, 55, 56-67, 58, 59, 76
Skills building programs, 244
Skin-popping, 53
Small Business Innovation Research Grants (SBIR-R43/44), 192
Social Cognitive Learning Theory, 84, 85
Social networks, 8, 30, 65-66, 67-68, 74-75, 88, 90-92
and prevalence, 92
Social norms, 7, 8, 9, 74, 91, 92-93, 98
Social science research, 2, 5-6, 8-9, 21, 33, 40-41, 76-77, 88-97, 237-238.
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See also Psychosocial factors;
Qualitative sociology
Social-structural research, 10-11, 24, 123, 188, 189
NIAAA activities, 26, 204
NIDA activities, 28, 215
NIMH activities, 30, 227-228
research recommendations, 10-11, 33, 123
Social support, 16, 143, 144
Socioeconomic status (class), 7, 10, 34, 67, 90, 97, 118, 123, 239
coping strategies, 19, 153
Spatial contagion, 68
Special review groups (SRGs), 177.
See also Grant review process
Speedballs, 55
Spermicides, 112
Sponges, 112
Spoons, 54-55
Stages of change models, 85-86, 87
Sterilization, 95
Stigmatization, 89, 95, 146
Stress, 15, 16, 30, 99, 141, 143
among caregivers, 15, 17, 30, 150
among health care professionals, 17, 148-149
among people with HIV/AIDS, 141, 143, 144
Study sections, 22-23, 177, 178, 182.
See also Grant review process
Subcortical dementias, 128, 129
Substance abuse, 4-5, 27-28, 40, 70, 75
and clinical trials, 18, 152
data collection, 2, 18, 28, 70-71, 76, 210-211
and health care access, 14, 18-19, 136, 138-140, 152, 241, 243-244, 248
and HIV disease progression and pathogenesis, 11, 12, 14, 18, 124, 134, 136-137, 152, 205
and HIV treatment, 12, 14-15, 18, 135-136, 138-140, 152
intervention and outreach, 5, 41, 116, 212-213, 214, 241, 243, 249 -250
neurobiological factors, 6, 7, 10, 12, 78-79, 80-83, 122
psychosocial factors, 6, 90, 91, 96
research recommendations, 2, 5-6, 10, 18-19, 33-34, 76-77, 238
and sexual behavior, 49, 53, 60-63, 75, 80, 118
See also Alcohol use;
Cocaine;
Crack cocaine;
Heroin;
Injection drug
use;
Needle exchange
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), vi, 3, 19, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 43, 157, 158, 163, 165, 238, 240, 241, 244, 249, 251, 253-255
coordination and collaboration, 34, 35, 38, 238, 244-245, 249, 251 , 253-255
service activities, 35, 240-245
See also Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration;
Center
for Mental Health Services;
Center for Substance Abuse Prevention;
Center for Substance Abuse Treatment
Surveillance and data collection, 5, 31, 66, 69-71, 76
drug abuse, 2, 18, 28, 70-71, 76, 210-211
limitations and deficiencies, 2, 3, 40-41, 66, 69, 76, 92
sexual practices, 2, 40, 40-41, 83
sociocultural factors, 34, 239
Susceptibility, 48, 49-50, 84, 85
Syphilis, 4, 50, 51, 62, 63
Syringes, 4, 53-54, 55, 57, 58, 250.
See also Bleach;
Hypodermic needles;
Injection drug use, paraphernalia;
Needle exchange
T
T-cells, 14, 135
Technology transfer, 36, 245, 249, 252
Testing for HIV, 40, 69, 142, 143
among drug users, 243
Theoretical models, 7-8, 10, 24, 95-96, 122
of behavior change, 9, 10, 83-88, 98-99, 118-119, 121-122, 122, 227
of sexual behavior, 7, 87-88, 96
Theory of Reasoned Action, 84
Toxoplasmosis, 12, 125
Training
of health care professionals, 20, 163, 231-232, 241, 243-244, 252
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of researchers, 192, 231
for service programs, 249-250
Treatment, 1-2, 3, 4, 11-12, 18-19, 24, 40, 41-42, 124
demonstration programs, 35, 241, 243-244
for drug users, 28, 111, 205, 210, 215, 217, 218-219
health care worker training, 241
See also Pharmacologic interventions
Tuberculosis, 14, 75, 136-137, 241, 243
Tumor Necrosis Factor, 13, 131, 132
Tuskegee study, 95
U
Unemployment, 8, 90
Urban areas, 4-5, 56, 67-68
V
Vaccines, 1-2, 40
Vaginal secretions, 50
Vaginal transmission. See Heterosexual transmission
Violence, 6, 77, 96
Virologic studies, 54
W
Water contamination, 54, 57
Withdrawal syndrome, 7, 10, 57, 80, 82, 122
Women, 1, 24, 34, 39, 40, 67, 238, 248
lesbian and bisexual, 53
and relationships, 74, 87-88, 95-97
same-sex transmission, 53
sexual transmission and prophylaxis, 11, 50-53, 111, 112-113, 123
Women and Infants Transmission Study (WITS), 226
World Health Organization, 47
Y
Youth, 40, 41, 70, 99, 118
intervention and outreach, 108, 203, 244, 247, 248, 251
Z
Zidovudine (AZT), 18, 138, 152
