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Population Dynamics of Senegal
Index
A
Abortion, 77, 102-105
(See also Index of induced abortion)
Abstinence, 96-99
(see also Index of postpartum infecundability)
Accidents
and adult mortality, 175
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), 178-180
Administrative divisions, 9-10, 11
(see also Departments;
Regions;
and specific departments and regions)
Adolescence
and age at marriage, 85
Adoption effect (see Orphanhood method)
Africa
(see also specific countries)
age at marriage in, 198-199
demand for children in, 199
demographic transition in, 7, 45, 198-201
family planning in, 197
fertility decline in, 3, 7, 198-199
illegitimacy in, 3, 107, 198-199
mortality decline in, 7, 113
Africa, north
(see also Tunisia)
age at marriage in, 3, 199-200
contraceptive use in, 3, 107, 200
fertility decline in, 107, 199-200
fertility in, 3, 107, 109
ideal family size in, 3, 200
Africa, sub-Saharan
contraceptive use in, 3
fertility decline in, 7, 45, 56, 107
marriage and fertility in, 3
mortality trends in, 113
population growth in, 45
Age
and adult mortality, 161-180, 184
of child, and child mortality, 130-135
data quality for, 32, 115, 163
and desired family size, 103
exaggeration, 161, 163, 168, 223-224
and fertility (see ASFRs)
at first marriage (see Age at marriage)
heaping in censuses, and mortality estimation, 159
and internal migration, 37, 40
and life expectancy, 5, 161-163, 165, 166-175, 175, 180, 184
misreporting, 32, 159, 161, 163
of mother, and child mortality, 152-154
and polygyny, 91-95
and proportions never married, 80-85, 86-87
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Population Dynamics of Senegal
sex ratios by, 33
and stunting, 137, 142-143
and wasting, 137, 140-141
Age at first birth
(see also specific areas)
and age at marriage, 88-91
changes in, 68
in Dakar, 91
and education, 200
by ethnicity, 90-91
Age at marriage, 80-85
(see also Marriage;
Proportions never married;
and specific areas and ethnic groups)
and adolescence, 85
and age at first birth, 88-91
and ASFRs, 77
and birth interval, 111
and education, 2, 83, 85, 106
by ethnicity, 83, 90-91
and fertility, 80-85, 92, 95
and fertility decline, 2, 3, 77, 106-107, 197-201
by grand region, 83-84
and internal migration, 83
rise in, 3, 89, 91, 106
singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM), and socioeconomic indicators , 74
in small-scale studies, 63, 90, 91
by urban/rural residence, 83, 85
Age distribution
of Dakar, 34, 36
and intercensal growth rates, 161
stationary (5Lx), 166-167
of total country, 31-32
Age-specific fertility rates (see ASFRs)
Age-specific mortality rates (ASMRs), 163-164, 166-167
AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome), 178-180
Amenorrhea (see Postpartum amenorrhea)
Anovulatory interval (see Index of postpartum infecundability)
Antimalarial campaign, 186-187
ASFRs (age-specific fertility rates)
(see also Fertility;
and specific areas)
and age at marriage, 77
from census and other sources, compared, 64, 66
changes in, 2, 58, 106
in Dakar, 68, 70, 210
by department, 59-61, 210-219
by education, 70-72, 73
by ethnicity, 70-71
by grand region, 57-59, 60
national, 209
by region, 210-219
in small-scale studies, 62-67
and TFR, 51-52, 55, 57, 72-75
by urban/rural residence, 69, 209-219
from various sources, compared, 51
ASMRs (age-specific mortality rates), 163-164, 166-167
B
B60 (censored parity progression ratios), 55-57, 108
Bakel (department)
child mortality in, 127-129, 128, 130, 149-150
Bambey (department)
child mortality in, 127-129
Bandafassi (study area)
adult mortality in, 168-170, 173, 175, 184
and age at marriage and age at first birth, 90-91
ASFRs in, 62-66
birth intervals in, 98-99
fertility in, 49, 62-63
life expectancy at ages15 or 20 in, 169, 175, 184
life tables for, 173
sterility in, 106
survey of, 62, 204, 205
vaccination coverage in, 191-193
Bandafassi, child mortality in
by age, 131-135
causes of, 138-139, 144, 145
by ethnicity, 151
and infant mortality, 116, 117
in rural areas of, 123
by sex, 134, 136
Basse Casamance (region) (see Ziguinchor)
BCG vaccine (see Tuberculosis)
Bedik (ethnic group)
(see also Ethnicity)
and age at marriage and age at first birth, 90-91
fertility of, 63
Beds, hospital
distribution and numbers of, 185, 187
Birth histories
data sources with, 204-206
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Population Dynamics of Senegal
and fertility estimation, 47, 50, 53-54
and mortality estimation, 115
as source of mortality data, 119-122
Birth intervals
(see also specific areas)
and abstinence, amenorrhea, and breastfeeding, 95-99
and age at marriage, 111
and child survival, 97
and fertility, 2
and fertility decline, 2
by urban/rural residence, 98-99
Birth order
and child mortality, 152-154
Birth registers, 46
Botswana
family planning program in, 197
fertility decline in, 3, 45, 55, 107, 198-199
illegitimacy in, 3, 198-199
teenage marriage in, 3, 198-199
Brass Growth Balance Method for estimating coverage of adult deaths , 222-224
Brass orphanhood method (see Orphanhood method)
Brass P/F ratio fertility estimating technique, 47-50, 53, 54
Breastfeeding, 78
(see also Index of postpartum infecundability;
and specific areas)
and abstinence, amenorrhea, and birth intervals, 95-99
and anovulatory intervals, 96
and contraception, 112
and education, 112
by urban/rural residence, 97-98
Burkino-Faso
emigration to, 41-42, 43
Burundi
fertility decline in, 45
C
Ca (see Index of induced abortion)
Cap-Vert (Dakar) Fertility Survey, 205
Casamance (region), 10
(see also Kolda;
Ziguinchor)
age at marriage in, 106
Cc (see Index of contraception)
Censored parity progression ratios (see B60)
Census (see Population census)
Central region (see Grand regions)
Child mortality (see Mortality, child)
Child survival
and birth intervals, 97
preceding, and child mortality, 152, 154
Children, demand for (see Ideal family size)
Chloroquinization (antimalarial program), 187
Cholera
and adult mortality, 175
Ci (see Index of postpartum infecundability)
Circulatory system
diseases of, 175
Cm (see Index of marriage)
Coale-Demeny model life tables (see Model life tables)
Coitus, frequency of, 77
and polygyny, 91-92
Community health workers
in new health policy, 188
Composite facilities indicator
(see also Electricity;
Housing quality;
Latrine facilities;
Socioeconomic indicators;
Water)
defined, 23, 75
by department, 24-25, 75-76
and fertility, 75
and nuptiality, 76
by region, 24-25, 28
Condoms (see Contraception)
Consensual unions, 111
Construction, good
(see also Housing quality)
defined, 29
by region, 23-26
Contraception
effectiveness of methods of, 110
knowledge of modern methods of, 100, 101
Contraceptive use
(see also Index of contraception)
and breastfeeding, 112
in Dakar, 3
and education, 100, 101, 112
effectiveness of, 110
factors affecting, 108
and fertility decline, 106-108, 197
levels of, 2-3, 100-101, 106, 200
and MCH, 3-4
in north Africa, 3, 107, 200
in other African countries, 3, 198-199, 200
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by parity, 72
and urban/rural residence, 100, 101
Correlations between socioeconomic indicators
and adult mortality, 183
and child mortality, 155
and fertility and nuptiality, 74
Côte d'Ivoire
emigration to, 42, 43
D
Dagana (department), child mortality in, 127-129
by urban/rural residence, 128, 149
Dakar
adult mortality in, 176, 177, 181, 182
age at first birth in, 91
age at marriage in, 2, 3, 106
age distribution of, 34, 36
ASFRs in, 68, 70, 210
concentration of health infrastructure in, 187
contraceptive use in, 3
distance from, and child mortality, 125-126
distance from, and socioeconomic status, 28
dominant ethnic group in, 32
fertility and marriage in, 91
fertility decline in, 2, 3
fertility in, 2, 48-49, 60, 68, 109
fertility survey of, 205-206
health infrastructure in, 185
health personnel in, 185, 187
HIV prevalence in, 178-179
immigrants in, 41
and migration, temporary, 39, 40
migration to and from, 34, 36, 37, 38
population density of, 34
population size and growth of, 31, 32-33, 34
proportion of total population, 34
proportions never married in, 81, 85, 87, 91
sex ratio in, 32
socioeconomic indicators for, 23-29
urbanization in, 34
and urban/rural comparisons of child mortality, 146
vaccination coverage in, 191-193
vital registration system in, 12
Dakar, child mortality in, 4, 118-124, 156
by age, 130-131, 132
by migrant status, 120-121
Dakar-Pikine Survey, 207
Data quality
in 1988 census, 65-67, 115-117, 208-209
for adult mortality, 194
for age, 32, 159, 161, 168, 173, 223-224
for child mortality, 118, 133
and estimates of population growth, 32-33
for fertility, 50-54, 108
and period parity distribution, 52
and P/F ratio, 47
and reference period error, 108
Data sources, 7-8, 8, 46
(see also DHS;
DS;
NDS;
Population census;
Small-scale studies;
WFS)
for abortion, 102-104
for adult mortality, 157, 159
for child mortality, 114-122
for fertility, 46-47
historical, 12
listed and described, 203-206
for migration, internal, 35-36
DDT
use in antimalarial campaign, 186-187
Death
age at, data quality for, 115, 163
causes of, among adults, 169-175
causes of, among children, 138-139, 144, 145
registration of, 12, 175
Deaths
in previous year, and mortality estimation, 163-164, 166, 178, 184
Demand for children, 109
(see also Desired family size)
in other African countries, 199
Demographic and Health Surveys (see DHS)
Demographic indicators
and child mortality, 139-151, 152, 153
correlations of, with socioeconomic indicators, 74
Demographic Survey (see DS)
Demographic transition in Africa, 7, 45, 198-201
Density, population, 9
by region, 34, 35
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Departments, administrative, 9-10, 11
(see also specific departments)
adult mortality in, 177
ASFRs in, 59-61, 210-219
composite facilities indicator in, 24-25, 75-76
fertility in, 59-61, 72-75, 210-219
HIV prevalence in, 178-179
infant and child mortality in, 116, 117
nuptiality in, 75-76
socioeconomic indicators for, 24-25
Departments, administrative, child mortality in, 127-130, 149-150
and infant mortality, 116, 117
by urban/rural residence, 128, 149
Depo-Provera (see Contraception)
Desired family size
(see also Ideal family size)
by age, 103
decline in, 107, 200-201
by education, 200-201
and fertility decline, 107, 196-197
level of, 101-102
by parity, 101-102
Development assistance
and economic reforms, 20
and family planning, 100
and GDP, 19
and mortality decline, 156
DHS (Demographic and Health Surveys)
and B60, 55-57
child mortality estimates from, 116, 118-122, 127
child nutrition estimates from, 137
data on vaccinations from, 189, 193-194
described, 204, 205
fertility data from, 1, 48-54, 56-59
regions in, 6
as source for abortion data, 105
as source for fertility data, 46-47, 50
as source for nuptiality data, 85
as source for vaccination data, 193-194
as source of child mortality data, 115
Diahanor (study area)
birth intervals in, 98-99
survey of, 204, 206
Diarrhea
and adult mortality, 175
and child mortality, 138-139
Diffusion
of fertility trends, 76
Digestive system
diseases of, 175
Digit preference
and mortality estimation, 159, 161, 163
Diola (ethnic group), 32
(see also Ethnicity)
and age at marriage and migration, 83
fertility of, 49, 70-71
polygyny among, 95
temporary migration of, 41
Diourbel (region), 10
(see also Louga)
adult mortality in, 6, 176, 178
ASFRs in, 211
dominant ethnic group in, 32
and migration, temporary, 40
migration to and from, 37, 38
population density of, 34
population size and growth of, 32-33
proportions never married in, 81
socioeconomic indicators for, 23-27
vaccination coverage in, 191-192
Diphtheria, 188
(see also DPT)
Dispensaries
and child mortality, 130
distance from, and vaccination coverage, 193
distribution and number of, 185-187
under EPI, 188
Divorce (see Marital disruption; Marital stability)
Doctors
distribution of, 185, 187
DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus)
vaccination levels of, 189, 190
DS (Demographic Survey), 203
fertility data from, 47-48, 53, 55
as source of child mortality data, 114-115
as source of fertility data, 46
E
Economic indicators, 22
(see also Socioeconomic indicators)
Economic policy, 5, 14-15, 155-156
Economic setting, 13-29
Education, 13
(see also School enrollment)
and adult mortality, 180-183
and age at first birth, 200
and age at marriage, 2, 83, 85, 106
and ASFRs, 70-72, 73
and breastfeeding, 112
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and child mortality, 5, 139, 146-150, 152-157
and contraceptive use, 100, 101, 112
and demographic indicators, 74
and desired family size, 200-201
and fertility, 2, 3, 50, 67, 70-74, 77, 107, 196-197
and fertility decline, 2, 3, 107-108, 197
and formal sector employment, 110
level of, 13, 17, 23-26
and marital stability, 88
and marriage, 74
and mortality decline, 198
and polygyny, 93, 95, 112
and population growth, 13
and proportions never married, 81-83, 85, 86
quality of, 13
by region, 24-27
and stunting, 137-138, 142
and wasting, 137-138, 140
Egypt
age at marriage in, 3
desired family size in, 3
fertility decline in, 3, 107, 199
Electricity
(see also Composite facilities indicator;
Socioeconomic
indicators)
and adult mortality, 180, 183
and demographic indicators, 74
by region, 23-26
Emigration
data on, 42
destinations of, 41-42, 43
Employment
in formal sector and education, 110
and marital stability, 88
public-sector, 14, 20, 21
Enquête Sur les Priorités (structural adjustment survey), 205
Enrollment (see School enrollment)
EPI (Expanded Programme on Immunization), 187-194, 198
and decline in child mortality, 5
impacts of, 114
results of, 139, 155
Ethnic groups
(see also specific ethnic groups)
composition of, 43
major, 32
wealth of, and child mortality, 130
Ethnicity
and age at first birth, 90-91
and age at marriage, 83, 90-91
and ASFRs, 70-71
and child mortality, 146, 150-151, 152-153
and fertility, 49, 63, 68-71, 93
and life expectancy at age20, 169
and marital stability, 88
and marriage process, 110-111
and migration, 83
and migration, temporary, 41
and polygyny, 95
and proportions never married, 82
European contact, 10-12
e(x) (see Life expectancy)
Exchange rate, 22
Expanded Programme on Immunization (see EPI)
Expectation of life (see Life expectancy)
Exports, 14, 15, 19
F
Fakao (study area)
birth intervals in, 98-99
survey in, 204, 206
Family planning
clinics, number of, 185
demand for, 101-102
and fertility decline, 196-197
and foreign assistance, 100
growth in, 100
and ideal family size, 101-102, 104
in other African countries, 197
Family size
(see also Desired family size;
Ideal family size)
and measles, 131
Fatick (department), child mortality in, 127-129
and infant mortality, 116, 117
Fatick (region)
adult mortality in, 6, 176, 177
antimalarial campaign in, 186-187
ASFRs in, 212
demographic survey of, 206
dominant ethnic group in, 32
and migration, temporary, 39, 40-41
migration to and from, 37, 38
population size and growth in, 32-33, 34
proportions never married in, 81
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Population Dynamics of Senegal
socioeconomic indicators for, 24-28
urbanization in, 34
vaccination coverage in, 192
Fertility, 1-4, 45-112
(see also ASFRs;
Proximate determinants;
TFR;
and specific areas)
and abortion, 105
African fertility transition, 198-199
and age at marriage, 80-85, 92, 95
and birth intervals, 2
control of (see Contraception)
in Dakar, 2, 48-49, 60, 68, 91, 109
data quality, 50-54, 108
data sources, 46-47
by department, 59-61, 72-75, 210-219
and education, 2, 3, 50, 67, 70-74, 77, 107, 196-197
estimates of, from censuses, 46, 51-53, 59-61, 64-67, 109, 208-219
estimating techniques, 47, 208-209
by ethnicity, 49, 68-70, 71
by grand region, 48, 57-60, 61, 77
and housing quality, 74
illegitimate (see Illegitimacy)
increase in, 53-55, 76, 106
and infertility, 55
levels of, 46-57, 106
and marital stability, 55, 88
and marriage, 3, 77-95
new home economics model of, 67, 109
policies, 3-4, 107-108
and polygyny, 91-95
and population growth, 196
premarital (see Illegitimacy)
and proportions never married, 92
by region, 48, 57-67, 77, 210-219
by socioeconomic characteristic, 67-76
teenage, 89-91, 90
transition in, 198-201
trends in, 46-57, 76, 106
and urbanization, 2, 3, 74, 197
by urban/rural residence, 49, 59, 60, 68, 69, 107, 197
Fertility decline
(see also specific areas)
by age, 2, 106
(see also ASFRs)
and age at marriage, 2, 3, 77, 91, 106-107, 197-201
and birth intervals, 2
and child mortality, 196-197
conditions for, 196-197
and contraceptive use, 106-108, 197
contrasted with other African countries, 3, 7
in Dakar, 2, 3
and desired family size, 107, 196-197
detecting, 55-59
diffusion of, 76
and education, 2, 3, 107-108, 197
factors affecting, 2-4, 196-197
and family planning, 196-197
and ideal family size, 2-3, 106, 196
and illegitimacy, 107
and income, 67
and mortality, 196-197
in north Africa, 107
policies regarding, 3-4, 107-108
by region, 57-59
in rural areas, 197
in Senegal compared with Tunisia, 199-201
in sub-Saharan Africa, 7, 45, 56, 107
and urbanization, 2, 3, 197
by urban/rural residence, 107
First births (see Age at first birth)
Fissel (study area)
abstinence, amenorrhea, and breastfeeding in, 98-99
child mortality in, 123-125, 151
survey of, 204, 207
Formal sector
and education, 110
Foundiougne (department)
child mortality in, 127-129
France
migration to and from, 42
French
presence of, 10-12
Frequency of intercourse, 77
and polygyny, 91-92
G
Gambia, The
migration to and from, 42, 43
struggle over, 12
GDP (gross domestic product)
change in, 13-14
and development assistance, 19
growth in, 20, 21, 22
General Growth Balance Method for estimating coverage of adult deaths , 222-224
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GNP (gross national product)
(see also Per capita GNP)
and external debt, 19
Grand regions
and age at marriage, 83-84
ASFRs in, 57-59, 60
child mortality in, 4, 126, 149, 152-153
defined, 6, 57, 108, 194, 204
fertility in, 48, 57-60, 61, 77
proportions never married in, 81, 83, 84, 85
Gross domestic product (see GDP)
Gross national product (see GNP; Per capita GNP)
Growth
(see also Population growth)
of children, and nutrition, 134-138, 140-143
Growth Balance Method for estimating coverage of adult deaths, 164, 222-223
Guinea
immigration from, 41, 42
Guinea-Bissau
migration to and from, 41, 42, 43
H
Hazard models (see Multivariate analysis)
Hazards of child mortality
in Poisson regression method of analysis, 220-221
Health centers
distribution and number of, 185, 187
MCH centers, operation of, 188
Health infrastructure, 185-186, 187
decentralization of, 126, 185, 188
and mortality decline, 155, 197-198
Health knowledge
and mortality decline, 197-198
Health personnel
distribution and number of, 185, 187
Health policy, 126, 155, 185
impacts of, 138, 198
reform of, in 1978, 114, 188
Health programs, 186-194
(see also EPI)
Health services
(see also Primary health care)
availability of, and distance from Dakar, 125
and child mortality, 130, 132-133
decentralization of, 126, 185, 188
development of, 113-114
expenditures on, 15
Height of children (see Stunting; Wasting)
HIV (human immunodeficiency virus)
prevalence rates of, 178-180
Hospitals and hospital beds
distribution and number of, 185, 187
Household size
and child mortality, 151
Housing quality
(see also Composite facilities indicator;
Socioeconomic indicators)
and adult mortality, 180, 183
and child mortality, 151, 154
by demographic indicator, 74
by department, 24-25
and fertility, 74
good construction defined, 29
and marriage, 74, 75, 76
by region, 23-26
by urban/rural residence, 26
I
Ideal family size
and family planning, 101-102, 104
and fertility decline, 2-3, 106, 197
in north Africa, 3, 200
Illegitimacy
in Africa, 3, 107, 198-199
difficulty in defining, 111
and fertility decline, 107
levels of, 88-90
rise in, 111
Immigration, 41, 42
and population growth, 196
IMR (infant mortality rate), 16
(see also Mortality, child;
1q0)
estimates from various sources, 116
underestimation of, 108
Income
distribution of, 14, 21-22
and fertility decline, 67
and mortality decline, 197-198
and urban/rural residence, 14
Index of contraception (Cc), 78, 79, 100-102, 110
(see also Contraceptive use)
Index of induced abortion (Ia), 78, 79, 105, 110
(see also Abortion)
methods of calculating, 112
Index of marriage (Cm), 78, 79-95, 110
(see
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Population Dynamics of Senegal
also Age at marriage;
Marital stability;
Marriage;
Polygyny;
Proportions never married)
Index of postpartum infecundability (Ci), 78, 79, 110
and breastfeeding, 96-97
methods of calculating, 112
Index of potential fertility (TF), 78
Index of sterility (Ip), 78, 79, 105-106, 110
Indicators (see Composite facilities indicator; Demographic indicators; Economic indicators; Socioeconomic indicators)
Infant mortality rate (see IMR)
Infectious and parasitic diseases
(see also specific diseases)
and adult mortality, 175
and household size, 151
Infecundity (see Index of postpartum infecundability)
Infertility
(see also Sterility)
and fertility trends, 55
levels of, 106
Informal sector, 19, 21
Intercensal survival methods of estimating adult mortality, 157-163, 184
Intercourse, frequency of, 77
and polygyny, 91-92
Intermediate variables (see Proximate determinants)
Intrauterine device (IUD) (see Contraception)
Investment, domestic, 22
Ip (see Index of sterility)
Islam, 10
and postpartum abstinence, 96
IUD (Intrauterine device) (see Contraception)
J
Le jebalé (traditional waiting period before marriage consummation), 110-111
K
Kaffrine (department)
child mortality in, 128, 149
Kaolack (city)
HIV prevalence in, 178-179
Kaolack (department)
child mortality in, 127-129, 130, 149
Kaolack (region), 10
adult mortality in, 6, 176, 177
ASFRs in, 213
demographic survey of, 206
dominant ethnic group in, 32
and migration, temporary, 39-41
migration to and from, 37, 38
population size and growth in, 32-33, 34
proportions never married in, 81
socioeconomic indicators for, 24-28
tetanus vaccination coverage in, 193
vaccination coverage in, 191-192
Kébémer (department)
child mortality in, 127-129
low mortality of, 194
Kédougou (department)
infant and child mortality in, 116, 117
Kenya
family planning program in, 197
fertility decline in, 3, 45, 55, 107, 198-199
illegitimacy in, 3, 198-199
reasons for choice as case study, 7
teenage marriage in, 3, 198-199
Khombole (rural area)
abstinence, amenorrhea, birth intervals. and breastfeeding in, 98-99
MCH center in, 123, 188
Kolda (department)
child mortality in, 128, 149
Kolda (region)
adult mortality in, 5, 176, 177
ASFRs in, 214
dominant ethnic group in, 32
immigrants in, 41
and migration, temporary, 40, 41
migration to and from, 37, 38
population size and growth in, 32-33, 34
proportions never married in, 81
socioeconomic indicators for, 24-28
vaccination coverage in, 191-192
La Korité (Muslim holiday)
and fertility estimation, 51, 108, 207
and mortality estimation, 115, 116, 163, 207
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L
l(x) (proportion surviving from birth to age x)
from census estimates, 166-167
5Lx (stationary age distribution), 166-167
Latrine facilities for households
(see also Composite facilities indicator;
Socioeconomic indicators)
and child mortality, 154-155, 156
and demographic indicators, 74
by region, 23-26
Leprosy
control efforts, 186
Life expectancy
by age and sex, 161-175, 180, 184
Life tables
functions of, estimated from census, 166-167
for small-scale studies, 171-174
Linguère (department)
child mortality in, 128, 149-150
Literacy (see Education)
Living conditions (see Housing quality)
Louga (department)
child mortality in, 127-129, 149
Louga (region), 10
adult mortality in, 6, 176, 177
ASFRs in, 215
dominant ethnic group in, 32
immigrants in, 41
and migration, temporary, 40
migration to and from, 37, 38
population size and growth of, 32-33
proportions never married in, 81
socioeconomic indicators for, 23-29
vaccination coverage in, 191-192
Lung diseases
and adult mortality, 175
M
4M1 (death rate for ages) 1-4
(see also Mortality, child)
compared with 45q15, 178, 179
Major Endemic Diseases Department, 186
Malaria
and adult mortality, 175
campaign against, 186-187
and child mortality, 127-128, 131-132, 138-139, 145, 157
factors affecting, 131-132
Malawi
fertility decline in, 45
Mali
migration to and from, 42, 43
Malinké (ethnic group), 43
(see also Ethnicity)
and age at marriage and age at first birth, 90
child mortality of, 151
life expectancy at age20 in, 169
Malnutrition
of children, 134-138, 139
and postpartum amenorrhea, 97
Mandingo (ethnic group), 43
(see also Ethnicity)
child mortality of, 146, 150, 151, 152-153
fertility of, 49, 70, 71
polygyny among, 95
Marital disruption, 85
and fertility, 55
Marital stability, 85-88
compared with other countries, 85-87
and fertility, 88
by socioeconomic characteristics, 87-88
Marriage
(see also Age at marriage;
Index of marriage;
Polygyny;
Proportions never married)
consensual unions, 111
in Dakar, 91
definitions of, 111
by department, 75-76
and education, 74
and fertility, 3, 77-95
forms of, 111
and housing quality, 74, 75, 76
as process, 110-111
and socioeconomic indicators, 72, 74
teenage, 89, 90
and urbanization, 74
Matam (department)
child mortality in, 127-129, 149-150
Maternal and child health (see MCH)
Maternal mortality
in small-scale studies, 175
Maternity clinics
after health policy reform, 188
number of, 185, 186
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Mauritania
migration to and from, 42, 43
Mbacké (department)
child mortality in, 127-129
Mbour (department)
child mortality in, 127-129
MCH (maternal and child health) centers, 123, 188
MCH services
and contraceptive use, 3-4
history of, 186
Measles
and child mortality, 131-132, 134, 138, 145
factors affecting, 131-132
and family size, 131
vaccinations for, 130, 187-192
Medical technology
and mortality decline, 197-198
Meningitis
vaccinations for, 187
Midwives
distribution of, 185, 187
Migration, internal, 34-43
(see also specific areas)
by age and sex, 37, 40
and age at marriage, 83
and child mortality, 120-122
to Dakar, 34, 36-40
data sources for, 35-36
defined, 35
and development, 43
effects of, 35, 41
lifetime, 36-37
net, 37-39
north to south, 34
and orphanhood data, 176
recent, 36-38
by region, 38
rural-urban, 34, 37-39
seasonal, 39-41
by sex, 37, 40
temporary, 36-37, 39-41
by urban/rural residence, 37
Migration, international, 41-42
Minimum wage (SMIG), 21-23, 29
Mlomp (study area)
adult mortality in, 168-169, 174, 175, 176
age at marriage in, 63, 90
ASFRs in, 65-66
birth intervals and abstinence in, 98-99
fertility in, 49, 63-65
life expectancy at age15 in, 175
life tables for, 174
and migration, temporary, 63
mortality decline in, 198
survey of, 62, 204, 206
Mlomp, child mortality in, 4-5
by age, 131-135
causes of, 130, 138-139, 144, 145
decline in, 4-5
and infant mortality, 116-117
rural areas of, 125, 130
by sex, 136
Mobile health teams, 186-189, 193
Model life tables, 166-167
and adult mortality estimates, 158-163, 164-178
and applicability to Senegal data, 194
child mortality in, 134
and estimates of 45q15, 176-178
in intercensal survival methods, 157-163
in orphanhood method, 164-165
survivorship ratios from, 160
Mortality, 4-6, 113-198
Mortality, adult, 5-6, 157-184
(see also Life expectancy;
45q15;
and specific areas)
by age, 161-180, 184
by cause, 169-175
in Dakar, 176, 177
data quality, 159, 161, 163, 194
data sources, 157, 159
by department, 177
estimates of, from censuses, 157-169, 176-180, 184
estimates of, from small-scale studies, 165-176
methods for calculating, 157-163
by region, 5-6, 176-184
by sex, 161-184, 194
and socioeconomic factors, 6, 180-183
Mortality, child, 118-157, 198
(see also IMR;
1q0;
4q1;
and specific areas)
and age of child, 130-135
and age of mother, 152-154
analysis methodology, 220-221
and birth order, 152-154
causes of, 138-139, 144, 145
in Dakar, 4, 118-124, 130-131, 132, 156
data quality for, 118, 133
data sources for, 114-122
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and demographic indicators, 139-151, 152, 153
by department, 127-130, 149-150
and distance from Dakar, 125-126
and education of mother, 5, 139, 146-150, 152-157
and EPI program, 5
estimates of, from 1988 census, 127-130, 149-150, 154-155
estimation methods, 117-118
by ethnicity, 146, 150-151, 152-153
and fertility decline, 196-197
by grand region, 4, 126, 149, 152-153
and health policy, 5, 155
and health services, 130, 132-133
and household size, 151
and housing quality, 151, 154
and income growth, 198
levels and trends of, 113, 117-126, 155-156
and malaria, 127-128, 131-132, 138-139, 145, 157
and measles, 131-132, 134, 138, 145
measures of, 114
by migrant status, 120-122
multivariate analysis of, 146-149, 151-155, 220-221
and NGOs, 156
north-south gradient in, 127, 149
and nutrition, 138-139, 151
and population growth, 196
and rainfall, 127
by region, 4, 126, 149-150, 152-153
in rural areas, 122-133, 135, 139
by sex, 133-134, 136, 194
and socioeconomic factors, 139-155
and structural adjustment policies, 5, 155-156
and urbanization, 5
by urban/rural residence, 4, 122, 124, 127-130, 139, 146-150, 152-157
and vaccinations, 134
Mortality, neonatal
(see also Mortality, child)
causes of, 138, 144
Mortality, postneonatal
(see also Mortality, child)
causes of, 138-139, 145
Mortality decline, 4-6, 12
(see also specific areas)
in Africa, 7, 113
factors affecting, 113, 197-198
and fertility, 196-197
and foreign assistance, 156
and health care, 155, 197-198
and income, 197-198
and medical technology, 197-198
and population growth, 196
Mortality rates, age-specific (ASMRs), 163-164, 166-167
Multivariate analysis of child mortality, 146-149, 151-155
methodology of, 220-221
N
Namibia
fertility decline in, 45
National Vaccination Coverage Surveys, 205
Natural increase, rate of, 196
Ndemene (study area)
child mortality in, 151
survey of, 204, 206
NDS (National Demographic Survey), 203
and child mortality data, 115
and fertility, 46, 54
as source of fertility data, 47
Neonatal mortality, 138, 144
(see also Mortality, child)
Neonatal tetanus (see Tetanus)
New home economics model of fertility, 67, 109
Ngayokhème (see Niakhar/Ngayokhème)
NGOs (nongovernmental organizations)
and child mortality, 156
Niakhar/Ngayokhème (study area)
adult mortality in, 168-175
age at marriage in, 91
age exaggeration in, 168
ASFRs in, 63-67
birth intervals and breastfeeding in, 98-99
changing boundaries of, 194
fertility in, 48, 54, 62
infant and child mortality in, 117
life expectancy at age 15 in, 169, 175, 184
life tables for, 171, 172
maternal mortality in, 175
polygyny and fertility in, 93
survey of, 62, 204, 206
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Niakhar/Ngayokhème, child mortality in
by age, 130-132, 135
causes of, 138-139, 144, 155
and infant mortality, 116, 117
rural areas of, 123, 124
by sex, 133-134, 136
Nigeria
fertility decline in, 45
Nioro du Rip (department)
child mortality in, 128, 149-150
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
and child mortality, 156
Norplant (see Contraception)
Northeastern region (see Grand regions)
Nuptiality (see Marriage)
Nurses
distribution of, 185, 187
Nutrition and Health Protection Program, 186
Nutritional status of children
and growth, 134-138, 140-143
and mortality, 138-139, 151
O
Odds ratios (see Multivariate analysis)
Orphanhood method of estimating adult mortality, 158, 164-165, 168-169, 177
adoption effect in, 165
effect of migration on, 176
Oussouye (department)
child mortality in, 127-129, 130, 149-150
infant and child mortality in, 116, 117
P
Paos Koto/Ndemene
birth intervals and breastfeeding in, 98-99
fertility in, 49
survey of, 204, 206
Parental survivorship
estimating adult mortality from, 164-165, 168-169, 176-178, 184
Parity
and desired family size, 101-102
and fertility control, 72, 96
Parity progression ratios (see B60)
Per capita GNP, 14, 15, 16, 21
Period parity distribution
and data quality, 52
Person-years lived in life table (5Lx)
estimated from census data, 166
Pertussis
(see also DPT)
and child mortality, 139, 145
vaccinations for, 188
Peul (ethnic group), 43
(see also Ethnicity)
and age at marriage and age at first birth, 90
child mortality of, 151
fertility of, 63
P/F ratio technique for estimating fertility, 47-50, 53, 54
Pharmacists
distribution of, 185, 187
Pikine
(see also Dakar)
abortion in, 105
child mortality in, 120-122, 124, 148-149
survey of, 204, 207
Pill, contraceptive (see Contraception)
Place of residence (see Urban/rural residence)
Pneumonia
and child mortality, 138, 145
Podor (department)
low mortality of, 194
Poisson regression (see Multivariate analysis)
Polio
vaccinations for, 188-190
Political divisions, 9-10, 11
Polygyny, 91-95, 111
and coital frequency, 91-92
and education, 93, 95, 112
and fertility, 91-93, 95
and socioeconomic characteristics, 93, 95
Population census, 12
Population census (1976), 207
adult mortality estimates from, 157-163, 184
coverage rates of, 163, 184, 63
as source of fertility data, 46
Population census (1988), 207
adult mortality estimates from, 157-165, 166-169, 176-178, 184
ASMR estimates from, 163-164
child mortality estimates from, 127-130, 149-150, 154-155
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correcting fertility estimates from, 208-219
coverage rates of, 163, 184
data quality of, 51-53, 65-67, 115-117, 208-209
death reporting in, completeness of, 115-117, 164, 222-224
fertility estimates from, 51-53, 59-61, 64-67, 109
life-table estimates from, 178, 180
as source of fertility data, 46
as source of mortality data, 115-118
Population density, 9, 34, 35
Population distribution
(see also Migration, internal)
changes in, 10, 34
Population growth
causes of, 1
in Dakar, 31, 34
and data quality, 32-33
and decline in child mortality, 196
and education, 13
and fertility, 196
and immigration, 196
rates of, 14, 30-31, 196
by region, 32-33, 34
in sub-Saharan Africa, 45
Population policies, 3-4, 107-108
Population projections, 1
Population pyramid (see Age distribution)
Population size
and health infrastructure, 186
by region, 32-33
Postneonatal mortality, 138-139, 145
(see also Mortality, child)
Postpartum abstinence, 96, 97, 98-99
(see also Index of postpartum infecundability)
Postpartum amenorrhea, 96-99
(see also Index of postpartum infecundability)
Postpartum infecundity (see Index of postpartum infecundability)
Potential fertility (TF), 78
Poular (ethnic group), 32
(see also Ethnicity)
age at marriage of, 83
child mortality of, 146, 151, 152-153
fertility of, 49, 70, 71
marital stability of, 88
marriage process of, 110-111
polygyny among, 95
PPR (Parity Progression Ratio) (see B60)
Pregnancies, unwanted, 105
(see also Abortion)
Prematurity
and neonatal mortality, 138, 144
Preston-Bennett method of estimating adult mortality, 158, 159-163
Primary health care, 113-114
and decline in child mortality, 155
history of, 185-186
policy and mortality decline, 198
and policy reform of 1978, 188
Proportions married, 77, 88
correlations of, with socioeconomic indicators, 72, 74
Proportions never married, 80-85, 88
(see also Age at marriage)
by age, 80-85, 86-87
in Dakar, 81, 83, 87, 91
by education, 81-83, 85, 86
by ethnicity, 82
and fertility, 92
by grand region, 81, 83, 84, 85
by region, 81, 84
by sex, 80-83
for small-scale studies, 81-82
by urban/rural residence, 82, 85, 87, 92
Proximate determinants of fertility, 77-106
(see also Index of contraception;
Index of induced abortion;
Index of marriage;
Index of postpartum infecundability;
Index of sterility;
Potential fertility)
levels of, 79
model of, 78, 110
Public health (see Health)
Q
5q0 (probability of dying before fifth birthday), 114
(see also Mortality, child)
1q0 (probability of dying before first birthday)
(see also IMR;
Mortality, child)
comparisons from various sources, 116-118
relationship of, to 4q1, 130-133, 134, 135, 194
4q1 (probability of dying between 1st and 5th birthdays)
(see also Mortality, child)
comparisons from various sources, 116-118
by department, 127-130
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factors affecting, 131
and malaria, 131-132
and measles, 131-132
relationship of, to 1q0, 130-133, 134, 135, 194
45q15 (probability of dying between 15th and 60th birthdays), 165, 175
(see also Mortality, adult)
compared with 4M1, 178, 179
by region, 5-6, 176-178, 179, 180, 181
by sex, 175, 176-178, 179, 180, 181, 184
R
Ramadan (see Korité)
Reference point error
in 1988 census, 115
in birth histories, 47
Regions, administrative, 9-10, 11
(see also Grand regions;
and specific regions)
abstinence, amenorrhea, birth intervals, and breastfeeding in, 96-99
adult and child mortality in, 178, 182
adult mortality in, 5-6, 165-184
age at marriage in, 106
antimalarial campaign in, 186-187
ASFRs in, 210-219
child mortality in, 4, 126, 131, 132, 149-150, 152, 153
composite facilities indicators for, 24-25, 28
dominant ethnic group in, 32
education in, 23-28
fertility decline in, 57-59
fertility in, 48, 57-67, 77, 210-219
good construction in, 23-26
health care system in, 28
immigrants in, 41
migration, temporary, in, 41
migration to and from, 37-38
nuptiality and economic status in, 7
population density of, 34, 35
population size and growth of, 32-33, 34
proportions never married in, 81, 84
quality of data on, 108
socioeconomic indicators for, 6, 23-29
surveys of, 205-207
urbanization in, 24-25, 34
vaccination coverage in, 191-193
Regression analysis (see Multivariate analysis)
Religion (see Islam)
Remarriage, 85, 88
(see also Marital stability)
and polygyny, 92
Remittances
and balance of payments, 19
and health investment, 130
Residence (see Rural residence; Urban/rural residence)
Respiratory infections
and child mortality, 138-139, 145
Ross-Mauldin Index of family planning program effort, 197, 201
Rural residence
(see also Urban/rural residence)
and child mortality, 122-133, 135, 139
and fertility decline, 197
and HIV prevalence, 180
S
Saint-Louis (city)
causes of death in, 175
child mortality in, 122-124
HIV prevalence in, 178-179
registration of deaths in, 175
vital registration in, 12, 116-117, 122
Saint-Louis (region)
adult mortality in, 6, 176, 177
ASFRs in, 216
child mortality in, 131, 132
and migration, temporary, 40
migration to and from, 37, 38
population size and growth in, 32-33, 34
proportions never married in, 81
socioeconomic indicators for, 24-28
vaccination coverage in, 191-192
Sanitation (see Latrine facilities)
School enrollment
(see also Education)
and fertility, 3
levels and trends of, 3, 17, 29
by region, 23-25
Seasonal migration, 36-37, 39-41
Sédhiou (department)
child mortality in, 127-129
Serer (ethnic group), 32
(see also Ethnicity)
and age at marriage and migration, 83
child mortality of, 146, 151, 152-153
fertility of, 70, 71, 93
identification by, with Wolof, 109
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and migration, temporary, 41
polygyny among, 95
Sex
and adult mortality, 161-184, 194
and child mortality, 133-134, 136, 194
and life expectancy, 161-167
and migration, 37, 40
and proportions never married, 80-83
and socioeconomic characteristics and adult mortality, 180
Sex ratios, 32, 33
Sexually transmitted diseases, 105-106
(see also AIDS)
Sine-Saloum (region), 10
(see also Fatick;
Kaolack)
abstinence, amenorrhea, breastfeeding, and birth intervals in, 96-99
quality of data on, 108
survey of, 206
Singulate mean age at marriage (SMAM)
(see also Age at marriage)
correlations with socioeconomic indicators, 74
Smallpox, 186, 187
Small-scale studies
(see also Bandafassi;
Mlomp;
Niakhar/Ngayokhème)
abstinence, amenorrhea, birth intervals, and breastfeeding in, 98-99
adult mortality in, 165-176, 184
age at first birth in, 90-91
age at marriage in, 63, 90-91
age exaggeration in, 168
ASFRs in, 62-67
boundaries of, 194
causes of death in, 169-175
fertility in, 48-49, 54, 62-67
infant and child mortality in, 116, 117
life expectancy at ages 15 or 20 in, 169, 175, 184
life-tables for, 171-174
location of sites, 204
maternal mortality in, 175
proportions never married in, 81-82
45q15 in, 175
sterility in, 106
surveys of, 62, 204-207
vaccination coverage in, 191-193
Small-scale studies, child mortality in, 4-5
by age, 130-135
causes of, 130, 138-139, 144, 145, 155
decline in, 4-5
by ethnicity, 151
and infant mortality, 116, 117
in rural areas of, 123, 124, 125, 130
by sex, 133-134, 136
SMAM (singulate mean age at marriage)
(see also Age at marriage)
correlations with socioeconomic indicators, 74
Socioeconomic factors
and adult mortality, 6, 180-183
and child mortality, 139-155
and marital stability, 87-88
and polygyny, 93, 95
and stunting, 137, 142-143
Socioeconomic indicators, 23-29
(see also Composite facilities indicator)
correlations of, with adult mortality, 183
correlations of, with child mortality, 155
correlations of, with fertility and nuptiality indicators, 74
by department, 24-25
and distance from Dakar, 28
by region, 6, 23-29
Soninke (ethnic group)
(see also Ethnicity)
wealth of, and child mortality, 130
South Africa
fertility decline in, 45
Southern region (see Grand regions)
STDs (sexually transmitted diseases), 105-106
(see also AIDS)
Sterility, 78, 105-106
(see also Index of sterility)
Sterilization (see Contraception)
Structural adjustment
and child mortality, 5, 155-156
policies, 5, 14, 155-156
survey of, 205
Stunting (low height for age), 134-138, 142-143
Sub-Saharan Africa (see Africa, sub-Saharan)
Surveillance systems (see Small-scale studies)
Survey on Child Mortality in the Sahel (EMIS), 124, 207
Surveys (see Data sources)
Survival, child
and birth intervals, 97
preceding, and child mortality, 152, 154
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Survivorship
estimating adult mortality with, 157-163, 164-168, 169, 176-178, 184
T
Tambacounda (region)
adult mortality in, 5, 176, 177
ASFRs in, 217
dominant ethnic group in, 32
and migration, temporary, 40
migration to and from, 37, 38
population density of, 34
population size and growth of, 32-33, 34
proportions never married in, 81
socioeconomic indicators for, 24-28
vaccination coverage in, 191-193
Tanzania
fertility decline in, 45
Technology, medical
and mortality decline, 197-198
Temporary migration, 36-37, 39-41
Tetanus
(see also DPT)
and neonatal mortality, 138, 144
vaccinations for, 188, 193
TF (potential fertility), 78
TFR (total fertility rate)
(see also ASFRs;
Fertility)
defined, 108
levels and trends of, 1-2, 16, 47-50, 196, 199, 200
Thiénaba (study area)
abstinence, amenorrhea, birth intervals, and breastfeeding in, 98-99
child mortality in, 123-125, 151
survey in, 204, 207
Thiès (department)
child mortality in, 127-129, 149
Thiès (region)
adult mortality in, 6, 176, 177
antimalarial campaign in, 186-187
ASFRs in, 218
child mortality in, 149
dominant ethnic group in, 32
and migration, temporary, 40
migration to, 37
population density of, 34
population size and growth of, 32-33
proportions never married in, 81
socioeconomic indicators for, 24-28
vaccination coverage in, 192
Tivaouane (department)
child mortality in, 127-129, 149
TMFR (total marital fertility rate), 79
Toilet facilities for households
(see also Composite facilities indicator;
Socioeconomic indicators)
and child mortality, 154-155, 156
and demographic indicators, 74
by region, 23-26
Total fertility rate (see TFR)
Tuberculosis
vaccinations for, 188-190
Tunisia
demographic transition in, 199-201
fertility decline in, 3, 107, 199-201
U
Unwanted pregnancies, 105
(see also Abortion)
Urbanization
and child mortality, 5
definitional problems, 43-44
and demographic indicators, 74
by department, 24-25
and fertility, 74
and fertility decline, 2, 3, 197
level of, 16
by region, 24-25, 34
Urban/rural residence
(see also Rural residence)
and abortion, 104
and access to clean water and electricity, 26
and age at first birth, 68, 200
and age at marriage, 83, 85
and ASFRs, 69, 209-219
and birth intervals, 98-99
and breastfeeding, 98-99
and child mortality, 4, 122, 124, 127-130, 139, 146-150, 152-157
and contraceptive use, 100, 101
and fertility, 49, 60, 68, 69, 107, 197
and housing quality, 26
and income, 14
and marital stability, 88
and migration, 37
and polygyny, 93, 95
and postpartum amenorrhea, 97, 98
and proportions never married, 82, 85, 87, 92
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and stunting, 137, 142
and vaccination coverage, 114, 191-192
and wasting, 140
V
Vaccination coverage
differentials in, 5
and distance from dispensaries, 193
before EPI, 187-188
under EPI, 5, 114, 189-194
methods of estimating, 190-191
by region, 191-193
in small-scale studies, 191-193
surveys of, 205
uneven, 189
by urban/rural residence, 114, 191-192
Vaccinations
(see also specific diseases)
and child mortality, 134
complete, defined, 195
programs of, before 1978, 187-188
Verbal autopsies
and causes of death, 169
Vital registration systems, 12, 175
W
Wages, 21-23, 29
Wasting (low weight for height), 134-138, 140-141
Water supply for households
(see also Composite facilities indicator;
Socioeconomic indicators)
and adult mortality, 180, 183
and child mortality, 148-149, 151, 154
by region, 23-26
Weaning
and stunting, 137
Weight of children (see Wasting)
Western region (see Grand regions)
WFS (World Fertility Survey of 1978), 2, 204
ASFRs from, 57, 58
child mortality estimates in Dakar from, 119-122
data quality of, 108
fertility estimates from, 46-50, 51, 57, 58
regions in, 6
as source of abortion data, 104
as source of child mortality data, 115
as source of nuptiality data, 85
Wolof (ethnic group), 12, 32, 43
(see also Ethnicity)
child mortality of, 146, 151, 152-153
fertility of, 49, 70, 71
polygyny among, 95
Serer identifying as, 109
World Fertility Survey (see WFS)
Y
Yellow fever
vaccinations for, 187, 190
Z
Zambia
fertility decline in, 45
Ziguinchor (city)
HIV prevalence in, 178-179
Ziguinchor (department)
nuptiality and socioeconomic status in, 75
Ziguinchor (region), 10
adult mortality in, 6, 176, 177
ASFRs in, 219
dominant ethnic group in, 32
educational indicators in, 28
health care system in, 28
level of urbanization in, 34
and migration, temporary, 39, 40-41
migration to and from, 37, 38
nuptiality and socioeconomic status in, 76
population size and growth in, 32-33, 34
proportions never married in, 81
socioeconomic indicators for, 23-27
vaccination coverage in, 191-192
Zimbabwe
family planning program in, 197
fertility decline in, 3, 45, 55, 107, 198-199
illegitimacy in, 3, 198-199
teenage marriage in, 3, 198-199
