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Index
A
Abnormal behavior, 1-2
Acepromazine, sifaka sensitivity to, 66
Activity profiles, 1
Age factors, 2-3, 11-12, 37, 46, 117, 152
Aggressive behavior, 1, 11, 34, 153.
See also Isolating primates;
Self-injury
fleeing, 23, 25
intragroup, 14
redirection of, 34
research conditions involving, 54
Agricultural Research Service, 25
Analgesics, 52-53
Anemia, 79
Anesthesia, alternatives to, 40
Animal care technicians. See Technicians
Animal Welfare Act of 1966 and 1978, 5-6
Animal Welfare Information Center (AWIC), 25, 27
Animal Welfare Regulations, 23-25, 48, 106
Anorexia, 13, 66
Anthropoids, 7-8
Aotus, 8, 39, 42, 57, 80
Apes (hominoids), 8, 42-43, 103-112.
See also Chimpanzees
Appetite loss, 78
Arthritis, 12
Assessment, 1, 4, 11, 25, 154
Ataxia, 78
Atypical behavior, 1-2
Auditory contact, 105, 148, 150
Aunting behavior, 14
Avoidance training, 41
AWIC. See Animal Welfare Information Center
Aye ayes, 7, 55, 59, 61, 63-67
B
Baboons (Papio), 8, 32, 42-43, 91-93, 95-96, 100-102
Back-flips, 12
Barriers, reducing, 44
Bedding materials, 24.
See also Nesting materials
Behavioral profiles, 1
Behaviors, 44.
See also Social behavior
abnormal, 1-2
aggressive, 1, 11, 34, 153
atypical, 1-2
aunting, 14
biting, 12, 17, 34, 36-37, 112
chasing, 35
chewing, 24
exploration, 2
eye-poking, 12, 17
fighting, 17, 33, 121
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foraging, 2-3, 18, 20, 83, 150-151
hair-plucking, 12
huddling, 84
idiosyncratic, 12
lethargic, 39
maladaptive, 1, 6, 11
passive, 1, 11
pathological, 1, 6, 11
scent-marking, 24, 62, 74, 85-86
threatening, 35-36, 49
tongue-flicking, 74
Biocontainment, 48-49, 107
Biological samples, collecting, 122
Birth control, 108-109
Biting behaviors, 12, 17, 34, 36-37, 112
Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata), 13-14
Brachiating locomotion, 23, 104-105
Breathing, altered, 1, 11, 13, 88
C
Cage companions
guidelines for, 3
introducing, 16
Cages.
See also Housing;
Sanitation
biocontainment, 49
design factors, 23-24, 106, 111-112, 117-118
holding, 48
interconnecting, 23
reaching into, 51
size of, 6, 23-24, 32
squeeze, 112
transfer, 37, 50, 88, 100
two-tier, 70
Cage space, defining behaviorally, 24
Callithrix, 8
Callitrichids, 68-79
cognition in, 77
housing, 69-72
nutrition for, 72-73
and personnel, 77-78
pheromone communication in, 38
reproduction and development in, 42, 74-76
social behavior in, 73-74
veterinary care of, 78-79
Captive primates, 11, 13, 117
Capture procedures, 25, 65, 78, 88
Capuchin monkeys (Cebus), 8, 17, 37, 80-82, 84-85, 87
Cardiac response, excessive, 1, 11
Cardiomyopathy, 89
Caregivers. See Personnel
Catheterization, 51
Cebids, 80-89
cognition in, 87
housing, 83-84
nutrition for, 83-85
and personnel, 87-88
reproduction and development in, 43, 86-87
social behavior in, 85-86
veterinary care of, 88-89
Cebus, 8, 80
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 46, 101-102
Cercopithecus aethiops, 8, 91
Change, 1, 11, 13, 14, 78
Chaos, organized, 17
Chasing behavior, 35
Chemical communication, 38, 42, 70, 86
Chewing behavior, 24
Chimpanzees (Pan), 8, 37, 42-43, 51, 102-106, 108-112, 153
Clothing
distinctive, 41
protective, 44, 48-49, 102
CMV, 156
Cognition, 110-111, 120
in apes (hominoids), 110-111
in callitrichids, 77
in cebids, 87
investigations of, 8
in Old World monkeys (cercopithecids), 98-99
orienting activities to, 20
in prosimians, 64
Colds, 112
Cold sores, 79
Colitis, 79
Colobine monkeys, 42, 91-92, 94-96
Colobus, 8, 91
Colony management, 2, 24, 116, 118, 147
Communication, 38, 42-43, 70, 86
Companionship. See Social companionship
Competition, 3, 35, 97
Computer tasks for primates, 22, 110-111, 120
Coping effectively, 1-2, 11
Copraphagy, 17, 73, 108, 153
Corrals, cleaning, 33, 38
Crab-eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis), 8
Cross-species fostering, 117
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D
Daily care, 11, 21, 38-39, 112, 153
Data collection, using cooperative methods, 45
Debilitation, 152
Dehydration, 88
Dental modification, 36
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 113
Development factors. See Reproduction and development
Diarrhea, 65-66, 78
Direct eye contact. See Staring
Discomfort, minimizing, 47
Disease transmission, 22, 35, 44, 48-49.
See also individual disease agents
Distress
anticipatory, 20
chronic, 1-2, 6, 11
dealing with, 121
signs of, 6
Distress vocalizations, 1, 11, 13, 78
Disturbance, dealing with, 121
Documentation, 2, 25-26, 28, 122, 148, 153
Duke University Primate Center, 57-67
Dull eyes, 78
E
Ebola-related filovirus infection guidelines, 46
Ebola-Reston virus, 101
End-point criteria, 153
Engineering standards, versus performance standards, 5-6
Enhancement program, implementing, 43-44
Enrichment, 6, 20-22.
See also Environment
guidelines for, 3
mode of presentation, 22
novel foods as, 40, 149
plans, 27-30, 145-155
during quarantine, 102
Entamoeba histolytica, 156
Environment
enriching, 10, 20-22, 28-29, 35, 71, 119-120
influence on mental state, 1
Environmental disruptions. See Change
Environmental Enhancement Plan, 153
Environmental stimuli, 11-12, 14, 20, 33-34
Escaped animals, 44
Euthanasia, 35, 153
''Exemption from Social Housing" form, 152
Experimental protocols. See Research protocols
Exploration behavior, 2
Eye contact. See Staring
Eye-poking behavior, 12, 17
F
Face shields, 44
Facial expressions, 1, 11, 13, 49
Falls, protecting against, 59, 83
Favored activities, 20
Fear, 13
Feeding, 22, 39-40, 73, 88-89
changes in, 36
extending time for, 107
frequency of, 22
Fighting behavior, 17, 33, 121
Filovirus, threat of, 102
Food
as enrichment, 40, 149
ensuring animals receive daily ration, 21
hiding, 20
masking taste of medicine with, 100, 112
novel, 40
snacks, 79
treats, 20, 22, 106-107, 151, 153
Foraging behavior, 2-3, 18, 20, 83, 150-151
Foraging puzzles, 20-22, 64, 106, 150
Force, using minimal, 44, 65
Foster parenting, cross-species, 117
G
Galagos, 7, 42, 56, 59-61, 63-64, 67
Geladas, 92, 96
Gibbons, 8, 42, 103-104, 110, 112
Glomerulonephritis, chronic, 89
Gloves, 44
Goeldi's monkeys, 69, 72-74
Gorillas, 8, 103-105, 107, 109-110
Green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops), 8, 92, 102
Grimacing, 13
Grooming, 19-20
Group attacks, 17
Group housing, 3-4, 22-24, 35-38, 118
Groups
forming, 17, 64, 119.
See also Cage companions
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monogamous pairs, 42
multimale, 42-43
one-male, 42
size, 119
Guenons, 8, 42, 92, 96, 100
Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals, 24, 27, 47, 49, 95, 105
H
Hair-plucking behavior, 12
Hand-raised animals, 43, 49, 77
Hazardous agents, protection from, 44, 48-49
Health hazards, preventing, 24
Herpes tamarinus, 85, 89
Herpesvirus ateles, 156
Herpesvirus saimiri, 79, 156
Herpesvirus simiae, 101
Herpesvirus simplex, 79, 89
Herpesvirus T, 156
Holding units, 48
Hormonal concentrations, abnormal, 1, 11
Hospitalizations, 46
Housing, 2-4, 32-38, 156-157.
See also Cages;
Group housing;
Individual housing;
Sanitation;
Social housing
for apes (hominoids), 104-107
for callitrichids, 69-72
for cebids, 83-84
designing, 22-25
for Old World monkeys (cercopithecids), 94-95
for prosimians, 57-60
removing animals from, 46
Howler monkeys, 8
Huddling behavior, 84
Human interactions, 2-3, 25-26, 43-45, 49, 149
Humidity requirements, 67
Husbandry practices, 33, 37, 120-121, 153.
See also Sanitation
Hyperaggression. See Aggressive behavior
I
IACUCs. See Institutional animal care and use committees
Idiosyncratic behavior, 12
Ill-being, 12, 114.
See also Psychological well-being
Incompatible animals, 17, 152
Individual animals, 1, 6, 14-15, 18-19, 41-42, 117
Individual housing, 17, 33-35, 52, 149-152.
See also Isolating primates
Indris, 7, 42, 55, 59, 61, 64-65
Infants. See Rearing infants; Young
Infectious diseases, 156-157.
See also individual disease agents
Inner states. See Mental states
Inspections. See Daily care; Monitoring
Institutional animal care and use committees (IACUCs), 24, 48, 53-54, 99, 151-152
Institutions
commitments needed from, 121-122
monitoring and assessing primates, 4, 25
program goals of, 27
training responsibilities of, 4
types of housing offered, 19
Instrumentation, selecting, 51
Intervention, 34, 54
Introductions, 36-37, 153
Intuition, 114
Invasive procedures, 45, 51-52
Isolation, 2, 16-17, 48-49, 152
L
Language acquisition, investigations of, 8
Langurs, 42
Leaf-eating monkeys, 8
Learning, research needed on, 120
Legal factors, cage size, 23
Lemur catta, 7
Lemurs, 7, 42-43, 55, 58
Lethargic behavior, 39
Lip smacking, 43
Locomotor expression
balancing foraging with, 18
providing for suitable, 2-4, 87
variation in, 32
Lorises, 7, 42, 56, 59-64, 66-67
M
Macaques (Macaca), 8, 13-14, 34, 37, 43, 49, 51, 90-102
bonnet (Macaca radiata), 13-14
crab-eating (Macaca fascicularis), 8, 93
pigtail (Macaca nemestrina), 8, 14
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rhesus (Macaca mulatta), 8, 12, 17, 37, 40, 92-93, 98-99, 102, 146-150, 153
Maladaptive behavior, 1, 6, 11
Mangabeys, 8, 94, 96
Manipulanda, 120.
See also Objects
Marmosets (Callithrix), 8, 32, 69-77, 146, 153
Masks, protective, 44
Mating patterns, 42-43
Measles, 79, 89
Medical treatment, 12
Medicines, masking taste with food, 100, 112
Memory, research needed on, 120
Mental states, 1, 6, 114.
See also Stressors
Mixed-genera housing, 156-157
Monitoring, 4, 25, 29-30, 153
Monkeys. See Macaques; New World monkeys; Old World monkeys; individual species
Monogamous pairs, 42
Multimale groups, 42-43
Multiple research use, 52-53
Mumps, 79
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 156
N
Names. See Scientific names
National Agricultural Library, 25
National Research Council (NRC), 5-6
Natural objects, using, 25, 120
Nesting materials, 106
Nets, 37, 65, 78
Neuropharmacological studies, 54
New World monkey (callitrichids, cebids), 7-8, 68-89
Night monkeys (Aotus), 8, 39, 42, 57, 80-83, 88-89
Nonhuman primate environmental-enhancement (EE) plan, 145-155
Nonhuman primate importation regulations, 46
Nonhuman primates (NHPs). See Primates
Nonsocial enrichment, 21
Norplant®, 108-109
Novel foods, 40
Nutrition, 39-40
for apes (hominoids), 107-108
for callitrichids, 72-73
for cebids, 84-85
for Old World monkeys (cercopithecids), 95
for prosimians, 60-62
O
Objects
natural, 25, 120
providing variety of, 24
Observation, 25, 35-36
Odor, 67, 70, 77, 86.
See also Olfactory contact;
Pheromone communication;
Scent-marking behavior
Old World monkeys (cercopithecids), 7-8, 90-102
cognition in, 98-99
housing, 94-95
nutrition for, 95
and personnel, 99-100
reproduction and development in, 43, 97-98
social behavior in, 95-97
veterinary care of, 100-102
Olfactory contact, 148-150
One-male groups, 42
Orangutans, 8, 42, 103-105, 108-110
Orul monkeys. See Night monkeys
P
Pain, 47, 53
Pairings, social, 119
Pan, 8, 104
Rapio, 8, 91-93, 95-96, 100-102
Passive behavior, 1, 11
Patas monkeys, 8, 42, 92, 94, 96
Pathological behavior, 1, 6, 11
Perches, 84, 118, 150
Performance standards, 3, 5-6
Personnel, 43-45.
See also Researchers;
Technicians;
Veterinary medical staff
with apes (hominoids), 111-112
with callitrichids, 77-78
with cebids, 87-88
distinctive clothing for, 41
immunizations recommended for, 112
introducing gradually, 111
with Old World monkeys (cercopithecids), 99-100
with prosimians, 65
safety of, 17, 37, 48, 50, 111
screening for tuberculosis, 101
training, 4, 25, 100
Pharmacological restraint. See Restraint
Pheromone communication, 38
Physical abilities, orienting activities to, 20
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Physical environment, 1, 11, 39
Physical restraint. See Restraint
Physical well-being, 1, 4, 10
Pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina), 8, 14
Piloerection, chronic, 78
Plans for psychological well-being, 2-4, 15-30
components of, 26
evaluating, 24, 48
samples of, 145-155
Platyrrhines, 8
Play, 20, 105, 115
Positive reinforcement, 41
Postural expression, 1, 11
huddling, 84
providing for suitable, 2-4
unusual, 13
Pottos, 7
Predictability, achieving, 120-121
Presbytis, 8
Preventive medicine, 45
Primates.
See also Behaviors
in captivity, 11, 13, 117
classification of, 6-7
cognition in, 110-111, 120
common features of, 8
diversity of, 31
exhibition, 46
incompatible, 17
as individuals, 1, 6, 14-15, 18-19, 41-42, 117
meeting needs of, 1-4, 15
multiple research use of, 52-53
protecting, 54, 156-157
safety of, 50
timid, 87
wild state of, 18, 42, 115
Procedures, responsibility for developing, 4
Prosimians, 7, 55-67
cognition in, 64
housing, 57-60
lifestyles of, 57
nutrition for, 60-62
and personnel, 65
pheromone communication in, 38, 42
reproduction and development in, 63-64
social behavior in, 62-63
special considerations, 66-67
veterinary care of, 65-66
Protective clothing, 44, 48-49, 102
Protocols. See Research protocols
Psychological states. See Mental states
Psychological well-being, 10-14
checklist for, 26-30
defined, 1, 10, 15-16
documenting, 26
effect of research conditions on, 47-54, 151-152
evaluating, 113-114, 120-122
general care and, 31-46
indexes of, 114-115
legislation concerning, 5
plans for, 2-4, 15-30
research into theory of, 114
Public Health Service (PHS) Policy on Humane Care and Use of Laboratory Animals , 47
Puzzles, 20-22, 64, 106, 120, 150
Q
Quarantine, 32, 45-46, 102, 121
R
Rearing infants.
See also Young
atypical environments for, 49
in captivity, 49, 117
by hand, 43
individual history of, 2-3
Recordkeeping. See Documentation
Recovery periods, providing, 52-53
Redirection of aggression, 34
Regurgitation and reingestion, 108
Reinforcement, 41
Reintroductions, 36-37, 85, 101, 153
Relationships
forming, 44
improving, 121
Remediation
assigning personnel to, 2
documenting efforts toward, 26, 153
strategies for, 2
Reproduction and development, 12-13.
See also Mating patterns
in apes (hominoids), 109-110
in callitrichids, 74-76
in cebids, 86-87
in Old World monkeys (cercopithecids), 97-98
in prosimians, 63-64
Reproductive success, 11-12
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Researchers, 31
Research primates. See Primates
Research protocols, 17, 32
dealing with consequences of, 12
effect on psychological well-being, 47-54, 151-152
evaluating periodically, 26, 48
influence on housing, 19, 32, 152
innovations in, 122
involving infectious diseases, 48
Resocialization, 17
Restraint, 40, 44-45, 49-50, 100, 155
Rewards. See Snacks; Treats
Rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), 8, 12, 17, 37, 40, 92-93, 98-99, 102, 146-150, 153
Rhesus monkeys. See Rhesus macaques
Rocking, 12
Routine, 20
disruptions in, 14, 153
establishing, 41, 121
Rubeola, 156
S
Safety, 17, 37, 48, 50, 111
Saguinus, 8
Saimiri, 80-81
Sakis, 8
Sanitation, 25, 33, 38, 59.
See also Cages;
Housing;
Husbandry practices
of manipulable objects, 21
recommended compromises with maximum, 2, 24, 58, 62, 70-71, 86
Scent-marking behavior, 24, 62, 74, 85-86
Scientific names, listed, 55-56, 68, 80-81, 90-91, 103
Self-biting, 12, 17, 34
Self-clasping, 12
Self-initiated activities, 20
Self-injury, 12
chronic, 34-35
preventing, 11
Self-mouthing, 12
Self-stimulation, 115
Semisocial species, 42
Sensory contact, maintaining, 45-46
Separation, premature, 35
SHF, 157
Shigella infections, 12
Shipping, 121, 146
Siamangs, 42, 103-104, 110
Sifakas, 7, 55, 59, 61, 63-66
Single housing. See Individual housing
Sluggishness, 78
Snacks, 79.
See also Treats
Social behavior
of apes (hominoids), 108-109
of callitrichids, 73-74
of cebids, 85-86
of Old World monkeys (cercopithecids), 95-97
of prosimians, 62-63
Social companionship, 2-3, 16-20, 28.
See also Social deprivation
benefits of, 12, 33
compatible, 17, 38
providing, 148-149
variables affecting need for, 3
Social deprivation, 12, 99, 116-117
Social environment, 1, 11
Social grooming, 19-20
Social housing, 3-4, 22-24, 35-38, 151-152
Social pairings, long-term, 119
Social stimulation, 43
Social units, planning, 36-38
Solitary species, 42
Space requirements
calculating minimums, 3-4
while fleeing from aggression, 23, 25
Species, listed, 55-56, 68, 80-81, 90-91, 103
Species-appropriate behavior. See Species-typical behavior patterns
Species-typical behavior patterns, 1-2
characteristics involved, 13
defined, 19
diversity in, 11, 13-16
need for information about, 6-7, 13-14
opportunities to engage in, 2-3, 11, 18-22
in subjects raised in captivity, 49
in the wild, 18
Spider monkeys, 8, 81-82, 85-86, 89
Spitting, 112
Spontaneous occurrences, 35
Squirrel monkeys (Saimiri), 8, 37, 80-81, 84, 87, 89, 147, 150-151, 153
Standard operating procedures (SOPs), 34, 146, 151-153
Standards, 5-6
absolutes not desirable, 2
implementing, 27, 30
validating against performance, 3
Staring, 43, 49, 99, 150
Stimuli. See Environmental stimuli
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Streptococcus pneumoniae, 112
Stressors, 45-46, 78-79
absence of chronic, 114-115
human traffic, 33
inability to cope with, 17
minor, 2
reducing, 2, 13, 41, 44, 147
research needed, 114, 121
spotting, 153
Stride characteristics, identifying, 118
Subjective component, 6
Substance abuse, animal modeling of, 54
Surfaces, providing variety of, 24
Surgery, 52
SV40, 157
Swings, 150
T
Tactile contact, 33, 150
Talapoins, 8, 94, 96
Tamarins (Saguinus), 8, 69-77
Tarsiers, 7, 56, 60, 62, 64, 66-67
Technicians, 31, 88, 121-122
familiar with animals, 44, 78, 107
tips for, 41, 77
Television watching, 22, 111, 120
Temperament, providing for balanced, 1, 11, 16
Temperature requirements, 32, 83, 105-106
Threatening behavior, 35-36, 49
Time budgets, 18
Titi monkeys, 8, 42, 80, 86, 88
Tongue-flicking behavior, 74
Toxoplasma, 66
Toys for primates, 21-22, 149
Training animals, 40-42, 51, 100, 112, 153
Training personnel, 25, 100
assessment of, 121
responsibility for, 4, 122
Transfer cages, 37, 50, 88, 100
Treats, 20, 22, 106-107, 151.
See also Snacks
Trichomoniasis, 65
Tuberculosis, 46, 101, 156
U
Uacaris, 8
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), 5-6, 25, 113
U.S. Department of Defense, 113
U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 113
U.S. Government Principles for the Utilization and Care of Vertebrate Animals, 47
Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, 107
University of the Southeast (USE), 145
V
Vasectomizing, 108-109
Vervets (Cercopithecus aethiops), 8
Veterinary care, 11
of callitrichids, 78-79
of cebids, 88-89
of Old World monkeys (cercopithecids), 100-102
of prosimians, 65-66
Veterinary medical staff, 24, 31, 45-46
Video tasks for primates, 22, 110-111, 120
Viral infections, 89
Visual contact, 105, 148, 150
Vitamins, 39, 73, 84-85
Vocalizations, 1, 11, 13, 49, 57, 77-78
Voluntary interactions, providing opportunities for, 20
Vulnerability, 25
W
Walls, 32, 49
Water, 24, 38-39
Weight loss, 78-79
Well-being. See Physical well-being; Psychological well-being
Wild primates, 18, 42
Withdrawal, 13
Woolly monkeys, 8, 81-82, 86, 89
X
Xenophobia, 17
Y
YABA, 157
Yersinia, 66
Young.
See also Rearing infants
attacks on, 85
neglect of, 66-67, 75-76, 119, 153
Z
Zoonoses, 37, 100-101
Representative terms from entire chapter:
animal welfare
