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The following HTML text is provided to enhance online readability. Many aspects of typography translate only awkwardly to HTML. Please use the page image as the authoritative form to ensure accuracy. Substantial breeding colonies exist in the United States to supply the needs of federally mandated testing programs (Erwin and others 1995). More recently, Macaca fascicularis has gained popularity in many laboratory programs. Limited numbers are available from the wild, but concerted efforts are under way in source countries to breed them. Rhesus monkeys can no longer be imported from India to the United States under Indian law, and relatively few are available from other countries (Johnsen 1995). The smaller long-tail macaques have a variety of common names, including long-tail macaque, cynomolgus (or cyno), crabeater, Java monkey, Philippine monkey, kra or kera, and irus monkey. They are found in southeast Asia and in the islands of the Philippines and Indonesia and exist as feral populations on a number of other islands where they have been introduced (e.g., Mauritius). Other macaques often seen in captivity include M. nemestrina (pigtail macaques), M. arctoides (stumptail macaques, referred to as M. speciosa in older publications), M. fuscata (Japanese macaques or snow monkeys), M. sylvanus (Barbary apes), and, less commonly, M. assamensis (assam or mountain monkeys), M. radiata (bonnet monkeys), M. sinica (toque monkeys), M. cyclopsis (Formosan macaques), and the Sulawesi forms, which may be divided into up to seven species and include Celebes black apes, moor, tonkean, and Hecht's macaques. The older literature lists the Celebes black ape as Cynopithecus niger, but all the Celebes, or Sulawesi, forms are now accepted as macaques. The remaining macaques include Macaca silensus (the wanderoos or lion-tail or lion-maned macaques) seen in a few exhibition and breeding colonies, and M. thibetana (the Tibet monkeys), seen only in a few exhibits outside China. The inappropriate use of the term ape in many common names reflects the presence of a very small tail sometimes overlooked by early explorers who called any monkey without a tail an ape. Baboons of one type or another are also often seen in captivity. These are large, sexually dimorphic monkeys. The males often display canine teeth that rival those of lions and tigers in length, and a large male can weigh as much as 40 kg (88 lb). Baboons are found from West Africa across East Africa and south to the Cape of Good Hope. Most recognize Papio hamadryas (the sacred baboon) as a distinct species but argue about how to distinguish taxonomic groups represented by West African or Guinea, yellow, olive, and chacma baboons among the savanna forms. P. cynocephalus is used as the inclusive name; others are listed either as subspecies or species separate from the yellow baboon. The gelada (Theropithecus gelada) and the colorful mandrill (Mandrillus sphinx) and less common drill (M. leucophaeus) are sometimes also referred to as baboons because they are also large African monkeys. They are sometimes popular in exhibits but much less common than the true baboons. Mandrill males have been weighed at over 50 kg (110 lb) and are very powerful animals. A similar situation to the savanna baboon exists for another common form of African monkey in captivity, Cercopithecus aethiops. The West African forms are the largest and have the greatest sexual dimorphism. They do not have the
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