. "Evaluating Hazards and Assessing Risks in the Laboratory." Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, 1995.
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Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals
TABLE 3.5 Classes of Carcinogenic Substances
Alkylating agents
Hydrazines
a-Halo ethers
Hydrazine (and hydrazine salts)
Bis(chloromethyl) ether
1,2-Diethylhydrazine
Methyl chloromethyl ether
1,1-Dimethylhydrazine
Sulfonates
1,2-Dimethylhydrazine
1,4-Butanediol dimethanesulfonate (myleran)
Diethyl sulfate
N-Nitroso compounds
Dimethyl sulfate
N-Nitrosodimethylamine
Ethyl methanesulfonate
N-Nitroso-N-alkylureas
Methyl methanesulfonate
Methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate
Aromatic amines
1,3-Propanesultone
4-Aminobiphenyl
Epoxides
Benzidine (4, 4'-diaminobiphenyl)
Ethylene oxide
a-Naphthylamine
Diepoxybutane
ß-Naphthylamine
Epichlorohydrin
Aniline
Propylene oxide
o-Anisidine (2-methoxyaniline)
Styrene oxide
2,4-Diaminotoluene
Aziridines
o-Toluidine
Ethylenimine
2-methylaziridine
Aromatic hydrocarbons
Diazo, azo, and azoxy compounds
Benzene
4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Benz[a]anthracene
Electrophilic alkenes and alkynes
Benzo[a]pyrene
Acrylonitrile
Acrolein
Natural products (including antitumor drugs)
Ethyl acrylate
Adriamycin
Aflatoxins
Acylating agents
Bleomycin
ß-Propiolactone
Cisplatin
ß-Butyrolactone
Progesterone
Dimethylcarbamyl chloride
Reserpine
Safrole
Organohalogen compounds
1,2-Dibromo-3-chloropropane
Miscellaneous organic compounds
Mustard gas (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide)
Formaldehyde (gas)
Vinyl chloride
Acetaldehyde
Carbon tetrachloride
1,4-Dioxane
Chloroform
Ethyl carbamate (urethane)
3-Chloro-2-methylpropene
Hexamethylphosphoramide
1,2-Dibromoethane
2-Nitropropane
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Styrene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Thiourea
2,2-Dichloroethane
Thioacetamide
1,3-Dichloropropene
Hexachlorobenzene
Miscellaneous inorganic compounds
Methyl iodide
Arsenic and certain arsenic compounds
Tetrachloroethylene
Chromium and certain chromium compounds
Trichloroethylene
Thorium dioxide
2,4,6-Trichlorophenol
Beryllium and certain beryllium compounds
Cadmium and certain cadmium compounds
Lead and certain lead compounds
Nickel and certain nickel compounds
Selenium sulfide
teratogenic (malformation) effects on fetuses. Many reproductive toxins are chronic toxins that cause damage after repeated or long-duration exposures with effects that become evident only after long latency periods. Developmental toxins act during pregnancy and cause adverse effects on the fetus; these effects include embryo lethality (death of the fertilized egg, embryo, or fetus), teratogenic effects, and postnatal functional