Index
A
AAG. See Association of American Geographers (AAG)
AAG Directory, 188
Age Discrimination in Employment Act, 209
Agricultural policy, global, 130
American Association for the Advancement of Science, 167
American Geographical Society, 12, 169, 218
Analysis of geographic data. See Display and analysis, technique of
Animated maps. See Spatial representation, dynamic
ArcInfo, 63
Association of American Geographers (AAG), 6, 12, 138n, 148, 169-171, 187, 204, 218
sponsors, corporate, 215-216
Autocovariance, 68
Automated mapping systems, 58
B
Baby boomers, 89
BGGS. See Britannica Global Geography System (BGGS)
Biodiversity, loss of, 80-83
Biogeography, 34-35
Biophysical environments, 32
BLS. See Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS)
Boom-and-bust cycle, 91
Bosnia, partition of, 21-22
Britannica Global Geography System (BGGS), 156
Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), 213-214
Bureau of the Budget Task Force on Federal Flood Control, 125
Bureau of Transportation Statistics, 126
Business strategies, developing effective, 4, 111.
See also Retail marketing
C
Campesino federations, 130
Canadian Association of Geographers, 219
Cartographic Requirements, Coordinating and Standards Program, 125
Cartography, technique of, 3, 39, 57-58
Center for Nuclear Waste and Regulatory Analysis (CNWRA), 123
Central Tendency and Variation, 76
Chaotic dynamics. See Complexity
Charlottesville, Virginia, Summit, 1, 8
Cities, studies of, 37-38, 132.
See also Urban climatology;
Urban policy;
Urban poverty
Civil rights, 117-119
Civil unrest in Los Angeles, 78-79
Climate change and geography, 24-26, 55-57.
See also Climatology;
Urban climatology
Climatology, 34-35
CNWRA, See Center for Nuclear Waste and Regulatory Analysis (NWRA)
COHMAP, See Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project (COHMAP)
College Boards, 27
Colorado River system, 114-115
Commission on College Geography, 189
Commuting intensity, 96
Comparative longitudinal studies. See Longitudinal studies, need for
Complexity, 4-5, 31, 71, 75-76, 92-93
defined, 14n
disequilibrium within, 140-141
Computational techniques, 40, 59-60
See also Geographic information systems (GISs)
Computers, Environments, and Urban Systems, 89
Computing power, 99
Conflict. See Ethnic conflict and geography; Political conflict and geography
Convention Placement Service (CoPS), 204-206
Cooperation. See Ethnic conflict and geography; Political conflict and geography
Cooperative Holocene Mapping Project (COHMAP), 24-25, 59
CoPS, See Convention Placement Service (CoPS)
Critical issues and geography, 16-27
Cultural geography, 45
D
Decision making, geography's contributions to, 109-137
history of, 136-137
international, 127-135
national, 117-127
regional and local, 111-117
Democratization, global. See Cold War, demise of
Digest of Education Statistics, 189
Digital geographic databases, 43
Display and analysis, technique of, 3, 57-69
need for improvement in, 3, 57-69, 162
Dispute Resolution, 117
Disturbance regimes, 81-82
Dual Independent Map Encoding system, 43
Dynamic equilibrium hypothesis, 59
E
Economic health and geography, 4, 10, 17-18, 77-79, 93, 98, 101-102, 129-132
restructuring for competitiveness, 119-120
Ecosystem processes. See Environmental change
Educate America Act. See Goals 2000: The Educate America Act
Education and geography. See Geographic education
Electoral reapportionment, 118-119
EMAP. See Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP)
Emergency response planning. See Hazard management; Nuclear power plant accidents
Employment forecast, 187-217
Energy crisis, 117-118
Environment and Planning D:
Society and Space, 36
Environmental change, 4, 77-85, 99-101
degradation, 11, 18-19, 33, 91-92
and democratization, 131-132
human attitudes about, 33
human impact on, 32-33, 71, 97-99
impact on humankind, 32-33
Environmental dynamics, 34-36
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP), 126
Environmental Spatial Analysis Tool (ESAT) project, 126
Environmental-societal dynamics, 32-34, 71-73
EPA. See U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
Epidemiology, 72.
See also Spatial diffusion and epidemics
Epistemologies. See Geography, epistemologies of
Erosion, 84-85
ESAT, See Environmental Spatial Analysis Tool (ESAT) project
ESDA. See Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA)
Ethnic conflict and geography, 19-21, 37-38, 61, 75, 86, 117
Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA), 64
F
Famine. See Food crises
Federal Geographic Data Committee, 125
Fieldwork, technique of, 3, 49, 51-52, 159, 168
Fire, effect on ecosystems. See Disturbance regimes
Floods, 62, 106-107, 122, 124-125.
See also Climate change and geography
Food crises, 63, 100, 106, 133-136
Form and Function, 93
Fortune magazine, 131
Fractal dimensions, 76
Fundac para el Desarrollo Agropecuario (FUNDAGRO), 130
Future Geographies. See Geography, future needs for
G
GAM. See Geographical Analysis Machine (GAM)
diversity among, 4-5, 139, 154-155, 167, 208
influence of, 109-111, 167-168
Geographic and Spatial Systems Program, 126
Geographic brushing, 66-67
Geographic education, 1, 25, 27, 146-150
graduate level, 1-2, 4, 8-9, 151, 154, 189-195
need for improved, 5, 8, 147-160, 163-164
techniques of, 52, 58, 152-153, 155-160
undergraduate level, 149-156, 164, 192-195
Geographic information analysis (GIA) tools, 62
Geographic information system listserve (GIS-L), 160
Geographic information systems (GISs), 3, 43-44, 47-48, 52, 58-63, 111, 126, 133, 145-146
need for experts in, 188, 202-204, 210, 213, 216
Geographic literacy, 1, 6-8, 13, 165, 169
Geographic variability, 30
Geographic visualization (GVis), 3, 63-65
Geographical Analysis Machine (GAM), 62-63
Geographical Systems, 89
Geographical understanding, improving, 147-150, 161-168
employment trends in, 187-217
future needs for, 5, 106-107, 137
perspective of, 28-46
professional organizations, 218-219
relevance of, 16, 46, 75-86, 92-103
research activity in, 2, 9, 48-49
research challenges facing, 140-147, 162-163, 165-166, 168-169
strengthening foundations of, 138-160
subject matter of, 2-3, 15, 71-75, 86-92
techniques of, 3-4, 47-69, 146
Geography Alliance, 195-196, 210-213
Geography Education National Implementation Project, 12
Geography Education Standards Project, 27, 148
Geography National Standards. See National Geography Standards
GeoSim, 157
GIA. See Geographic information analysis (GIA) tools
GIS-L. See Geographic information system listserve (GIS-L)
GISs. See Geographic information systems (GISs)
Global change, 4, 17, 99, 129-132
broadening concept of, 141-142
climatic (See Climate change and geography)
Global Demography Project, 43
Global positioning systems (GPSs), 52-54, 160
need for experts in, 216
Global warming. See Greenhouse effect
Goals 2000:
The Educate America Act, 1, 8, 11, 14, 27, 146
GPSs. See Global positioning systems (GPSs)
Great Flood of 1993, 122, 124-125
Greenhouse effect, 24, 33, 127-128
Guide to Programs of Geography in the United States and Canada, 192 , 200
GVis. See Geographic visualization
H
Hazard management, 4, 19, 60-61, 120-122
Health care and geography, 21-24, 69, 134-135.
See also Low-birth-weight babies;
Spatial diffusion and epidemics
Heat waves. See Climate change and geography
High School Geography Project, 189
Hispanic Opportunity District, 118-119
HIV. See Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Homelessness, 112-113
Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme, 72
Human geography, 62
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 24, 96
Human migration. See Migration, studies of
Human-societal dynamics, 36-39
Hunger. See Food crises
Hurricanes. See Climate change and geography
Hypermedia applications, 41, 65
I
ICSU. See International Council for Scientific Unions (ICSU)
IGBP. See International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)
IGU. See International Geographical Union (IGU)
IHDP. See International Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme (IHDP)
Illiteracy, geographic. See Geographic literacy
Immigration. See Migration, studies of
Institute of British Geographers. See Royal Geographical Society
Integration in place. See Place, integration in
Integrative research, need for, 162-163
Interactive learning strategies, 5-6, 155-156
Inter-America Foundation, 130
Interdependencies. See Place, interdependencies between; Scales, interdependencies among
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 72, 128
International Cartographic Association, 133
International Conference on Nutrition, 134-135
International Council for Scientific Unions (ICSU), 62, 127
International Geographical Union (IGU), 62, 219
International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP), 25, 54, 72, 128
International Human Dimensions of Global Environmental Change Programme (IHDP), 128
International Standards Organization Technical Committee on Geographic Information/Geomatics (ISO/TC 211), 133
IPCC. See Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
ISO/TC 211. See International Standards Organization Technical Committee on Geographic Information/Geomatics (ISO/TC 211)
J
Jobs in Geography, 188
K
Kondratiev wave phenomena, 94
L
Law of the River, 115
Local-global continuum, 14n, 142-144
Location Science, 89
Locational coding, 61
Location-allocation models, 116, 133, 146
Longitudinal studies, need for, 145
Long-wave rhythms. See Kondratiev wave phenomena
Low-birth-weight babies, 22-23
M
Macroscale phenomena and processes, 4, 14n, 31, 51, 97, 142-143
Malnutrition. See Food crises
Maps. See Spatial representation
Marketing. See Retail marketing
Maternal health services. See Low-birth-weight babies
Mathematical geography, 141.
See also Spatial representations, mathematical
Mesoscale phenomena and processes, 14n, 49, 97
Meta-data, 51
Metaphors for map animation, 104
Microscale phenomena and processes, 4, 14n, 49, 97, 142-143
Migration, studies of, 38-39, 89-92, 132
transnational, 94
Milankovitch orbital/radiative forcing, 123
Military spending, 17-18
Missouri and Mississippi River systems. See Great Flood of 1993
Mitigation strategies, 33-34
Monte Carlo simulation, 55, 68
Multidimensional visualization, dynamic, 94
Multinational institutions, 120
Multivariate statistical analysis. See Spatial statistics
N
Nation states, role of, 102-103
National Academy of Sciences, 12
National Center for Atmospheric Research, 56
National Center for Education Statistics (NCES), 189, 194, 201
National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA), 105, 126, 162
National Center for Health Statistics, 126
National Council for Geographic Education, 12, 169, 218
National Digital Cartographic Database, 126
National Geographic Society (NGS), 6, 12, 27, 169-171, 219
National Geographic Society Alliance Network, 147n
National Geography Bee, 148
National Geography Standards, 197, 199, 212, 216
National Information Infrastructure, 104.
See also National spatial data infrastructure (NSDI)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 54
National Research Council (NRC), 2, 6, 9-10, 54, 101, 128, 170-171
National Science Foundation (NSF), 6, 13, 105, 131, 148, 169-171, 191
National spatial data infrastructure (NSDI), 125-127
Native Americans, decline of. See Pre-Hispanic populations of Americas
Natural resources, monitoring, 61
Nature. See Society and nature, interactions between
NCES. See National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)
NCGIA. See National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA)
NGS. See National Geographic Society (NGS)
Nonlinear systems. See Complexity
NRC. See National Research Council (NRC)
NSDI. See National spatial data infrastructure (NSDI)
NSF. See National Science Foundation (NSF)
Nuclear power plant accidents, 121-123
O
Object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts, 63
Observation, technique of, 3, 49-57
OOP approach. See Object-oriented programming (OOP) concepts
P
Parallel processing methods, 68
Perspective of geography. See Geography
Physical geography, 34-35
Pike and Thelin map of United States, 42
distinctiveness of, 73-75
interdependencies between, 30-31, 86-95
Planning. See Policy making
Plutonium transfer and storage, 19-20
Policy making, 61-63, 65, 109.
See also Decision making, geography's contributions to
legal defenses, 117
Political changes, 10, 129-132
Political conflict and geography, 75, 86, 94-95
Political cultures, local, 74
Political institutions, studies of, 39
Pollution. See Environmental change, degradation
Population-resource dynamics, 71
Pre-Hispanic populations of Americas, 72
President's National Science and Technology Council, 13-14
President's Water Resources Policy Commission, 125
Price fluctuations, 93
Professional Geographer, 187-217
Public health. See Low-birth-weight babies
Public policy. See Policy making
Q
Quality of data. See Reliability of data
R
Range of choice, 34
Raster data structures, 44
Rediscovering Geography Committee, 2, 5, 9-10, 138
biographical sketches, 220-225
objectives of assessment, 10
Regional specialization, 98, 156-159
Regionalization problem, 31
Relationships. See Synthesis, domains of
Reliability of data, 105
See also Geographic information systems (GISs)
Representation. See Spatial representation
Retail marketing, 114-116
Rio Grande River system, 19-20
Risk assessment. See Hazard management; Nuclear power plant accidents
Robotic vehicles, guidance of, 108
Royal Geographical Society, 219
S
Sampling, technique of, 54-57
Satellite imagery, 54
interdependencies among, 5, 31, 95-108, 142-145
nested hierarchies of, 100-101
Scatterplot brush, 66-67
Science of complexity. See Complexity
Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team (SAST), 124
Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE), 128
Scientific understanding, geography's contributions to, 70-108
Silicon Valley, 74
Social Science Research Council (SSRC), 157-158, 170
Social theory, 9-10, 13, 36-37
synthesis in place, 37-38
Society and nature, interactions between, 5
Soviet bloc, splintering of. See Cold War, demise of
annihilation by time, 131
Space-time-attribute analysis machine (STAM), 63
Spatial Data Transfer Standards, 104, 125
Spatial decision making, 6, 43, 93
Spatial demographics. See Migration, studies of
Spatial diffusion and epidemics, 49-50, 95-96
Spatial interactions, 4, 87-89
modeling of, 89
Spatial representations, 29, 31, 39-44, 103-108.
See also Temporal representations, need for
animated (See dynamic)
interactive, 57
spatiotemporal, 103
verbal, 41
visual, 40-41
SSRC. See Social Science Research Council (SSRC)
STAM. See Space-time-attribute analysis machine (STAM)
States, role of. See Nation states, role of
Statistical analysis. See Spatial statistics
Sustainable development, 106
Synthesis, domains of, 29, 32-39
T
Technological hazards. See Hazard management
Temporal brush, 66-67
Temporal representations, need for, 145
Three Mile Island (TMI) accident, 121-122
Topologically Integrated Geographical Encoding and Referencing system (TIGER), 43, 61, 126
falling barriers to, 129
"Truth" of representations, 65
U
UCGIS. See University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS)
Understanding geography. See Geographical understanding, improving
University Consortium for Geographic Information Science (UCGIS), 44
Urban climatology, 80
Urban policy, 111-113
Urban poverty, 102
U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), 63, 129
U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, 115
U.S. Bureau of the Census, 43, 61, 126
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights, 117
U.S. Department of Education, 148
U.S. Department of Energy, 117, 126
U.S. Department of State, 158
U.S. Department of Transportation, 126
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 92, 126
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), 42-43, 54, 58, 108, 124-126, 191
V
Vance-Owen plan. See Bosnia, partition of
Visualization, 141.
See also Geographic visualization (GVis); Multidimensional visualization, dynamic
W
Warsaw Pact, splintering of. See Cold War, demise of
Water-budget algorithms, 131.
See also Evapotranspiration
Watershed dynamics, 89-92.
See also Floods
Water Resources, 112
White House Interagency Floodplain Management Task Force, 122
World Bank Conference on Overcoming Global Hunger, 135
Y
Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository, 123